Korean pine
| Korean pine | ||||||||||||
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Korean pine ( Pinus koraiensis ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pinus koraiensis | ||||||||||||
| Siebold & Zucc. |
The Korean pine ( Pinus koraiensis ) is an Asian species of pine ( Pinus ). The conifers are the dominant species of the Korean pine mixed deciduous forest, but can also be found in pure stands. The maximum age is given as 500 years.
description
Habitus
The Korean pine is a densely needled tree with a straight trunk that can reach a maximum height of 40 meters and a diameter of 1.6 meters at chest height . The crown of older trees is severely flattened due to the strong branching. Younger trees are more conical in shape.
Buds and needles
The elongated egg-shaped winter buds are light red-brown and only slightly resinous. There are five needles on the short shoots and are relatively thick with a diameter of about one millimeter. Their length varies between six and twelve centimeters, they are on average eight centimeters long. A vascular bundle and three resin channels , one per corner, can be seen in the triangular needle cross-section . There are six to eight rows of light blue stomata on the two undersides . The top of the needle has no stomata. The needles usually remain on the tree for three, less often four to five years.
Flowers, cones and seeds
The Korean pine is single-sexed ( monoecious ). There are three different colors for the female cones. The purple-red color variant has brightly colored seed scales that are covered with whitish wax particles. The green color variant has only a few colored seed scales. In the red-green color variant, the inflorescences are 2 to 2.5 centimeters long and stand in whorled groups of up to 10 at the ends of young long shoots. The male cones are elliptical in shape and reddish-yellow in color. Instead of needled short shoots, they are heaped at the base of young long shoots and are reasonably evenly distributed over the crown. The elongated egg-shaped cones are initially green and turn greenish-brown as they mature. They ripen in the second year after pollination and are then 10 to 15 centimeters, sometimes up to 20 centimeters long and have a diameter of 5 to 10 centimeters. On average, they weigh 133 grams at maturity. The cone scales are rhombic and taper towards the tip. The less pronounced apex is slightly rolled outwards. At the base of each seed scale, two (rarely only one) seeds 12 to 16 millimeters long and 7 to 10 millimeters in diameter develop. No species of pine produces larger seeds. The brown seeds are egg-shaped, triangular and have a smooth surface. The thousand grain weight is around 500 grams. Most of it is spread by the common pine jay ( Nucifraga caryocatactes ). The seedlings form 10 to 16 cotyledons ( cotyledons ) from. These cotyledons are 3.8 to 5 inches long and around 1.5 millimeters wide.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
bark
The bark is initially smooth and gray-brown, later longitudinally fissured. Irregular shell-shaped to scale-shaped plates are formed. If these plates are pushed off, they reveal a younger, reddish-brown layer of bark. The average tannin content of the bark is 5.57%. Young shoots have dense, yellow-brown to red-brown hairs.
Root system
The Korean pine is a shallow root , but has deeper roots than the spruce and fir species associated with it. The main root rarely becomes longer than 30 centimeters, but branches out very intensively. Strong and relatively shallow side roots are formed, which even with favorable soil conditions usually only reach 0.6 to 0.7, rarely up to 1 meter deep. Around 80 to 90% of the total root mass is in the upper 50 centimeters. The number of surface roots increases with the depth of the soil. The main root can die off in the case of strongly solidified, poorly ventilated and wet substrates. The species enters into mycorrhizal partnerships with various thick boletuses ( boletus ) and smeared boletus ( suillus ).
Wood
The red-brown heartwood is surrounded by a yellowish-brown sapwood . The transitions between late and early wood take place gradually. The evenly structured wood catches the eye with its intense resin odor. It is easy to dry, does not work much, is quite durable, easy to work with and nail-proof. The air-dried wood contains 53.72% cellulose and 26.91% lignin .
| Mechanical properties | value | unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density ( ) | 0.44 | g / cm³ |
| Compressive strength | 334 | kg / cm² |
| Flexural strength | 653 | kg / cm² |
| tensile strenght | 981 | kg / cm² |
Distribution and location
The distribution area extends from the coastal area of northeast China north to Russia , south to Korea and across the sea to Japan . In China, the species occurs naturally in the Heilongjiang Hills , the Changbai Mountains, and the Little Hinggan Mountains . In Russia, it occurs mainly in coastal mountains such as the Sichote-Alin Mountains and on the south side of the Bureinsky Mountains . In Korea, the occurrence is concentrated in the Jingang Mountains and the south side of the Changbai Mountains. The occurrences in Japan are in the mountains of the middle Honshu and the island of Shikoku . The natural distribution area has an east-west extension of around 700 kilometers and a north-south extension of around 900 kilometers.
