Karuka: Difference between revisions

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a lot from Bruce A French
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| note =
| source = <ref name="French">{{cite book |last1=French |first1=Bruce R. |title=Growing food in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea |date=1982 |publisher=AFTSEMU (Agricultural Field Trials, Surveys, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit) of the World Bank funded project in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea |pages=64-71 |url=https://docplayer.net/42672690-Growing-food-in-the-southern-highlands-province-of-papua-new-guinea-bruce-r-french.html |accessdate=20 September 2018 |language=English |format=PDF}}</ref>
| source = <ref name="French">{{cite book |last1=French |first1=Bruce R. |title=Growing food in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea |date=1982 |publisher=AFTSEMU (Agricultural Field Trials, Surveys, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit) of the World Bank funded project in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea |pages=64-71 |url=https://docplayer.net/42672690-Growing-food-in-the-southern-highlands-province-of-papua-new-guinea-bruce-r-french.html |accessdate=20 September 2018 |language=English |format=PDF}}</ref>
| source_usda =
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{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Karuka core
| image = <!-- Filename is enough -->
| image_size = <!-- Defaults to 235px -->
| image_alt =
| caption =
| serving_size = 100 g
| kJ =
| carbs =
| starch =
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| fiber = <!-- or |fibre= -->
| fat =
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| protein = 8.5 g
| tryptophan =
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| isoleucine =
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| tyrosine =
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| cholesterol = 0
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On female trees, the inflorescence is a single ellipsoid or ovoid [[syncarp]], or fruiting head, with off-white [[bract]]s.<ref name="Lim"/> The tree stops making leaves when new fruit is growing.<ref name="French"/> The syncarp has up to a thousand densely-packed single-celled [[carpel]]s that later turn into drupes.<ref name="Lim"/><ref name="French"/>
On female trees, the inflorescence is a single ellipsoid or ovoid [[syncarp]], or fruiting head, with off-white [[bract]]s.<ref name="Lim"/> The tree stops making leaves when new fruit is growing.<ref name="French"/> The syncarp has up to a thousand densely-packed single-celled [[carpel]]s that later turn into drupes.<ref name="Lim"/><ref name="French"/>


The [[clavate]], [[pentagon]]al drupes measure up to 12&nbsp;cm long and have a sharpened base,<ref name="Martelli"/> but typically are 9×1.5&nbsp;cm.<ref name="Lim"/> The [[endocarp]] is bony and thin,<ref name="Lim"/> 5½&nbsp;cm long, with rounded edges about 1½&nbsp;cm wide.<ref name="Martelli"/> The seed-bearing [[locule]] is around 4&nbsp;cm long.<ref name="Martelli"/> The core of the mature head ([[mesocarp]]) has an appearance like [[honeycomb]] and is spongy<ref name="Lim"/> and pink.<ref name="French"/> The top of the mesocarp is fibrous, from 3&nbsp;cm long and up.<ref name="Martelli"/> Though Martelli did not have a complete syncarp, he knew the cluster of fruit must be large, estimating at least 30&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref name="Martelli"/> He was correct, as the fruiting cluster is typically 15 to 30&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref name="French"/> A mature head and stalk weigh up to 16&nbsp;kg.<ref name="Lim"/>
The [[clavate]], [[pentagon]]al drupes measure up to 12&nbsp;cm long and have a sharpened base,<ref name="Martelli"/> but typically are 9×1.5&nbsp;cm.<ref name="Lim"/> Each cluster contains about 1000 nuts.<ref name="French"/> The [[endocarp]] is bony and thin,<ref name="Lim"/> 5½&nbsp;cm long, with rounded edges about 1½&nbsp;cm wide.<ref name="Martelli"/> The seed-bearing [[locule]] is around 4&nbsp;cm long.<ref name="Martelli"/> The core of the mature head ([[mesocarp]]) has an appearance like [[honeycomb]] and is spongy<ref name="Lim"/> and pink.<ref name="French"/> The top of the mesocarp is fibrous, from 3&nbsp;cm long and up.<ref name="Martelli"/> Though Martelli did not have a complete syncarp, he knew the cluster of fruit must be large, estimating at least 30&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref name="Martelli"/> He was correct, as the fruiting cluster is typically 15 to 30&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref name="French"/> A mature head and stalk weigh up to 16&nbsp;kg,<ref name="Lim"/> but average 6&nbsp;kg.<ref name="French"/>


