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'''Trần Anh Tông''' ([[Hán tự]]: [[wikt:陳|陳]][[wikt:英|英]][[wikt:宗|宗]], [[1276]]–[[1320]]), [[Vietnamese name|given name]] '''Trần Thuyên''' ([[wikt:陳|陳]][[wikt:烇|烇]]), was the [[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty|fourth emperor]] of the [[Trần Dynasty]] who reigned [[Đại Việt]] from [[1293]] to [[1314]]. After ceding the throne to his son [[Trần Minh Tông]], Anh Tông held the title [[Thái thượng hoàng]] for six years. As the first Trần emperor ruled in total peace, Anh Tông was known for his successful reign of Đại Việt which brought a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. He also had several military victories over kingdom of [[Champa]] and [[Laos]].
'''Trần Anh Tông''' ([[Hán tự]]: [[wikt:陳|陳]][[wikt:英|英]][[wikt:宗|宗]], [[1276]]–[[1320]]), [[Vietnamese name|given name]] '''Trần Thuyên''' ([[wikt:陳|陳]][[wikt:烇|烇]]), was the [[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty|fourth emperor]] of the [[Trần Dynasty]] who reigned [[Đại Việt]] from [[1293]] to [[1314]]. After ceding the throne to his son [[Trần Minh Tông]], Anh Tông held the title [[Thái thượng hoàng]] for six years. As the first Trần emperor who ruled in total peace, Anh Tông was known for his successful reign of Đại Việt which brought a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. He also had several military victories over the kingdoms of [[Champa]] and [[Laos]].


== Background and during Nhân Tông's reign ==
== Background and during Nhân Tông's reign ==
Anh Tông was born in [[1276]] as Trần Thuyên, the first son of the then-emperor [[Trần Nhân Tông]] and queen [[Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh]].<ref name=Ngo205>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=205}}</ref> In [[1292]] he was entitled [[crown prince]] by Nhân Tông<ref>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=241}}</ref> and ultimately was ceded the throne in [[1293]] while his father still reigned as [[Thái thượng hoàng]] (Retired Emperor) for 16 years.
Anh Tông was born in [[1276]] as Trần Thuyên, the first son of the then-emperor [[Trần Nhân Tông]] and queen [[Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh]].<ref name=Ngo205>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=205}}</ref> In [[1292]] he was invested as [[crown prince]] by Nhân Tông<ref>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=241}}</ref> and ultimately was ceded the throne in [[1293]] while his father still reigned as [[Thái thượng hoàng]] (Retired Emperor) for 16 years.


After official historical book, although being an intelligent ruler and devoted son,<ref name=Tran65>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=65}}</ref> the young Emperor Anh Tông often drank wine and escaped the royal citadel to wander around [[Thăng Long]] in night. One time the Emperor was so drank that he forgot to welcome the Retired Emperor coming back from [[Thiên Trường]]. Being aware of the circumstance, Nhân Tông departed immediately in a fury from Thăng Long<ref name=Ngo209>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=209}}</ref> and Anh Tông had to write a petition for the Retired Emperor with the help from a young scholar named [[Đoàn Nhữ Hài]]. After that event, Anh Tông appointed Đoàn as court counsellor and avoided drinking henceforth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=64}}</ref>
According to official historical books, although being an intelligent ruler and a devoted son,<ref name=Tran65>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=65}}</ref> the young Emperor Anh Tông often drank alcohol and escaped the royal citadel to wander around [[Thăng Long]] in night. One time the Emperor was so drunk that he forgot to welcome the Retired Emperor who was coming back from [[Thiên Trường]]. When he was aware of the situation, Nhân Tông departed immediately in a fury from Thăng Long<ref name=Ngo209>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=209}}</ref> and Anh Tông had to write a petition for the Retired Emperor with the help from a young scholar named [[Đoàn Nhữ Hài]]. After that event, Anh Tông appointed Đoàn as court counsellor and avoided drinking henceforth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=64}}</ref>


