Ga'aton: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 33°0′22″N 35°12′52″E / 33.00611°N 35.21444°E / 33.00611; 35.21444
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Found the original article instead of the dead link: [https://www.jpost.com/local-israel/around-israel/kibbutz-movement Kibbutz Movement], ''Jerusalem Post'', by LILACH GAVISH, MICHELLE SHABTAI, FEBRUARY 5, 2009
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| imgsize = 250px
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| founded = 1948
| founded = 1948
| founded_by = "May 1st" group members
| founded_by = [[Hungary|Hungarian]] "May 1st" [[Hashomer Hatzair]] Members
| district = north
| district = north
| council = [[Mateh Asher Regional Council|Mateh Asher]]
| council = [[Mateh Asher Regional Council|Mateh Asher]]
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| pushpin_map =Israel northwest
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| coordinates = {{coord|33|0|22.31|N|35|12|52.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|33|0|22|N|35|12|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| palgrid=168/269
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| website =
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}}[[File:PikiWiki Israel 4376 Jewish holidays.jpg|thumb|250px|First wedding at Ga'aton: Six couples married in the communal kitchen, c. 1940]]
}}[[File:PikiWiki Israel 4376 Jewish holidays.jpg|thumb|250px|First wedding at Ga'aton: Six couples married in the communal kitchen, c. 1940]]


'''Ga'aton''' ({{lang-he-n|גַּעְתּוֹן}}) is a [[kibbutz]] in northern [[Israel]]. Located in the western [[Galilee]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Mateh Asher Regional Council]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Ga'ton}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}
'''Ga'aton''' ({{lang-he|גַּעְתּוֹן}}) is a [[kibbutz]] in northern [[Israel]]. Located in the western [[Galilee]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Mateh Asher Regional Council]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Ga'ton}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name Ga'aton is taken from the [[Ga'aton River]] that passes nearby and flows through [[Nahariya]] into the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>Raphael Frankel and [[Israel Finkelstein]], in an article published by them, entitled ''The Northwest Corner of Eretz-Israel in the Baraita ‘Boundaries of Eretz-Israel’'', Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv (pub. by: [[Ben-Zvi Institute|Yad Izhak Ben Zvi]]), vol. 27, Jerusalem 1983, p. 43. (see: {{cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |title='The Northwest Corner of Eretz-Israel' in the Baraita 'Boundaries of Eratz-Israel' |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |volume=27 |issue= |pages=39–46 |jstor=23398920|date=1983|registration=yes }}).</ref>
The name Ga'aton is taken from the [[Ga'aton River]] that passes nearby and flows through [[Nahariya]] into the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>Raphael Frankel and [[Israel Finkelstein]], in an article published by them, entitled ''The Northwest Corner of Eretz-Israel in the Baraita ‘Boundaries of Eretz-Israel’'', Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv (pub. by: [[Ben-Zvi Institute|Yad Izhak Ben Zvi]]), vol. 27, Jerusalem 1983, p. 43. (see: {{cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |title='The Northwest Corner of Eretz-Israel' in the Baraita 'Boundaries of Eratz-Israel' |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |volume=27 |issue= 27|pages=39–46 |jstor=23398920|date=1983 }}).</ref><ref>Tsafrir et al., 1994, p. 125</ref>


Ga'aton, in the past transliterated as Gaathon, is also the name of a biblical town in the allotment of [[Tribe of Asher|Asher]], located at one of the ancient [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]]s (mounds) near the kibbutz. The tell known as [[:he:חורבת געתון|Horbat Ga'aton]] ("ruins of Ga'aton"; from Arabic Khirbat Ja'tun) northwest of the kibbutz and near the Ga'aton River is one candidate, and there are other tells in the vicinity with remains from the time of the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref>Grootkerk, 2000, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C&pg=PA33 33]</ref> Most English translations of the Hebrew Bible offer the name ''Gaash'' ({{Bibleref2|2 Samuel 23:30}}); in the [[Latin]] of the [[Vulgate]] it is ''Gaas''.<ref>von Starck, 1894, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palaestinaundsyr00star#page/58/mode/1up 58]</ref>
Ga'aton is also the name of a biblical town in the allotment of [[Tribe of Asher|Asher]], located at one of the ancient [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]]s (mounds) near the kibbutz. The tell known as [[:he:חורבת געתון|Hurvat Ga'aton]] ("ruins of Ga'aton"; Arabic Khirbat Ja'tun) northwest of the kibbutz and near the Ga'aton River is one candidate, and there are other tells in the vicinity with remains from the time of the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref>Grootkerk, 2000, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C&pg=PA33 33]</ref> Most English translations of the Hebrew Bible offer the name ''Gaash'' ({{bibleverse|2 Samuel|23:30}}); in the [[Latin]] of the [[Vulgate]] it is ''Gaas''.<ref>von Starck, 1894, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palaestinaundsyr00star#page/58/mode/1up 58]</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Antiquity===
[[File:Gaaton ruins Arches.jpg|thumb|Hurvat Ga'aton]]
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Ceramic remains found in Ga'aton were dated to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era, 5th to 7th century CE.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 635</ref>


