Ayan spruce
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Ayan spruce ( Picea jezoensis ) |
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| Picea jezoensis | ||||||||||||
| ( Siebold & Zucc. ) Carrière |
The Picea Jezoensis ( Picea jezoensis ) is a plant from the genus of spruce ( Picea ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). It is native to eastern Asia.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Ajan spruce grows as an evergreen tree that can reach heights of growth of 35 to 50 meters and diameters of 1 to 1.5 meters at chest height . The trunk ends in a broadly conical to pyramidal crown . The trunk bark is initially brown and smooth, but becomes rough with increasing age, forms deep furrows, turns grayish brown, black-brown to dull purple-gray and flakes off in irregularly shaped scales. The hairless to sparsely hairy, deeply furrowed bark of the branches is initially pale yellow and turns orange-yellow to yellowish-brown over time.
The non-resinous, pale brown winter buds are ovate-conical in shape. The pulvini are around 0.5 millimeters long. The leathery, slightly curved needles are linear with a length of 1.2 to 2.5 centimeters and a width of 1.5 to 2 millimeters. They are slightly keeled on the top and bottom and their tip is pointed. There are two white stomatal ribbons on the top of the needle .
Generative characteristics
The Ajan spruce is single-sexed ( monoecious ). The flowering period extends from May to June. The red-brown male cones are cylindrical with a length of 1.5 to 2 centimeters and a thickness of around 0.6 centimeters. They stand together individually or in groups of up to three. The individually standing, hanging cones are elongated-cylindrical to approximately egg-shaped with a length of 3 to 9 centimeters and a thickness of 2 to 3.5 centimeters. They are initially green, red- or purple-brown and turn brown to yellowish-brown by the time they are ripe in September or October. The paper-like to slightly woody seed scales are diamond-shaped, elliptical-diamond-shaped or oval-diamond-shaped with a length of 1 to 1.2 centimeters and a width of 0.6 to 0.8 centimeters. The brown seeds are obovate to oval-wedge-shaped with a length of 2 to 3 millimeters and a width of about 1.5 millimeters. They have a light brown, elongated egg-shaped wing that is 0.5 to 1 cm long and 0.2 to 0.5 cm wide.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Distribution, location and endangerment
The natural range of the Ajan spruce is in eastern Asia. It includes the eastern part of Russia, parts of North Korea , northeastern China and several islands of Japan. In Russia, the Ayan spruce occurs along the Ussuri and the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk northwards to Magadan , on the Sakhalin Island , on the Kuril Islands and in central Kamchatka . In China, Picea jezoensis is found in the provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin and Nei Mongol . In Japan there are deposits on the southern Kuril Islands and on the two main islands Hokkaidō (historically also called Jezo) and Honshū .
The Ajan spruce thrives at altitudes of 40 to 2700 meters. The annual rainfall is between 1000 and 2500 mm, depending on the location. Picea jezoensis occurs mainly in subalpine forests in mountains and in river valleys, where it grows on podsolic soils . There are often mixed stands with other conifer species such as fir ( Abies spec.), Larch ( Larix spec.) And pine ( Pinus ) and the northern Japanese hemlock ( Tsuga diversifolia ), but also with deciduous tree species such as Erman's birch ( Betula ermani ).
The nominate form and the subspecies hondoensis are classified as "not endangered" in the IUCN Red List . Logging combined with fires on the clear-cutting area are considered a hazard, as this prevents the species from naturally rejuvenating.
use
The wood of Ajan spruce is used as construction and furniture wood and for the production of machinery, masts and pulp use. The body of the Tonkori , a stringed instrument of the Ainu , is made of this type of wood. Are from the bark tannins , of the tribe of resin obtained from the needles and aromatic oils.
Systematics
The kind Picea jezoensis is standard Ajanenses the section Sitchenses of the subgenus Casicta within the genus of Picea .
The first description under the name ( Basionym ) Abies jezoensis was made in 1842 by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in Flora Japonica , Volume 2 (2), page 19. Élie-Abel Carrière transferred the species to Traité Général des Conifères in 1855 . P. 255 in the genus Picea . The specific epithet jezoensis arose from the old name Yezo for Hokkaido .
Depending on the author, there are up to four varieties (or subspecies) of Picea jezoensis :
- Picea jezoensis var. Hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder ( Syn . : Picea hondoensis Mayr , Picea jezoensis subsp. Hondoensis (Mayr) PASchmidt ): This endemic occurs only in central Honshū . It has a dull red-brown bark and its needles are 8 to 15 millimeters long and about 1.5 millimeters wide.
- Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière var. Jezoensis : It occurs in almost the entire range.
- Picea jezoensis . Var koreana Uyeki (Syn .: Picea jezoensis . Var komarovii . (VNVassil) WCCheng & LKFu ) (Syn .: is Picea komarovii VNVassil. ): It is used in North Korea, eastern Russia and Heilongjiang and the eastern and southern Jilin before. It has cones 3 to 4 centimeters long and 2 to 2.2 centimeters thick.
- Picea jezoensis var. Microsperma (Lindl.) WCCheng & LKFu (Syn .: Abies ajanensis var. Microsperma (Lindl.) Mast. , Picea microsperma (Lindl.) Carrière ): It occurs in Japan, eastern Russia, Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin . It has cones 4 to 9 centimeters long and 2 to 2.6 centimeters thick.
swell
- Christopher J. Earle: Picea jezoensis. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 28, 2012, accessed October 25, 2013 .
- Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinaceae . Picea. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Volume 4. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , Picea jezoensis , pp. 31 (English, Picea jezoensis online ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Christopher J. Earle: Picea jezoensis. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 2019, accessed on April 16, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinaceae . Picea. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Volume 4. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , Picea jezoensis , pp. 31 (English, - online with the same text as the printed work ).
- ↑ Picea jezoensis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c Picea jezoensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: P. Thomas, D. Zhang, T. Katsuki, K. Rushforth, 2011. Accessed October 25, 2013.
- ↑ a b Picea jezoensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 16, 2019.