It most closely resembles ''[[Pandanus utilissimus]]'', which is found the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Martelli"/> The nuts of ''[[Pandanus brosimos]]'', or wild karuka, are also commonly harvested and eaten, and three other species are occasionally used this way.<ref name="French"/>
It most closely resembles ''[[Pandanus utilissimus]]'', which is found the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Martelli"/> The nuts of ''[[Pandanus brosimos]]'', or wild karuka, are also commonly harvested and eaten, and three other species are occasionally used this way.<ref name="French"/>


There are up to 35 cultivated [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] of karuka, many with different kernel shapes.<ref name="French"/>
There are up to 35 cultivated [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] of karuka, many with different kernel shapes. At least two varieties are edible raw.<ref name="French"/>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
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==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Karuka produces fruit around February, with an occasional secondary season in July.<ref name="French"/> Typically each branch will only flower every other year.<ref name="French"/>

[[Fungus|Fungal]] [[Pest (organism)|pests]] of karuka include [[leaf spot]], [[diffuse leaf spot]], [[black leaf mould]] (''[[Lembosia pandani]]''), [[sooty mold]] (''[[Meliola juttingii]]''), and fungus on seeds (''[[Macrophoma pandani]]'').<ref name="French"/> The leaf moulds do not do much damage.<ref name="French"/> The sooty mould seems to grow on insect [[frass]].<ref name="French"/> The black leaf mold only affects some varieties.<ref name="French"/>
[[Fungus|Fungal]] [[Pest (organism)|pests]] of karuka include [[leaf spot]], [[diffuse leaf spot]], [[black leaf mould]] (''[[Lembosia pandani]]''), [[sooty mold]] (''[[Meliola juttingii]]''), and fungus on seeds (''[[Macrophoma pandani]]'').<ref name="French"/> The leaf moulds do not do much damage.<ref name="French"/> The sooty mould seems to grow on insect [[frass]].<ref name="French"/> The black leaf mold only affects some varieties.<ref name="French"/>


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==Use by humans==
==Use by humans==
On New Guinea karuka is cultivated crop.<ref name="Lim"/> The [[endosperm]], a white kernel, is eaten raw, [[Roasting|roasted]], [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]],<ref name="Lim"/> or [[Earth oven|mumued]].<ref name="French"/> The karuka kernels have a sweet, [[coconut]] taste.<ref name="Lim"/> Smoked or cooked karuka is either stored in the [[rafter]]s or sold at local [[marketplace]]s.<ref name="Lim"/> The uncooked clusters can also be stored for months buried in waterlogged earth.<ref name="Lim"/> It is a regional [[staple food]] and one of the few plants in the area with a high [[protein]] content.<ref name="Lim"/> The spongy core of the [[multiple fruit]] cluster can also be cooked and eaten after the nuts are removed.<ref name="Lim"/><ref name="French"/>
On New Guinea karuka is cultivated crop.<ref name="Lim"/> The [[endosperm]], a white kernel, is eaten raw, [[Roasting|roasted]], [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]],<ref name="Lim"/> or [[Earth oven|mumued]].<ref name="French"/> Nuts that aren't immediately eaten are typically [[Food drying|sun-dried]] for storage.<ref name="French"/> The karuka kernels have a sweet, [[coconut]] taste.<ref name="Lim"/> Smoked or cooked karuka is either stored in the [[rafter]]s or sold at local [[marketplace]]s.<ref name="Lim"/> The uncooked clusters can also be stored for months buried in waterlogged earth.<ref name="Lim"/><ref name="French"/> It is a regional [[staple food]] and one of the few plants in the area with a high [[protein]] content.<ref name="Lim"/> The spongy core of the [[multiple fruit]] cluster can also be cooked and eaten after the nuts are removed.<ref name="Lim"/><ref name="French"/>


