'''Emmeline Pankhurst''' (née '''Goulden'''; 15 July 1858 {{–}} 14 June 1928) was a political activist and leader of the British [[suffragette]] movement. Founder and leader of the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU), Pankhurst became known for her advocacy of vandalism and property destruction in the name of votes for women. Her daughters worked closely with her in the suffrage movement, but over time a series of ideological disagreements drove the women apart. Her passionate work with the WSPU is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in Britain, although historians disagree if she did more to help or hinder public support for it.
[[Image:Hebkeyboard.JPG|thumb|300px|A standard [[Hebrew keyboard]] showing both [[Hebrew]]- and [[Latin script|Latin]]-script ([[QWERTY]] in this case) letters]][[Image:QWERTY keyboard.jpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a [[laptop]] of 2007]]
Born and raised in [[Manchester]], Pankhurst was drawn to the struggle for women's suffrage at an early age. At fourteen she attended a lecture by activist [[Lydia Becker]] and declared herself a suffragist when it was over. She married [[Richard Pankhurst]], a [[barrister]] known for supporting women's right to vote, in 1878; they would have five children over the next ten years. He also supported her activities outside the home, and she quickly became involved with the [[Women's Franchise League]]. When that organisation broke apart, she joined the [[Independent Labour Party]] through her friendship with socialist [[Keir Hardie]].
A '''keyboard layout''' is any specific ''mechanical'', ''visual'', or ''functional'' arrangement of the keys, legends, or key–meaning associations (respectively) of a [[Computer keyboard|computer]], [[typewriter]], or other [[alphanumeric keyboard|typographic]] keyboard.
* ''Mechanical layout'': The placements and shapes of the various tangible ''keys'' of a keyboard.
* ''Visual layout'': The arrangement of the ''legends'' (markings) that appear on the keys of a keyboard.
* ''Functional layout'': The arrangement of the ''key–meaning associations'', determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard.
==Keyboard structure==
After her husband died in 1898, Pankhurst founded an all-women organisation dedicated to "deeds, not words".<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 38.</ref> The Women's Social and Political Union positioned itself separately from{{–}} and often in opposition to{{–}} political parties. The group quickly became infamous when its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers. Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists were sentenced to repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions. As Pankhurst's oldest daughter Christabel took the helm of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew. Eventually arson became a common tactic among members of the group, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhurst's daughters Adela and Sylvia. The former had withdrawn voluntarily, while the latter was dismissed by Christabel; the rift between the two pairs of women was never healed.
A key labeled with only a single letter (usually the [[capital letter|capital]] form) can generally be struck to type either a [[lower case]] or a capital letter, the latter requiring the simultaneous holding of the ''[[shift key|shift]]'' key, often labeled “⇧”. The ''shift'' key is also used to type the upper of two symbols on a given key, the lower being typed without using the shift key. Keyboards often have what is effectively a secondary shift key, used to type symbols beyond the two otherwise available with each key. These symbols may appear to the right of the main symbols on the keys, or they may be unmarked. This secondary shift key is marked ''[[Alt Gr key|Alt Gr]]'' or ''option'' on many systems.
The common keyboard structure also includes the ''[[control key|control]]'' and ''[[Alt key|alternative]]'' (''alt'') keys. These, along with ''shift'', ''caps lock'', ''option'', ''command'', and the like are called ''[[modifier key]]s''. There are also [[function key]]s, with various functions as determined by software.
With the advent of [[World War I]], Pankhurst and Christabel called an immediate halt to militant suffrage activism, in order to support the British government against the "German Peril".<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 270.</ref> They urged women to aid industrial production while men were overseas fighting, and encouraged young men to fight. In 1918 the [[Representation of the People Act 1918|Representation of the People Act]] granted votes to women over the age of 30. Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the [[Women's Party (UK)|Women's Party]], which was dedicated to promoting women's equality in public life. In her later years she became concerned with what she perceived as the menace posed by [[Bolshevism]], and eventually joined the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. She died in 1928 and was commemorated two years later with a statue in [[Victoria Tower Gardens]].
===Dead key===
== Family and birth ==
A [[dead key]] or key combination does not generate a character when struck, but modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after. On some systems, there is no indication to the user that a dead key has been struck, but in some text-entry systems the diacritical mark is displayed along with an indication that the system is waiting for another keystroke: either the base character to be marked, an additional diacritical mark, or ''space'' to produce the diacritical mark in isolation.