== As emperor ==
== As emperor ==
Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor reigned without the menace from [[Mongol Empire]]. Despite the deceases of two most important ministers of early Trần dynasty, [[Trần Quang Khải]] in [[1294]] and [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]] in [[1300]], the Emperor was still served by several efficient mandarins like [[Trần Nhật Duật]], Đoàn Nhữ Hài, [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]], a famous general in the [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|third war of resistance]] by Đại Việt against [[Mongol Empire]], [[Trương Hán Siêu]], [[Mạc Đĩnh Chi]] or [[Nguyễn Trung Ngạn]]. Anh Tông was very strict with social evils like gamble or corruption but the Emperor also reward generously for one who deserved.<ref name=Ngo207>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=207}}</ref> Under the reign of a lucid emperor like Anh Tông with the assistance from such a capable court, Đại Việt people was able to witness a long period of peace and prosperity.<ref name=Tran65/><ref name=Ngo205/>
Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor who reigned without the menace from the [[Mongol Empire]]. Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty, [[Trần Quang Khải]] in [[1294]] and [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]] in [[1300]], the Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like [[Trần Nhật Duật]], Đoàn Nhữ Hài, [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]] (a famous general during the [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|third war of resistance]] by Đại Việt against the [[Mongol Empire]]) [[Trương Hán Siêu]], [[Mạc Đĩnh Chi]] and [[Nguyễn Trung Ngạn]]. Anh Tông was very strict with social evils like gambling or corruption but the Emperor also rewarded generously those who deserved it.<ref name=Ngo207>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=207}}</ref> Under the reign of an able emperor like Anh Tông with the assistance from such a capable court, Đại Việt people was able to witness a long period of peace and prosperity.<ref name=Tran65/><ref name=Ngo205/>


Foreign policy during Anh Tông's reign was continuing the détente with [[Yuan Dynasty]] while restraining the two other neighbour of Đại Việt, kingdom of [[Champa]] and [[Laos]]. The Emperor's envoy to Yuan Dynasty was so successful that the leader Mạc Đĩnh Chi was sometime called "Two-state exemplar" because he came first as Trạng nguyên (Zhuangyuan, 狀元) in Đại Việt's imperial examination and was praised in Yan Dynasty's court by his eloquence.<ref name=Ngo221>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=221}}</ref> After the failed invasions of Mongol Empire, southwestern border of Đại Việt was intruded several times by Laos force until Anh Tông appointed Phạm Ngũ Lão to take charge of pacifying the frontier regions.<ref name=Tran66>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=66}}</ref><ref name=Ngo215>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=215}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis85>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=85}}</ref>
Foreign policy during Anh Tông's reign was continuing the détente with the [[Yuan Dynasty]] while restraining the two other neighbours of Đại Việt, the kingdoms of [[Champa]] and [[Laos]]. The Emperor's envoy to the Yuan Dynasty was so successful that the leader Mạc Đĩnh Chi was dubbled the "Two-state exemplar" because he came first as Trạng nguyên (Zhuangyuan, 狀元) in Đại Việt's imperial examination and was praised in the Yuan Dynasty court by his eloquence.<ref name=Ngo221>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=221}}</ref> After the failed invasions of the Mongol Empire, Đại Việt's southwestern border was invaded several times by Laos force until Anh Tông appointed Phạm Ngũ Lão to take charge of pacifying the frontier regions.<ref name=Tran66>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=66}}</ref><ref name=Ngo215>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=215}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis85>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=85}}</ref>