Trunks and buttress roots are used for building.<ref name="Lim"/> The leaves are used for [[The bush|bush]] [[Shelter (building)|shelters]].<ref name="Lim"/>
Trunks and buttress roots are used for building.<ref name="Lim"/> The leaves are used for [[The bush|bush]] [[Shelter (building)|shelters]].<ref name="Lim"/>

Revision as of 18:41, 26 September 2018

Karuka
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Pandanales
Family: Pandanaceae
Genus: Pandanus
Section: Hombronia
Species:
P. julianettii
Binomial name
Pandanus julianettii
Synonyms
Karuka kernels
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy2,259–2,929 kJ (540–700 kcal)
11.9-14.1 g
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Iron
2328%
419 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water9%
Cholesterol0
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[4]
Source: [2]
Karuka core
Nutritional value per 100 g
8.5 g
Other constituentsQuantity
Cholesterol0
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[4]
Source: [2]

Pandanus julianettii, also called karuka, karuka nut, or Pandanus nut, is a species of tree in the Pandanaceae family.[5]

Names

The specific epithet "julianettii" honors naturalist Amedeo Giulianetti, who found the original type specimens.[1]

In New Guinea it goes by different names among each of the Papuan peoples.[5] In the Ankave language it is xweebo.[5] It is yase in the Baruya language.[5] The Huli language word is anga, and it is also anga in the Duna language.[5][2] In Kewa language it is aga,[5][2] but it is unclear of this is in Erave (South Kewa), East Kewa, Pasuma (West Kewa), and/or the Kewa pandanus language. The plant is called ama in the Wiru language.[2][5] In the Pole language it's called maisene.[5][2] It goes by ank in Angal language.[5][2] The Imbongu language word is amo.[5][2]

Description

The species was originally described by Ugolino Martelli from only a few drupes in the collections of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew[1] He was hesitant to describe it as a new species from only that, but the characteristics we so salient he published his description.[1]

The tree is dioecious (individual plants either have male flowers of female ones),[5] with male trees uncommon compared to females.[2] It reaches 10-30 m high with a trunk of 30 cm diameter and supported by buttress roots.[5] The top of the tree sometimes branches, producing three or four crowns of leaves.[2] Each crown will produce a single cluster of nuts, typically once every other season.[2]

Leaves spiral up the trunk in opposite pairs.[5][2] The large leathery leaves are 3-4 m long[2] and 8-12 cm wide.[5] The apex of the leaf is attenuate and doubly-pleated, with prickles pointing up at the tip.[5]

The inflorescence on male trees is a densely-branched spadix with a dozen long spikes, each containing many staminate phalanges.[5] In each phalange is a column 3 mm long topped by up to 9 subsessile anthers.[5] The male flowers are white.[2]

On female trees, the inflorescence is a single ellipsoid or ovoid syncarp, or fruiting head, with off-white bracts.[5] The tree stops making leaves when new fruit is growing.[2] The syncarp has up to a thousand densely-packed single-celled carpels that later turn into drupes.[5][2]

The clavate, pentagonal drupes measure up to 12 cm long and have a sharpened base,[1] but typically are 9×1.5 cm.[5] Each cluster contains about 1000 nuts.[2] The endocarp is bony and thin,[5] 5½ cm long, with rounded edges about 1½ cm wide.[1] The seed-bearing locule is around 4 cm long.[1] The core of the mature head (mesocarp) has an appearance like honeycomb and is spongy[5] and pink.[2] The top of the mesocarp is fibrous, from 3 cm long and up.[1] Though Martelli did not have a complete syncarp, he knew the cluster of fruit must be large, estimating at least 30 cm in diameter.[1] He was correct, as the fruiting cluster is typically 15 to 30 cm in diameter.[2] A mature head and stalk weigh up to 16 kg,[5] but average 6 kg.[2]

