Ghauri (missile)

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Hatf-V Ghauri
The Hatf-V Ghauri (right) in Karachi, ca. 2008
TypeMRBM[1]
Place of origin Pakistan
Service history
In service2003–Present
Used by Pakistan Army
(Army Strategic Forces Command)
Production history
DesignerKhan Research Laboratories (KRL)
Designed1994–2001
ManufacturerKhan Research Laboratories
No. built30 (estimated 2021)[2]
VariantsGhauri-II, Ghauri-III
Specifications
Mass15,850 kg (34,940 lb)
Length15.90 m (52.2 ft)
Diameter1.35 m
EngineSingle stage
Payload capacity760–1158 kg[1]
TransmissionManual
SuspensionAtego x 8WD trailer
PropellantLiquid-propellant
Fuel:TM-185 20%Gasoline 80%Kerosene[1]
Oxidizer:AK-27I 73%HNO3, 27%N2O4[1]
Fuel capacity12,912 kg (28,466 lb)[1]
Operational
range
1,350–1,500 kilometres (840–930 mi)[1]
Flight altitude350 km (220 mi) reached in first test flight
Guidance
system
Inertial
Accuracy190 m (620 ft) CEP[1]
Launch
platform
Transporter erector launcher, Silo
TransportTransporter erector launcher

The Ghauri (Urdu: غوری-ا; Military designation: Hatf–V) is a land-based surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile, in current service with the Strategic Forces Command of Pakistan Army.[3]

Influenced from the propellent design of Nodong-1 of North Korea, its extensive modification, war head design and assembly, and engineering of its control system took place in Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1990s with an objective of developing an electronic system that uses a single stage liquid fuel rocket motor to carry a payload of 700 kg to a range of 1,500 km.[4][5] This range is applicable to address Pakistan's nuclear deterrence against India, if not all of India.

Codenamed as Ghauri, the missile was developed in as part of the secretive Hatf (Target) program that started in 1987.[6] The program was evolved in developing of the third variant, which was was cancelled, while the second system uses increased motor assembly length and improved propellants for an increased range of 2,300 km (1,400 mi).[7]

The Ghauri is deployed in army's military service with using the "Hatf-V" military designation which means "Target-5".[8]

History

Codename

Main article: Muhammad of Ghor

Upon its development, the missile was named after the 12th century Sultan Shahabuddin Ghauri, by a senior scientist who worked on the program with a keen interest in medieval history.[9] Sultan Muhammad Ghauri, who successfully campaigned in the northwestern region of India between 1176 and 1182, but was defeated in his first battle in northern India by Indian King Prithviraj Chauhan; but Ghauri returned in June 1192 when he defeated Prithviraj. He captured Delhi in 1199, but established his kingdom formally in 1206.[9]

However, the JS HQ has officially codenamed the missile "Hatf–5 (Ghauri–I); the Hatf codename originates from the name of the sword or lance of Muhammad.[8]

Development and design

According to the American intelligence estimates in 1999, the Ghauri–I is influenced and its design development is based on the Rodong-1 missile of North Korea.[10] According to the American Federation of Atomic Scientists, the Ghauri–I is believed to inherit a warhead spin-up mechanism from the Rodong 1 and it is stated that this feature could improve accuracy up to 190m CEP— although this is still debatable.[11] The mechanism involves using steering vanes to spin the missile after 100 seconds of flight time.[11] After 110 seconds, the rocket motor stops and the warhead separates from the rocket motor.[11] The warhead then enters a more stable re-entry trajectory due to its spinning motion.[11] Warhead accuracy would be further enhanced if the Ghauri's inertial navigation system is capable of being updated by GPS satellite signals.[11]

There were conflicting stories until 2012 when official documentation was published in a text about North Korea's contribution.: 240 [12] Before 2012, many in Pakistan and the United States had alleged that the technology transfer took place in 1993 in return of the instructions on enrichment methods for uranium[13] Not much has been publicized as controversy surrounds the claim that North Korean nuclear efforts were well advanced before the instructions on enrichment methods uranium were provided.[14]

It is now well documented by the Pakistani military admissions that the finance ministry under Benazir Bhutto's administration paid stacks of cash through its State Bank to North Korea as President Kim Il Sung was only interested in monetary values rather than technological barter trade.: 244–245 [12] After the transaction, the North Korean scientists and engineers were then sent to Pakistan to teach aerospace engineering at Pakistani universities in 1993.: 245 [12]

According to the Pakistani military reports, the original design of the missile was flawed and the missile's frontal conic nose section material burned up due to generated shock waves and hypersonic effect on re-entry during its first test flight in 1998.[15] High stress and high temperature shift caused the material to melt during the re-entry while its vintage electronic systems, engine system, and propellant had to be replaced.[15] The first design of Ghauri was built under the watchful guidance of North Koreans based on their specification but the Koreans were immediately sent back by Sharif administration after the failure of the system was identified.: 245 [12] Eventually, the conic nose section was redesigned by rounding the cone which allowed the missile to travel from subsonic flow to supersonic flow.[15] The KRL, now forced to collaborate with NESCOM, DESTO, and NDC, engaged in heavy reengineering of much of the control and electronic system.[15]