In the [[Crusader states|Crusader period]], Ga'aton (named ''Iazon'') was mentioned in 1160, when it and several other villages in the area of [[Mi'ilya|Castellum Regis]] was transferred to a Crusader named ''Iohanni de Caypha'' (Johannes of Haifa).<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n18/mode/1up 2-3], No. 2; Cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n95/mode/1up 89], No. 341; Cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 259</ref> In 1182 ''Jazun'' was especially excluded from the list of estates belonging to [[Jocelyn III]] in the area.<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n29/mode/1up 13-14], No. 14; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n168/mode/1up 162−163], No. 614; Cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 259</ref>
===Byzantine period===
⚫
Ceramic remains found in Ga'aton were dated to the 5th to 7th century CE.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 635</ref>


In 1220, when Jocelyn III's daughter [[Beatrix de Courtenay]] and her husband [[Otto von Botenlauben]] sold [[Mi'ilya]] and its dependencies to the [[Teutonic Knights]], Ga'aton (called ''Ihazon, Jaharon, Jaroth'') was again explicitly excluded from the sale.<ref name=year1220>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n59/mode/1up 43]-44, No. 53; pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n63/mode/1up 47]-49, Nos. 58-59; Cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n254/mode/1up 248], No. 934; Cited Frankel, 1988, p. 259</ref>
⚫
In 1283 it was part of the [[Crusader states]], as it was mentioned as part of their domain in the [[hudna]] between the Crusaders based in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] and the [[Mamluk]] sultan [[Qalawun]].<ref>The [[Ahmad al-Qalqashandi|al-Qalqashandi]] version of the ''hudna'', referred in Barag, 1979, p. 203, #7</ref><ref>Khamisy, 2013, p. 93, #10</ref>


In documents dating to 1253 (''Jasson'')<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n100/mode/1up 84-85], No. 105; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n324/mode/1up 318], No. 1208; Cited Frankel, 1988, p. 259</ref> and 1256, (''Jashon'') it was included in the area of [[Casal Imbert]].<ref>Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n334/mode/1up 328], No. 1250; Cited Frankel, 1988, p. 259</ref>
===Ottoman period===
⚫
Incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, ''Ja'tun'' appeared in the [[daftar|census]] of 1596, located in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of [[Acre, Israel|Acca]] of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Acre Sanjak|Safad]]. The population was 11 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit trees, cotton, goats and beehives; in addition to grasslands, occasional revenues and a water mill, a total of 3000 [[Akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] writes that the Safad register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.</ref>


⚫
In 1283 Ga'aton was still part of the Crusader states, as it was mentioned as part of their domain in the [[hudna]] between the Crusaders based in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] and the [[Mamluk]] sultan [[Qalawun]].<ref>The [[Ahmad al-Qalqashandi|al-Qalqashandi]] version of the ''hudna'', referred in Barag, 1979, p. 203, #7</ref><ref>Khamisy, 2013, p. 93, #10</ref>
⚫
In 1875, [[Victor Guérin]] found the village tho have 15 farmers and shepherds,<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n64/mode/1up 48]</ref> however, in 1881, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP) found at ''Khurbet Jathun''<ref>meaning "the ruin of Jathun", according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/48/mode/1up 48]</ref> only heaps of stones and modern ruins, a few mills, and some well-dressed stones scattered about.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/176/mode/1up 176]</ref>