In [[1306]],<ref name=Ngo218>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=218}}</ref> to maintain a good relation with kingdom of [[Champa]], Anh Tông married off his sister, princess [[Huyền Trân]], to [[Chế Mân]], king of Champa, in exchange, Đại Việt was received a large region of two provinces from Champa. Only one year after the state marriage, Chế Mân died and as a royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân had to die following her husband. Facing the urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin [[Trần Khắc Chung]] travel to Champa with purpose of helping Huyền Trân avoid the apparent death. Finally Huyền Trân was able to come back to Đại Việt but [[Chế Chí]], the successor of Chế Mân, did not want to keep the peacful treaty with Đại Việt anymore. After that event, Anh Tông in person and two generals [[Trần Quốc Chân]] and [[Trần Khánh Dư]], commanded three groups of Đại Việt army attack Champa in [[1312]]. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion,<ref name=Ngo223>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=223}}</ref> another Champa king was established by Anh Tông but the relation between Đại Việt and Champa still kept strained for a long time afterward.<ref name=Tran66/><ref name=Chapuis86>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=86}}</ref>
In [[1306]],<ref name=Ngo218>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=218}}</ref> to maintain good relations with [[Champa]], Anh Tông married off his sister, princess [[Huyền Trân]], to the king of Champa [[Chế Mân]]; in exchange, Đại Việt received a large region of two provinces from Champa. Only one year into the marriage, Chế Mân died and as a royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân was to be cremated with her husband. Facing the urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin [[Trần Khắc Chung]] to travel to Champa with the purpose of helping Huyền Trân avoid her imminent death. Finally Huyền Trân was able to come back to Đại Việt but [[Chế Chí]], the successor of Chế Mân, did not want to keep the peace treaty with Đại Việt anymore. After that event, Anh Tông himself along with generals [[Trần Quốc Chân]] and [[Trần Khánh Dư]] commanded three groups of Đại Việt army to attack Champa in [[1312]]. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion,<ref name=Ngo223>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=223}}</ref> another Champa king was established by Anh Tông but the relation between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained for a long time afterward.<ref name=Tran66/><ref name=Chapuis86>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=86}}</ref>


== As retired emperor ==
== As retired emperor ==
After 21 years reigning, Anh Tông passed the throne to the crown prince Trần Mạnh, who became the Emperor [[Trần Minh Tông]], and kept the title Thái thượng hoàng for six more years before died in [[1320]] at age 54.<ref name=Tran66/> Anh Tông had only one [[era name]] during his reign which was Hưng Long ([[wikt:興|興]][[wikt:隆|隆]], prosperity), after the Emperor's decease, he was given the [[posthumous name]] Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế (顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝).<ref name=Ngo205/>
After 21 years reigning, Anh Tông passed the throne to the crown prince Trần Mạnh, who became the Emperor [[Trần Minh Tông]], and kept the title Thái thượng hoàng for six more years before dying in [[1320]] at age 54.<ref name=Tran66/> Anh Tông had only one [[era name]] during his reign which was Hưng Long ([[wikt:興|興]][[wikt:隆|隆]], prosperity), after the Emperor's death, he was given the [[posthumous name]] Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế (顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝).<ref name=Ngo205/>


According to historical books, Anh Tông was praised for his righteous reign which created over Đại Việt a peaceful and prosperous period. Personally, the Emperor was known as a modest ruler who was quick to mend his mistakes, always cautious and intelligent in judging, he was only critized for having build a tower and gather monks in [[Yên Tử mountain]].<ref name=Ngo205/><ref name=Reid58>{{Harvnb|Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid|2006|p=58}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis87>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=87}}</ref> According to the royal historian [[Ngô Sĩ Liên]], Anh Tông was also a father with sense of responsibility for his son, this is an important factor that contributed to the good quality as a ruler of Minh Tông in the future.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=254}}</ref> The decision made by Anh Tông and his father Nhân Tông to marry off royal princess Huyền Trân to the foreign Champa king in exchange of peace and land was sometimes considered a fault of Trần dynasty.<ref name=Ngo218/>
According to historical books, Anh Tông was praised for his righteous reign which created over Đại Việt a peaceful and prosperous period. Personally, the Emperor was known as a modest ruler who was quick to mend his mistakes, always cautious and intelligent in judging, he was only critized for having built a tower and gather monks in [[Yên Tử mountain]].<ref name=Ngo205/><ref name=Reid58>{{Harvnb|Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid|2006|p=58}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis87>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=87}}</ref> According to the royal historian [[Ngô Sĩ Liên]], Anh Tông was also a father with sense of responsibility for his son, this is an important factor that contributed to Minh Tông's good governance in the future.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=254}}</ref> The decision made by Anh Tông and his father Nhân Tông to marry off the royal princess Huyền Trân to the foreign Champa king in exchange of peace and land was sometimes considered a fault of the Trần dynasty.<ref name=Ngo218/>