The liquid fuel systems are incapable of storing fuel for any long period of time; the Ghauri–I requires fueling for several hours before launch, making it vulnerable to a first strike.[15] It is believed that this is why Pakistan has not pursued liquid fuel systems other than the Ghauri–I and Ghauri-II.[15] It also makes it less likely that the Ghaur-I would be armed with a nuclear warhead,[16] although it has been stated that it is capable of being loaded with "all types" of warheads.[17] Contrast to the Shaheen program that went under the joint conjecture of Pakistan's Air Force and the Army, the Ghauri program was designed for the Pakistan Army which was setting to accuracy goal for a highly accurate missile designed to strike high-value targets.[16]

The solid-fueled Shaheen-IA is believed to be an alternative missile system for the Ghauri–I.[15] However, it has been stated that the Ghauri–I has the advantage of lower cost than solid-fueled systems.[15] This makes it particularly useful in testing launch and control systems. It has been speculated that the Ghauri–I design may serve as a starting point for a future Pakistani space launch vehicle.[16]

Operational history and tests

The Ghauri's mock-up displayed at the Lahore Railway Station.c. 2004.

The Ghauri–I was first test fired at 7:25hrs on 6 April 1998 from the Tilla Test Firing Range near Malute, Jhelum Cantt which is about 76 mi (122.31 km) south of the Islamabad.[18] It was fired from a transporter erector launcher and traveled 1,100 km (680 mi) in a flight lasting 9 minutes and 58 seconds.[19] It climbed to a height of 350 km before turning in the direction of its planned impact area in the desert of Balochistan where it hit the designated target at 7:33hrs.[19] At the time, Pakistani military's information source, the ISPR stated that the missile hit its designated target in the desert of Balochistan.[19] Official Pakistani military reports revealed that the first test was not successful because the missile's conic nose melted due to tremendous amount of heat during the re-entry phase of its flight.[16] After KRL's redesigned, the Ghauri final design looked now more familiar to that of American Red Stone than its parent design based in North Korea.: 246 [12]

After redesigning nose by rounding it to avoid the hypersonic effect but traveling from subsonic to supersonic flow, Ghauri–I was successfully test fired for second time as then-Prime Minister Zafarullah Jamali witnessed the test in 2004— at least six years since its first failed flight.[20][21][22]

On 21 December 2010, the Ghauri–I was again successfully test fired for a third time.[23][24] On 12 November 2012, the Ghauri–I was successfully test fired for a fourth occasion by the Strategic Missile Group of the Army Strategic Force Command.[25] The test-flight was monitored by the new Strategic Command and Control Support System (SCCSS) and is believed to have been geared towards testing the SCCSS rather than the missile itself.[15]

On 15 April 2015, Ghauri-I was again test fired from Tilla Test Firing Range; it was fired from the transporter erector launcher.[3][26]

Evolution and Design Comparison of Ghauri system

See also

Related developments
Related lists

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Ghauri [Hatf-5] – Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Deleivery Systems". FAS. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
  2. ^ The Military Balance 2021. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 290.
  3. ^ a b WEb Desk (15 April 2015). "Pakistan successfully test fires Ghauri Missile". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  4. ^ "Pakistan Pushes To Improve Missile Strike Capability".[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ "Ghauri". www.globalsecurity.org.
  6. ^ Lodi, Lieutenant General Safdar F.S. (May 1998). "Pakistan's Missile Technology". Head of Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP). Pakistan.
  7. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Celebrations in Pakistan as Ghauri II is test-fired". www.rediff.com.
  8. ^ a b "Pakistan's Missile Technology".
  9. ^ a b "Pak test-fires surface-to-surface missile". Rediff.com. 6 April 1998. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  10. ^ Report to Congress, January – June 1999. Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions. Central Intelligence Agency.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Ghauri-I". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). "Pakistan's Missile Quest". Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (google books). Stanford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  13. ^ Hussain, Zahid (2007). "Rogue in the Ranks". Frontline Pakistan (google books). New York City, NY State, United States: Columbia University Press, 2007. pp. 163–1966 [221]. ISBN 978-0-231-14225-0.
  14. ^ "Pakistani Bomb Scientist Breaks Silence". ABC News. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ansari, Usman (28 November 2012). "Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile". Defence News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  16. ^ a b c d "Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile". Defense News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013.
  17. ^ "Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V - GEO.tv". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  18. ^ "Ghauri (Hatf-5) - Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems".
  19. ^ a b c Lodhi, PA, Lt. Gen. S.F.S. (6 May 1998). "Pakistan's Missile Technology". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  20. ^ Naqvi, Syed Mohsin (30 May 2004). "Pakistan nuke-capable missile test". CNN, Pakistan. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  21. ^ Reddy, B. Muralidhar (29 May 2004). "Pakistan's edge will be maintained: Jamali". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  22. ^ Staff reporter (29 May 2004). "Pakistan test-fires Hatf V missile". Pakistan. Dawn. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  23. ^ Geo News Desk (21 December 2010). "Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V". GEO News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  24. ^ "Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V". www.geo.tv. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.
  25. ^ CCTV official (12 November 2012). "Pakistan has tested successfully Ghauri Hatf-V ballistic missile nuclear-capable". China Central Television. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  26. ^ ISPR. "Press Release: Ghauri". ispr.gov.pk/ (Press release). ISPR. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2015.

External links

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