===British Mandate period===
===Ottoman era===
⚫
Incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, ''Ja'tun'' appeared in the [[daftar|census]] of 1596, located in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of [[Acre, Israel|Acca]] of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Acre Sanjak|Safad]]. The population was 11 households, all [[Muslim]]. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit trees, cotton, goats and beehives; in addition to grasslands, occasional revenues and a water mill, a total of 3000 [[Akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that the Safad register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.</ref>
⚫
The [[1922 census of Palestine]] listed under "Ja'atun" a population of 19 Muslims.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n38/mode/1up 36]</ref> By 1945 the population of Ga'aton was 140, all Jews;<ref name=1945p4>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p04.jpg 4]</ref> the area was counted together with that of [[Shavei Tzion]], [[Mazra'a]] and Ein Sara, and totalled 7,407 [[dunam]]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=1945p4/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg 40]</ref>


⚫
In 1875, [[Victor Guérin]] found the village to have 15 farmers and shepherds,<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n64/mode/1up 48]</ref> however, in 1881, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s [[PEF Survey of Palestine|''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP)]] found at ''Khurbet Jathun''<ref>meaning "the ruin of Jathun", according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/48/mode/1up 48]</ref> only heaps of stones and modern ruins, a few mills, and some well-dressed stones scattered about.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/176/mode/1up 176]</ref>
Kibbutz Ga'aton was founded by members of the "May 1st" [[gar'in]] of immigrants from [[Hungary]]. The group, which was affiliated with the left-wing [[Hashomer Hatzair]] movement and took its name from the [[International Workers' Day]], did its pioneering training at [[Eilon|Kibbutz Eilon]] on the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] border, and on 8 October 1948, founded its own kibbutz, which was at first named "May 1st" and later renamed "Ga'aton".{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}


===British Mandate ===
⚫
According to [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] historian [[Walid Khalidi]], the kibbutz was established on land belonging to [[Khirbat Jiddin]], the Arabic name of a ruined [[Yehi'am Fortress National Park|castle]] used by the al-Suwaytat [[Bedouin]] tribe{{dubious|date=December 2015}} and listed by Khalidi as a [[List of villages depopulated during the Arab-Israeli conflict|depopulated]] [[Palestinian people|Arab]] village.<ref name="Morris#30">Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR21 xxi], settlement #30.</ref><ref name=Khalidi19>Khalidi, 1992, p. 19.</ref><ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&l&pg=PA380 380]</ref>{{dubious|date=April 2015}}
The [[1922 census of Palestine]] listed under "Ja'atun" a population of 19 Muslims.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n38/mode/1up 36]</ref>


⚫
Part of the area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the [[Sursock Purchase]]. In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population of Ga'aton was 140, all Jews;<ref name=1945p4>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p04.jpg 4]</ref> the area was counted together with that of [[Shavei Tzion]], [[Mazra'a]] and Ein Sara, and totalled 7,407 [[dunam]]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=1945p4/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg 40]</ref>
==Dance company==

Kibbutz Ga'aton is the home of the [[Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company]] (KCDC).<ref>[http://www.danceinisrael.com/tag/kibbutz-gaaton/ Dance in Israel, Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company]</ref> The company's dance groups participate in some 200 performances a year in Israel and overseas.<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1233304696429&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull Kibbutz Movement, [[Jerusalem Post]]]</ref>
===State of Israel===
⚫
Kibbutz Ga'aton was established in October 1948 in the hills east of [[Nahariya]] by a group of Jewish immigrants from Hungary. The name for the kibbutz was taken from a town mentioned in historical accounts of the Jewish return from Babylon which the founders believed was located on the site of Ja'tun.<ref>[https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/Israel/-WlsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ga%27aton+kibbutz&pg=RA2-PT119&printsec=frontcover Israel: A History, Martin Gilbert]</ref> According to [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] historian [[Walid Khalidi]], the kibbutz was founded on the land of [[Khirbat Jiddin]], a castle in [[Yehi'am Fortress National Park]] used by the al-Suwaytat [[Bedouin]] tribe{{dubious|date=December 2015}} and listed by Khalidi as a [[List of villages depopulated during the Arab-Israeli conflict|depopulated]] [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] village.<ref name="Morris#30">Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR21 xxi], settlement #30.</ref><ref name=Khalidi19>Khalidi, 1992, p. 19.</ref><ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&l&pg=PA380 380]</ref>{{dubious|date=April 2015}}


