Mongolian oak
| Mongolian oak | ||||||||||||
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Mongolian oak ( Quercus mongolica ) |
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| Quercus mongolica | ||||||||||||
| Fish. ex Ledeb. |
The Mongolian oak ( Quercus mongolica ) is a plant from the genus of oak ( Quercus ) within the family of the Fagaceae (Fagaceae). It is in eastern Russia , northern China , Korea and northern Japan spread.
description
Appearance, bark, bud and leaf
Quercus mongolica grows as a deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 30 meters and trunk diameters ( BHD ) of around 60 centimeters. Specimens grown in the wild are particularly knotty, sometimes crooked and have an almost round treetop . In the closed stand it develops a straight trunk and an oval tree crown.
The slightly angular young twigs have a purple-brown, bare bark with lenticels . At the ends of the branches are several red-brown, sparsely hairy terminal buds, which are elongated egg-shaped with a length of 6 to 7 millimeters and a width of 2.5 to 3 millimeters. The chestnut-brown and ciliated side buds are rather ovoid to conical with a length of only 4 to 5 millimeters.
The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The bald petiole is 2 to 8 millimeters long. The simple leaf blade is seldom 5 to .7 to 19, seldom up to 23 centimeters and a width of seldom 2 to .3 to 11 centimeters obovate to oblong obovate with a truncated upper end, the short spiky or is sharply pointed. The Spreitengrund is narrowly rounded or eyed. The leaf margin is wavy to roughly serrated with rarely five to seven to ten bays on each side. There is pinnate veins with rarely 5 to, 10 to 18 lateral veins on each side of the median nerve; third-order veins are clearly visible on the underside of the leaf. The upper side of the leaf is dark green and bare. The underside of the leaf is bald and pale green and sparsely covered with star hairs ( trichomes ) along the leaf veins . The autumn color of the leaves is red to dark red.
Flower and fruit
The flowering time in China is from May to June. Quercus mongolica is single sexed (Monözie | monözisch).
The male flowers are grouped together in pendulous, cat-shaped inflorescences , which arise from the previous year's branches above the leaf scars and are 6 to 8 centimeters long. The male flowers have a six- to seven- fold perianth and at least eight stamens .
The 0.5 to 2 centimeter long female inflorescences sit laterally on the upper area of young twigs and contain four or five, but usually only one or two fertile cupules. Each cupula contains only one female flower. The female flowers have a corolla and a sechszählig dreifächerigen ovary , which in each ovary specialist two ovules contains.
Each nut fruit , called the acorn, is enclosed by a third to half of a fruit cup called a cupula. The cupula has a height of 0.8 to 1.5 centimeters and a diameter of 1.2 to 1.8, rarely up to 28 centimeters. The cupula has scaly leaves arranged like roof tiles, of which the lower ones are triangular-egg-shaped, warty on the outside and sparsely to densely grayish fluffy hairy and the uppermost ones, at the edge of the cupula, are frayed. The glans is rarely 1.5 to, 2 to 2.4 centimeters in length and usually 1.3 to 1.8 (1 to 2.3) centimeters in diameter, more or less narrowly ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoidal and up to bald on the upper end. The fruits ripen in China between September and October.
Chromosome set
The basic chromosome number in Quercus is x = 12. In Quercus mongolica there is diploidy , i.e. a chromosome number of 2n = 24.
distribution
By 2010, it was for Quercus mongolica a very wide range in Korea sl, in Siberia only in the region of Trans-Baikal , in the Far Russian East in the Amur Oblast , in the regions of Khabarovsk , Primorye , on the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands , into Eastern Mongolia , in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Monggol , Ningxia , Qinghai , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi and Sichuan and on the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō and Honshu . In China it thrives in mesophytic mixed forests at altitudes of 200 to 2500 meters.
Zeng et al. 2010 showed that the easternmost localities in China belong to the species Quercus liaotungensis .
Systematics
The Quercus mongolica is listed and described in the works of the German-Russian botanist Ernst Ludwig von Fischer in 1838. But the valid first publication of Quercus mongolica did not take place until 1850 in Flora Rossica , 3, 2, p. 589 by Karl Friedrich von Ledebour . Synonyms for Quercus mongolica fish. ex Ledeb. are: Quercus sessiliflora var. mongolica (Fisch. ex Ledeb.) Franch., Quercus mongolica var. typica Nakai nom. inval., Quercus crispula flower, Quercus grosseserrata flower, Quercus mongolica subsp. crispula (flower) Menitsky, Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata (flower) Rehder & EHWilson.
Some authors differentiate between varieties, but the morphological differences are too small and could not be confirmed by molecular genetics. The variety Quercus mongolica var. Liaotungensis (Koidz.) Nakai, classified here by some authors, has the rank of a separate species Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. (Syn .: Quercus wutaishanica Mayr)
Quercus mongolica belongs to the Quercus section in the genus Quercus .
use
The wood is used for building constructions or processed into charcoal , but it is of no great economic importance. Barrels in which Japanese whiskey matures are also made from Mongolian oak .
The seeds = acorns are eaten cooked. The acorns can be dried and ground into flour. This flour is used, for example, to thicken sauces or with other types of flour when baking bread. The acorns contain bitter tannins, which are washed out under running water, but many minerals are also lost in the process. The acorns can be roasted as a coffee substitute.
The medical effects were examined. Galls, which are sometimes formed in large numbers on Quercus mongolica , act as a strong astringent .
Old leaves (never fresh, as the tannins impede plant growth) are used as mulch .
swell
- Chengjiu Huang, Yongtian Zhang, Bruce Bartholomew: Fagaceae. : Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour , p. 374 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 4 - Cycadaceae through Fagaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1999. ISBN 0-915279-70-3 (Sections Description and Systematics)
- Oaks of the World datasheet .
- Section III - Plant Pictures and Descriptions : Medium and Tall Trees : Mongolian Oak on pp. 131–132 - full text PDF. In: North Dakota Tree Handbook - from North Dakota State University's NDSU Agriculture .
- MH Suh, DK Lee: Stand structure and regeneration of Quercus mongolica forests in Korea. In: Forest Ecology and Management , Volume 106, 1998, pp. 27-34. Full text PDF.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Chengjiu Huang, Yongtian Zhang, Bruce Bartholomew: Fagaceae. : Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour , p. 374 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 4 - Cycadaceae through Fagaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1999. ISBN 0-915279-70-3
- ↑ Quercus mongolica at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Quercus mongolica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
- ^ A b Y. F. Zeng, WJ Liao, RJ Petit, DY Zhang: Exploring Species Limits in Two Closely Related Chinese Oaks. In: PLoS ONE (2010) online with distribution map.
- ↑ Ledebour 1850 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ Quercus mongolica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 15, 2015.
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Quercus mongolica - data sheet at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on February 15, 2015
- ↑ a b c Quercus mongolica at Plants For A Future
literature
- Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- Christoper Brickell (Editor-in-chief): RHS AZ Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. 3. Edition. Dorling Kindersley, London 2003, ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5 .
- Andreas Roloff , Horst Weisgerber, Ulla M. Lang, Bernd Stimm (eds.): Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse - Handbook and Atlas of Dendrology , 1st edition October 1994, ISBN 978-3-527-32141-4 .
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