It most closely resembles Pandanus utilissimus, which is found the Philippines.[1] The nuts of Pandanus brosimos, or wild karuka, are also commonly harvested and eaten, and three other species are occasionally used this way.[2]

There are up to 35 cultivated varieties of karuka, many with different kernel shapes. At least two varieties are edible raw.[2]

Distribution

Giulianetti's type specimens were collected from Vanapa, British New Guinea[1] (now southern Papua New Guinea). The tree can be found cultivated or wild on New Guinea, both in PNG and Papua province.[5][2] Wild trees are found on the Huon Peninsula and in the highlands of New Guinea's central cordillera.[5] It grows between 1,300 and 3,300 m in elevation in areas that get 2-5 m mean annual precipitation.[5] It grows in both dry and wet soils,[5] but prefers good soil fertility.[2]

Ecology

Karuka produces fruit around February, with an occasional secondary season in July.[2] Typically each branch will only flower every other year.[2]

Fungal pests of karuka include leaf spot, diffuse leaf spot, black leaf mould (Lembosia pandani), sooty mold (Meliola juttingii), and fungus on seeds (Macrophoma pandani).[2] The leaf moulds do not do much damage.[2] The sooty mould seems to grow on insect frass.[2] The black leaf mold only affects some varieties.[2]

Longhorn grasshoppers are serious insect pests.[2] Segestes gracilis and Segestidea montana eat the leaves and can sometimes kill trees.[2] Growers will stuff leaves and grass in between the leaves of the crown to keep insects out.[2] An unknown species of black grub will burrow into the cluster and eat the spongy core, causing the nuts to turn black and the whole bunch to fall off the tree.[2] Woodboring beetles sometimes attack the prop root of the tree.[2]

Possums also eat the nuts, and growers will put platforms on the trunks of trees to keep them out.[2]

Harvested nuts are often beset by rats and cockroaches.[2] Hanging nuts in the smoky areas above fires can prevent this, but after a while the taste of the nuts is affected.[2]

Use by humans

On New Guinea karuka is cultivated crop.[5] The endosperm, a white kernel, is eaten raw, roasted, smoked,[5] or mumued.[2] Nuts that aren't immediately eaten are typically sun-dried for storage.[2] The karuka kernels have a sweet, coconut taste.[5] Smoked or cooked karuka is either stored in the rafters or sold at local marketplaces.[5] The uncooked clusters can also be stored for months buried in waterlogged earth.[5][2] It is a regional staple food and one of the few plants in the area with a high protein content.[5] The spongy core of the multiple fruit cluster can also be cooked and eaten after the nuts are removed.[5][2]

Trunks and buttress roots are used for building.[5] The leaves are used for bush shelters.[5]

Karuka can be cultivated by cutting a mature branch and replanting it (vegetative propagation).[2] Suckers can also be replanted.[2] Nurseries also plant seeds directly.[2] New nuts will grow when a tree is at least five or six years old, and can keep producing for up to fifty years.[2]

In Upper Karint near Pingirip karukas are planted as boundary lines between garden plots.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martelli, Ugolino (December 1907). Martelli, Ugolino (ed.). "Pandanus Nuove Specie Descritte Manipolo II" (PNG). Webbia, Raccolta di Scritti Botanici (in Italian). 2. Firenze: Istituto botanico dell'Università di Firenze: 433. doi:10.1080/00837792.1907.10803460. ISSN 2169-4060. OCLC 899525984. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au French, Bruce R. (1982). Growing food in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea (PDF). AFTSEMU (Agricultural Field Trials, Surveys, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit) of the World Bank funded project in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. pp. 64–71. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  3. ^ a b United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  4. ^ a b National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). "Pandanus julianettii". Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants (PDF). Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 128–130. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_17. ISBN 978-94-007-4053-2. OCLC 822591349. Retrieved 31 August 2018.

Category:Pandanus Category:Plants described in 1907 Category:Trees of New Guinea Category:Edible nuts and seeds

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