==Economy==
==Economy==
One of the kibbutz industries is Yamaton Ltd., a joint venture with Kibbutz [[Ein Hamifratz]]. The company produces [[paper honeycomb|honeycomb paper]] products.<ref>[http://www.yellowpages.co.il/homepages/Hebrew/033975100000000000/page2.htm Yamaton Honeycomb Paper Products]</ref>
One of the kibbutz industries is Yamaton Ltd., a joint venture with Kibbutz [[Ein Hamifratz]]. The company produces [[paper honeycomb|honeycomb paper]] products.<ref>[http://www.yellowpages.co.il/homepages/Hebrew/033975100000000000/page2.htm Yamaton Honeycomb Paper Products]</ref> Kibbutz Ga'aton is the home of the [[Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company]] (KCDC).<ref>[http://www.danceinisrael.com/tag/kibbutz-gaaton/ Dance in Israel, Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company]</ref> The company's dance groups participate in some 200 performances a year in Israel and overseas.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/local-israel/around-israel/kibbutz-movement Kibbutz Movement], ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'', by LILACH GAVISH, MICHELLE SHABTAI, FEBRUARY 5, 2009</ref>


==Notable residents==
==Notable people==
*[[Yael Ron Ben-Moshe]] (born 1978), member of the [[Knesset]] for [[Blue and White (political alliance)|Blue and White]]
*[[Shmuel Katz (artist)|Shmuel Katz]] (1926 – 2010) - artist, illustrator and cartoonist
*[[Shmuel Katz (artist)|Shmuel Katz]] (1926–2010), artist, illustrator and cartoonist

==See also==
*[[Sursock family]]


==References==
==References==
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
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{{Commons category}}
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*{{cite journal | author = Barag, Dan | title = A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|jstor=27925726 | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 29 | issue = 3/4| year = 1979 | pages = 197–217}}
{{Commons category|Hurvat Ga'aton}}
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*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }}
{{ref begin}}
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*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}}
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*{{cite journal | author = Barag, Dan | title = A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|jstor=27925726 | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 29 | year = 1979 | pages = 197–217}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Dauphin |first=C. |author-link=Claudine Dauphin |title=La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume=III : Catalogue |series=BAR International Series 726 |year=1998 |publisher=Archeopress |location=Oxford |language=fr |isbn=978-0-860549-05-5 }}
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*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite journal | first=Rafael | last=Frankel | title=Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period| journal= Israel Exploration Journal| volume=38 | number= 4 | year=1988 | pages= 249–272| jstor=27926125 }}
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*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}}
⚫
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Dauphin |first=Claudine |title=La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue |series= BAR International Series 726 |year=1998 |publisher=Archeopress |location=Oxford |language=French |isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
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*{{cite book|title=Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C|first=Salomon E.|last=Grootkerk|edition=Illustrated|publisher=BRILL|year=2000|isbn=978-90-04-11535-4}}
⚫
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
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*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
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*{{cite book|title=Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C|first1=Salomon E.|last1=Grootkerk|edition=Illustrated|publisher=BRILL|year=2000|isbn=978-90-04-11535-4}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal |last2=Abdulfattah |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=978-3-920405-41-4 }}
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*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
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*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=978-0-88728-224-9}}
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*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
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*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first1=Walid|last1=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite journal | author = Khamisy, Rabei G. | title = The Treaty of 1283 between Sultan Qalāwūn and the Frankish Authorities of Acre: A New Topographical Discussion | journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]] | volume = 64,1| year = 2014 | pages = 72–102}}
*{{cite journal | author = Khamisy, Rabei G. | title = The Treaty of 1283 between Sultan Qalāwūn and the Frankish Authorities of Acre: A New Topographical Discussion | journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]] | volume = 64,1| year = 2014 | pages = 72–102}}
*{{cite book|title=Viaggi per l'isola di Cipro e per la Soria e Palestina fatti da Giovanni Mariti fiorentino dall'anno 1760 al 1768 tomo ...|volume=II|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8rXYVzx8Y8sC/page/n3|first=Giovanni|last=Mariti|year=1769|language=it|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8rXYVzx8Y8sC/page/n162/mode/1up 157]}}
⚫
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C|first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|title=Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughc00marigoog|first=Giovanni|last=Mariti|year=1792|location=Dublin|publisher=P. Byrne|page=[https://archive.org/stream/travelsthroughc00marigoog#page/n363/mode/1up 333]}}
⚫
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
⚫
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C|first=B.|last=Morris|author-link=Benny Morris|year=2004|title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|last=Rhode |first=Harold|authorlink=Harold Rhode
⚫
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
|date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}
*{{cite journal|first=Andrew|last=Petersen|title=Khirbat Jathun: An Ottoman Farmhouse inWestern Galilee|journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly|volume=127|pages=33–40|url=https://www.academia.edu/28768488|year=1995|issue=1|doi=10.1179/peq.1995.127.1.33}}
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*{{cite book |title=Palæstina und Syrien von Anfang der Geschichte bis zum Siege des Islam: Lexikalisches Hilfsbuch für Freunde des Heiligen Landes. |author=E. von Starck |year=1894 |location=Berlin |publisher=Verlag von Reuther & Reichard |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/details/palaestinaundsyr00star |quote=Gaas — ... 2 Sam. 23, 30 ... LXX Nachaligaas, Vulg. torrens Gaas |accessdate=17 November 2015 }}
*{{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21539664|volume=I|first=Andrew|last=Petersen|year=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0|pages=[https://www.academia.edu/21539664/Gazetteer_4_D-J 180−181]}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|title=(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|last=Röhricht|first=R.|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|year=1893|location=Berlin|language=la|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht}}
*{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode |date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=2017-12-03 |archive-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }}
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*{{cite book |title=Palæstina und Syrien von Anfang der Geschichte bis zum Siege des Islam: Lexikalisches Hilfsbuch für Freunde des Heiligen Landes. |author=Starck, E. von |year=1894 |location=Berlin |publisher=Verlag von Reuther & Reichard |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/details/palaestinaundsyr00star |quote=Gaas — ... 2 Sam. 23, 30 ... LXX Nachaligaas, Vulg. torrens Gaas |access-date=17 November 2015 }}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog|title=Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum|publisher=Weidmanns|year=1869|location=Berlin|editor=Strehlke, Ernst}}
*{{cite book | author1 = Tsafrir, Y. | author-link1 = Yoram Tsafrir | author2 = Leah Di Segni | author3 = Judith Green | title = (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ | publisher = Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities | location = Jerusalem | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-965-208-107-0 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons category}}
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8366 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.03.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8366 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.03.jpg Wikimedia commons]

