Shorea

Shorea
	Shorea roxburghii at Khao Tha Phet near Surat Thani (Thailand),planted by King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Mallow-like (Malvales)
Family :	Wing fruit family (Dipterocarpaceae)
Subfamily :	Dipterocarpoideae
Genre :	Shorea
Scientific name
	Shorea
	Roxb. ex CFGaertn.

Shorea is a genus of plants in the wing fruit family(Dipterocarpaceae). The approximately 200 species are common in Southeast Asia. The wood is usedby many species, for example Meranti , Balau , Lauan and Bangkirai .

description

Illustration of Shorea robusta

In Shorea TYPES there are usually large trees . The base of the trunk is often provided with buttress roots . The trunks are covered by a cracked or peeling bark . The leaves are arranged alternately on the branches. The more or less leathery leaf blades are simple and entire. The leaf veins do not converge in a network. The early sloping side leaves have very different sizes depending on the type.

The flowers are in terminal or axillary, loose, zymous , paniculate inflorescences . The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . Of the five sepals , three are large and two are smaller. The petals are hairy and colored white, yellow or pink. There are rarely 12 to, usually 15 or 20 to 100 stamens . The anthers are egg-shaped, oblong or violin-shaped. It can at ovary exist a stylus pad (stylopodium).

The mostly solitary fruits are winged wing fruits , the five unequal-sized wings develop from the sepals.

distribution

The genus Shorea is widespread in Southeast Asia. Its northernmost occurrences are in southern China and on the southern edge of the Himalayas , and to the south it is found across Indochina to the islands of the Philippines , Malaysia and Indonesia . In northern India, the sal tree ( Shorea robusta ) forms the forest.

Systematics

The genus Shorea was established in 1805 by William Roxburgh in Karl Friedrich von Gärtner : De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum .... , 3, p. 47. The type species is Shorea robusta Gaertn. The generic name Shorea honors Sir John Shore . A synonym for Shorea Roxb. ex CFGaertn. is Pentacme A.DC.

There are around 200 (up to 360) species of Shorea .

use

Several Shorea species are important timber trees. The following trade names are used for individual species or groups of species:

Yellow Balau , Balau, Bangkirai ( Shorea laevis Ridl. ): This species has a wide distribution area in tropical Southeast Asia. The heartwood is brown to yellowish or greenish, the sapwood is clearly distinguished in color. The bulk density is from 0.7 to 0.9 g / cm ³ .
Balau, Bangkirai: Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea : in addition to Shorea laevis , the following species are marketed under these names: Shorea atrinervosa Symington , Shorea crassa P.S. Ashton , Shorea exelliptica Meijer , Shorea foxworthyi Symington , Shorea glauca King and Shorea havilandii Brandis . The bulk density is from 0.7 to 1.05 g / cm ³ .
White meranti, melapi: Shorea subg. Anthoshorea : This designation covers a number of species ( e.g. Shorea assamica Dyer , Shorea bracteolata Dyer , Shorea dealbata Foxw. , Shorea hypochra Hance , Shorea javanica Koord. & Valeton and Shorea lamellata Foxw. ), Which originate from southern China via Burma, Thailand , Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia to Malaysia and Indonesia. The heartwood is light yellow, the color of the sapwood is indistinguishable. The bulk density is from 0.45 to 0.85 g / cm ³ .

Yellow meranti, meranti kuning: Shorea subg. Richetia : Again a number of species ( e.g. Shorea acuminatissima Symington , Shorea faguetiana F. Heim , Shorea gibbosa Brandis , Shorea hopeifolia (F.Heim) Symington and Shorea multiflora (Burck) Symington ) with occurrences in Indonesia and Malaysia. Heartwood and sapwood are yellow, the density is from 0.4 to 0.75 g / cm ³ .
Dark red meranti: Shorea subg. Rubroshorea : This is the name given to woods with brown to red heartwood and sapwood in a contrasting color. They come from the species Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King , Shorea hemsleyana King ex Foxw. , Shorea macrantha Brandis , Shorea pauciflora King , Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert , Shorea rugosa F. Heim var. Uliginosa and Shorea singkawang Burck . The bulk density is from 0.5 to 0.8 g / cm³.
Meranti punai bukit: Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis : Similar in color to the Dark-red-meranti group, this type of wood comes from Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia. The bulk density is from 0.6 to 0.75 g / cm ³ .
Light red meranti: Shorea subg. Rubroshorea : From the same subgenus as the Dark-red-meranti group, with a similar color, but from the following species: Shorea acuminata Dyer , Shorea dasyphylla Foxw. Foxw , Shorea johorensis . , Shorea lepidota (Korth.) Flower , Shorea macroptera Dyer and Shorea parvifolia Dyer . The bulk density is from 0.3 to 0.7 g / cm ³ .

Meranti tembaga: Shorea leprosula Miq. : Very similar to the light-red-meranti group, in some cases the same species are traded under this name. Density only 0.3 to 0.55 g / cm ³ .

Balau, bangkirai: Shorea subg. Shorea -: Heavy woods with dark red or brown heartwood and colored sapwood. The following species are classified here: Shorea balangeran Burck , Shorea collina Ridl. , Shorea kunstleri King , Shorea ochrophloia Strugnell ex Desch and Shorea guiso Blume . The bulk density is from 0.75 to 0.9 g / cm ³ .

Salbaum or Sal ( Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn. )

literature

Xi-wen Li, Jie Li & Peter S. Ashton: Dipterocarpaceae , In: ZY Wu & PH Raven (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 13, 2007, Missouri Botanical Garden Press et al. a., St. Louis et al. a .: Shorea , p. 48 ff. - Online. (Section description, distribution and systematics).
HG Richter & MJ Dallwitz: Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval . In English, French, German, and Spanish, version dated May 4, 2000. Online at Handelshölzer . , accessed on August 16, 2007 (usage section).

Web links

Commons : Shorea - collection of images, videos and audio files

Shorea spp. Commercial varieties on gdholz.net, accessed on November 15, 2016.

Individual evidence

^ K. Kubitzki, C. Bayer: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. V, Flowering Plants-Dicotyledons , Springer, 2003, ISBN 978-3-642-07680-0 , p. 195.
^ Shorea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Shorea in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary . (accessed on July 9, 2011)

[1] K. Kubitzki, C. Bayer: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. V, Flowering Plants-Dicotyledons , Springer, 2003, ISBN 978-3-642-07680-0 , p. 195.

[tropicos-2] Shorea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[3] Shorea in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary . (accessed on July 9, 2011)