== Family ==
== Family ==
Line 54: Line 54:
** Palace maid Vương thị
** Palace maid Vương thị


* Besides three short-life sons, Anh Tông was survived by only one son, Trần Mạnh, who eventually became his successor [[Trần Minh Tông]]. The Emperor also had five daughters:
* Besides three short-lived sons, Anh Tông was survived by only one son, Trần Mạnh, who eventually became his successor [[Trần Minh Tông]]. The Emperor also had five daughters:
** Princess Thiên Chân
** Princess Thiên Chân
** Princess Ý Trinh
** Princess Ý Trinh

Revision as of 21:09, 24 November 2009

Trần Anh Tông
Emperor of Đại Việt
Emperor of Trần Dynasty
Reign1293-1314
PredecessorTrần Nhân Tông
SuccessorTrần Minh Tông
Burial
Thái Lăng
SpouseQueen Thuận Thánh
IssueCrown prince Trần Mạnh and 5 daughters
Names
Trần Thuyên (陳烇)
Era dates
Hưng Long (興隆, 1293-1314)
Posthumous name
Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế
(顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝)
Temple name
Anh Tông (英宗)
HouseTrần Dynasty
FatherTrần Nhân Tông
MotherQueen Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh
ReligionBouddhism

Trần Anh Tông (Hán tự: 陳英宗, 1276–1320), given name Trần Thuyên (陳烇), was the fourth emperor of the Trần Dynasty who reigned Đại Việt from 1293 to 1314. After ceding the throne to his son Trần Minh Tông, Anh Tông held the title Thái thượng hoàng for six years. As the first Trần emperor who ruled in total peace, Anh Tông was known for his successful reign of Đại Việt which brought a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. He also had several military victories over the kingdoms of Champa and Laos.

Background and during Nhân Tông's reign

Anh Tông was born in 1276 as Trần Thuyên, the first son of the then-emperor Trần Nhân Tông and queen Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh.[1] In 1292 he was invested as crown prince by Nhân Tông[2] and ultimately was ceded the throne in 1293 while his father still reigned as Thái thượng hoàng (Retired Emperor) for 16 years.

According to official historical books, although being an intelligent ruler and a devoted son,[3] the young Emperor Anh Tông often drank alcohol and escaped the royal citadel to wander around Thăng Long in night. One time the Emperor was so drunk that he forgot to welcome the Retired Emperor who was coming back from Thiên Trường. When he was aware of the situation, Nhân Tông departed immediately in a fury from Thăng Long[4] and Anh Tông had to write a petition for the Retired Emperor with the help from a young scholar named Đoàn Nhữ Hài. After that event, Anh Tông appointed Đoàn as court counsellor and avoided drinking henceforth.[5]

As emperor

Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor who reigned without the menace from the Mongol Empire. Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty, Trần Quang Khải in 1294 and Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1300, the Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like Trần Nhật Duật, Đoàn Nhữ Hài, Phạm Ngũ Lão (a famous general during the third war of resistance by Đại Việt against the Mongol Empire) Trương Hán Siêu, Mạc Đĩnh Chi and Nguyễn Trung Ngạn. Anh Tông was very strict with social evils like gambling or corruption but the Emperor also rewarded generously those who deserved it.[6] Under the reign of an able emperor like Anh Tông with the assistance from such a capable court, Đại Việt people was able to witness a long period of peace and prosperity.[3][1]