{{Mateh Asher Regional Council}}
{{Mateh Asher Regional Council}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Kibbutzim]]
[[Category:Kibbutzim]]

Revision as of 06:46, 26 January 2024

Ga'aton
Ga'aton is located in Northwest Israel
Ga'aton
Ga'aton
Coordinates: 33°0′22″N 35°12′52″E / 33.00611°N 35.21444°E / 33.00611; 35.21444
Grid position170/268 PAL
CountryIsrael
DistrictNorthern
CouncilMateh Asher
AffiliationKibbutz Movement
Founded1948
Founded byHungarian "May 1st" Hashomer Hatzair Members
Population
 (2022)[1]
725
First wedding at Ga'aton: Six couples married in the communal kitchen, c. 1940

Ga'aton (Hebrew: גַּעְתּוֹן) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the western Galilee, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Asher Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 725.[1]

Etymology

The name Ga'aton is taken from the Ga'aton River that passes nearby and flows through Nahariya into the Mediterranean Sea.[2][3]

Ga'aton is also the name of a biblical town in the allotment of Asher, located at one of the ancient tells (mounds) near the kibbutz. The tell known as Hurvat Ga'aton ("ruins of Ga'aton"; Arabic Khirbat Ja'tun) northwest of the kibbutz and near the Ga'aton River is one candidate, and there are other tells in the vicinity with remains from the time of the Hebrew Bible.[4] Most English translations of the Hebrew Bible offer the name Gaash (2 Samuel 23:30); in the Latin of the Vulgate it is Gaas.[5]

History

Antiquity

Hurvat Ga'aton

Ceramic remains found in Ga'aton were dated to the Byzantine era, 5th to 7th century CE.[6]