The Korean pine is a tree species found in the mountain forest. In the natural area of distribution, the climate is determined by the monsoon rains , high humidity is one of the important climatic conditions. The annual rainfall varies between 400 and 1,200 mm depending on the location. Closed stands can be found at heights of 300 to 1,300 meters, depending on the location, individual trees even up to 1,650 meters. There is a certain commitment to brown soils and weakly podsolized brown soils, with the best growth rates being achieved on well-aerated, nutrient-rich and deep soils. The species thrives in a relatively wide temperature range and is largely frost hardy under favorable moisture conditions.
Pure stocks are rare. Mixed stands with the Japanese maple ( Acer pictum , syn .: Acer mono ), Betula costata , the Manchurian ash ( Fraxinus mandshurica ), the Mongolian oak ( Quercus mongolica ), the Amur linden ( Tilia amurensis ), Tilia mandshurica , Ulmus laciniata , Ulmus propinqua as well as with East Siberian fir ( Abies nephrolepis ) and the Ayan spruce ( Picea jezoensis ), with the Korean pine being the predominant tree species. In the humid and warm parts of the southern distribution area, the species occurs together with the Manchurian fir ( Abies holophylla ), the heart-leaved hornbeam ( Carpinus cordata ), the tree aralia ( Kalopanax septemlobus ) and Sorbus alnifolia . In mountain valleys, Acer mandshuricum , Acer triflorum , Juglans mandshurica and the Amur cork tree ( Phellodendron amurense ) occur as mixed tree species.
The Korean Pine is in the red list of the IUCN out as not at risk ( "Lower Risk / Least Concern"). It is pointed out, however, that a new check of the risk is necessary.
Diseases and pests
Fungal diseases that endanger the survival of the population rarely occur. Fungi of the genera Fusarium , Pythium and Rhizoctonia are regularly fought with fungicides in tree nurseries . Cronartium ribicola , the causative agent of the stubble rust , was first registered in 1958. It mainly affects trees under the age of 20. In South Korea , populations of around 1,300 hectares have been infected with this pathogen. Cenangium ferruginosum , the causative agent of pine shoot death , as well as Lophodermium maximum , Lophodermium nitens and Lophodermium pini-pumilae , which cause the pine dump , are of little importance. The pine brown sponge ( Phaeolus schweinitzii ) and the pine fire sponge ( Phellinus pini ), which cause intense stem and stick rot, are assigned economic importance .
The weevil Pissodes nitidus causes considerable damage to afforestation. The mole crickets Grillotalpa africana and Grillotalpa unispina eat the roots and primarily damage seedlings. The borer Dioryctria abietella and Dioryctria auranticella damage the shoot tips and cones. The wood is mainly attacked by the six-toothed pine bark beetle ( Ips acuminatus ), the twelve-toothed pine bark beetle ( Ips sexdentatus ), Ips subelongatus , the copper engraver ( Pityogenes chalcographus ) and various longhorn beetles of the genera Acanthocinus , Monochamus and Tetropium .
use
The wood is used in the construction industry. It is used to manufacture doors, windows, roof structures, floors and furniture. It is also suitable for the production of pulp and paper. The use of the resin , the extraction of tannins from the bark and the use of the needle oil for cosmetics are of lesser economic importance . The species is grown regionally for its oily and edible seeds. It is rarely planted as a park tree.
Systematics
The Korean Pine is within the genus of pine ( Pinus the) section Quinquefoliae and the subsection Strobus assigned. The dwarf pine ( Pinus pumila ) and the Siberian stone pine ( Pinus sibirica ) are named as closely related species . With regard to the bark and cone morphology, a distinction is made between two forms :
- Pinus koraiensis f. leptodermis Wang & Chi with fine barked scaly bark and thin, long cones
- Pinus koraiensis f. pachidermis Wang & Chi with coarse-barked scaly bark and short, thick cones.
Pinus koraiensis was founded in 1842 by Siebold & Zucc. First described in her "Flora japonica" Volume 2, Page 28. Synonyms of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. are Strobus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Moldenke , Apinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Moldenke , Pinus strobus Thunb. , Fl. Jap .: 275 (1784) sensu auct., Pinus manschurica Rupr. , Pinus cembra var. Mandschurica (Rupr.) Carriere and Pinus prokoraiensis Y.T.Zhao, JMLu & AGGU .
proof
literature
- Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of Conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 413-424 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Tropicos. [1]
- ↑ Pinus koraiensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Retrieved on 3 January 2011th
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Pinus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 24, 2019.