Foreign policy during Anh Tông's reign was continuing the détente with the Yuan Dynasty while restraining the two other neighbours of Đại Việt, the kingdoms of Champa and Laos. The Emperor's envoy to the Yuan Dynasty was so successful that the leader Mạc Đĩnh Chi was dubbled the "Two-state exemplar" because he came first as Trạng nguyên (Zhuangyuan, 狀元) in Đại Việt's imperial examination and was praised in the Yuan Dynasty court by his eloquence.[7] After the failed invasions of the Mongol Empire, Đại Việt's southwestern border was invaded several times by Laos force until Anh Tông appointed Phạm Ngũ Lão to take charge of pacifying the frontier regions.[8][9][10]

In 1306,[11] to maintain good relations with Champa, Anh Tông married off his sister, princess Huyền Trân, to the king of Champa Chế Mân; in exchange, Đại Việt received a large region of two provinces from Champa. Only one year into the marriage, Chế Mân died and as a royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân was to be cremated with her husband. Facing the urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin Trần Khắc Chung to travel to Champa with the purpose of helping Huyền Trân avoid her imminent death. Finally Huyền Trân was able to come back to Đại Việt but Chế Chí, the successor of Chế Mân, did not want to keep the peace treaty with Đại Việt anymore. After that event, Anh Tông himself along with generals Trần Quốc Chân and Trần Khánh Dư commanded three groups of Đại Việt army to attack Champa in 1312. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion,[12] another Champa king was established by Anh Tông but the relation between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained for a long time afterward.[8][13]

As retired emperor

After 21 years reigning, Anh Tông passed the throne to the crown prince Trần Mạnh, who became the Emperor Trần Minh Tông, and kept the title Thái thượng hoàng for six more years before dying in 1320 at age 54.[8] Anh Tông had only one era name during his reign which was Hưng Long (興隆, prosperity), after the Emperor's death, he was given the posthumous name Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế (顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝).[1]

According to historical books, Anh Tông was praised for his righteous reign which created over Đại Việt a peaceful and prosperous period. Personally, the Emperor was known as a modest ruler who was quick to mend his mistakes, always cautious and intelligent in judging, he was only critized for having built a tower and gather monks in Yên Tử mountain.[1][14][15] According to the royal historian Ngô Sĩ Liên, Anh Tông was also a father with sense of responsibility for his son, this is an important factor that contributed to Minh Tông's good governance in the future.[16] The decision made by Anh Tông and his father Nhân Tông to marry off the royal princess Huyền Trân to the foreign Champa king in exchange of peace and land was sometimes considered a fault of the Trần dynasty.[11]

Family

  • Besides three short-lived sons, Anh Tông was survived by only one son, Trần Mạnh, who eventually became his successor Trần Minh Tông. The Emperor also had five daughters:
    • Princess Thiên Chân
    • Princess Ý Trinh
    • Princess Huy Chân
    • Princess Huệ Chân
    • Princess Thánh Chân

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Ngô 1993, p. 205
  2. ^ National Bureau for Historical Record 1998, p. 241
  3. ^ a b Trần 1971, p. 65
  4. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 209
  5. ^ Trần 1971, p. 64
  6. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 207
  7. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 221
  8. ^ a b c Trần 1971, p. 66
  9. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 215
  10. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 85
  11. ^ a b Ngô 1993, p. 218
  12. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 223
  13. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 86
  14. ^ Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid 2006, p. 58
  15. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 87
  16. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 254
  17. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 227

Bibliography

  • Ngô, Sỹ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Trần, Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid (2006), Việt Nam: borderless histories, Univ of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0299217744 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |link= ignored (help)
  • Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313296227 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |link= ignored (help)
Trần Anh Tông
Born: 1276 Died: 1320
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Trần Dynasty
1293-1314 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Retired Emperor of Trần Dynasty
1314-1320 		Succeeded by
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