In the Crusader period, Ga'aton (named Iazon) was mentioned in 1160, when it and several other villages in the area of Castellum Regis was transferred to a Crusader named Iohanni de Caypha (Johannes of Haifa).[7] In 1182 Jazun was especially excluded from the list of estates belonging to Jocelyn III in the area.[8]

In 1220, when Jocelyn III's daughter Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Otto von Botenlauben sold Mi'ilya and its dependencies to the Teutonic Knights, Ga'aton (called Ihazon, Jaharon, Jaroth) was again explicitly excluded from the sale.[9]

In documents dating to 1253 (Jasson)[10] and 1256, (Jashon) it was included in the area of Casal Imbert.[11]

In 1283 Ga'aton was still part of the Crusader states, as it was mentioned as part of their domain in the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan Qalawun.[12][13]

Ottoman era

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, Ja'tun appeared in the census of 1596, located in the Nahiya of Acca of the Liwa of Safad. The population was 11 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit trees, cotton, goats and beehives; in addition to grasslands, occasional revenues and a water mill, a total of 3000 Akçe.[14][15]

In 1875, Victor Guérin found the village to have 15 farmers and shepherds,[16] however, in 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) found at Khurbet Jathun[17] only heaps of stones and modern ruins, a few mills, and some well-dressed stones scattered about.[18]

British Mandate

The 1922 census of Palestine listed under "Ja'atun" a population of 19 Muslims.[19]

Part of the area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase. In the 1945 statistics the population of Ga'aton was 140, all Jews;[20] the area was counted together with that of Shavei Tzion, Mazra'a and Ein Sara, and totalled 7,407 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[20][21]

State of Israel

Kibbutz Ga'aton was established in October 1948 in the hills east of Nahariya by a group of Jewish immigrants from Hungary. The name for the kibbutz was taken from a town mentioned in historical accounts of the Jewish return from Babylon which the founders believed was located on the site of Ja'tun.[22] According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the kibbutz was founded on the land of Khirbat Jiddin, a castle in Yehi'am Fortress National Park used by the al-Suwaytat Bedouin tribe[dubious – discuss] and listed by Khalidi as a depopulated Palestinian village.[23][24][25][dubious – discuss]

Economy

One of the kibbutz industries is Yamaton Ltd., a joint venture with Kibbutz Ein Hamifratz. The company produces honeycomb paper products.[26] Kibbutz Ga'aton is the home of the Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company (KCDC).[27] The company's dance groups participate in some 200 performances a year in Israel and overseas.[28]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Raphael Frankel and Israel Finkelstein, in an article published by them, entitled The Northwest Corner of Eretz-Israel in the Baraita ‘Boundaries of Eretz-Israel’, Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv (pub. by: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi), vol. 27, Jerusalem 1983, p. 43. (see: Finkelstein, Israel (1983). "'The Northwest Corner of Eretz-Israel' in the Baraita 'Boundaries of Eratz-Israel'". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv. 27 (27): 39–46. JSTOR 23398920.).
  3. ^ Tsafrir et al., 1994, p. 125
  4. ^ Grootkerk, 2000, p. 33
  5. ^ von Starck, 1894, p. 58
  6. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 635
  7. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 2-3, No. 2; Cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 89, No. 341; Cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 259
  8. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 13-14, No. 14; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 162−163, No. 614; Cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 259
  9. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 43-44, No. 53; pp. 47-49, Nos. 58-59; Cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 248, No. 934; Cited Frankel, 1988, p. 259
  10. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 84-85, No. 105; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 318, No. 1208; Cited Frankel, 1988, p. 259
  11. ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 328, No. 1250; Cited Frankel, 1988, p. 259
  12. ^ The al-Qalqashandi version of the hudna, referred in Barag, 1979, p. 203, #7
  13. ^ Khamisy, 2013, p. 93, #10
  14. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192
  15. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the Safad register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
  16. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 48
  17. ^ meaning "the ruin of Jathun", according to Palmer, 1881, p. 48
  18. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 176
  19. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36
  20. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4
  21. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 40
  22. ^ Israel: A History, Martin Gilbert
  23. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxi, settlement #30.
  24. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 19.
  25. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 380
  26. ^ Yamaton Honeycomb Paper Products
  27. ^ Dance in Israel, Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company
  28. ^ Kibbutz Movement, Jerusalem Post, by LILACH GAVISH, MICHELLE SHABTAI, FEBRUARY 5, 2009

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ga'aton.
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