Many languages use the [[Latin script|Roman alphabet]] and have diacritically-marked letters for which unique keys do not exist on all keyboards. For example, on some keyboard layouts, the ''acute accent'' key is a dead key; in this case, striking ''acute accent'' then ''a'' results in ''á''. ''Acute accent'' followed by ''space'' results in an acute accent in isolate form.
[[Image:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|right|Pankhurst felt connected to the [[storming of the Bastille]], depicted here in a 1789 painting by [[Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houel]], since she believed her birthdate to be 14 July.]]
Most modern keyboards conform to the ISO 9995 layout. This layout was first defined by the user group at AFNOR in 1984 working under the direction of Alain Souloumiac (Alain Souloumiac, Les perspectives de l’informatique, La Documentation Francaise 1983, p.72). Based on this work, a well known ergonomic expert wrote a report (Yves Neuville, Le clavier bureautique et informatique, Cedic-Natan 1985) which was adopted at the ISO Berlin meeting in 1985 and became the reference for the keyboards’ layout.
The family into which Emmeline was born had been steeped in political agitation for generations. Her mother, Sophia Jane Craine, descended from the [[Manx people]] in the [[Isle of Man]], and counted among her ancestors men accused of social unrest and slander.<ref name="bart16">Bartley, p. 16; Liddington and Norris, p. 74.</ref> Emmeline's Manx heritage was a possible source of her political consciousness, especially since the Isle of Man was the first country to grant women the right to vote in national elections, in 1881.<ref>[http://www.gov.im/lib/news/mnh/125thanniversary.xml "125th Anniversary of Women’s Suffrage on the Isle of Man"]. 10 October 2006. Isle of Man Government. Accessed on 5 August 2008.</ref><ref>Bartley, pp. 16–18.</ref> Her father, Robert Goulden, came from a modest [[Manchester]] trading family with its own background of political activity. His mother worked with the [[Anti-Corn Law League]], and Emmeline's paternal grandfather was present at the [[Peterloo Massacre]] when cavalry troops charged into a crowd demanding parliamentary reform.<ref>Bartley, pp. 18–19; Purvis 2002, p. 9; Phillips, p. 145.</ref>
In [[Mac OS X]], many keyboard layouts employ dead keys. The ''U.S. Extended'' layout employs dead keys extensively (reached with ''option'' and ''option-shift'') allowing a large inventory of characters to be easily typed. In the ''U.S.'' layout, the following smaller selection of dead keys appears (all reached with simply ''option''):
Emmeline Goulden was born on 15 July 1858 in the Manchester suburb of [[Moss Side]]. Although her birth certificate states otherwise, she believed that her birthday occurred one day earlier, on [[Bastille Day]]. Most biographies{{–}} including those written by her daughters{{–}} have reproduced this claim. Feeling a kinship with the female revolutionaries who [[Storming of the Bastille|stormed the Bastille]], she said in 1908: "I have always thought that the fact that I was born on that day had some kind of influence over my life."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 9.</ref> The reason for the discrepancy remains unclear.<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 9; Bartley, pp. 15–16. Purvis suggests several possible reasons for the confusion. She also notes that the name is spelled "Emiline" on the certificate.</ref>
{|
Although their first son died at the age of two, the Gouldens had ten other children; Emmeline was the oldest of five daughters. Soon after her birth the family moved to [[Seedley]], on the outskirts of [[Salford]], where her father had co-founded a small business. Robert Goulden was active in local politics, serving for several years on the Salford Town Council. He was also an enthusiastic supporter of dramatic organisations including the Manchester Athenaeum and the Dramatic Reading Society. He owned a theatre in Salford for several years, where he played the leads in several plays by [[William Shakespeare]]. Emmeline absorbed an appreciation of drama and theatrics from her father.<ref>Bartley, pp. 20–21; Pugh, p. 7.</ref>
| ´ || option-e (á, é, í, ó, ú)
|-
| ` || option-` (à, è, ì, ò, ù)
|-
| ¨ || option-u (ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ)
|-
| ˆ || option-i (â, ê, î, ô, û)
|-
| ˜ || option-n (ã, õ, ñ)
|}
The user simply types the base character after striking the dead key. For example, the key-strokes ''option-e'' and ''e'' result in the character ''é''. In [[Mac OS X]], pressing one of these key combinations creates the accent and highlights it, then the final character appears when the key for the base character is pressed. Some diacritically-marked Latin letters, of course, such as ''[[ŵ]]'' (used in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]), cannot be typed with the ''U.S.'' layout. That layout, which predates Unicode, provides access only to characters found in the legacy ''Mac Roman'' character set and does not support other [[diacritic]]s, such as ''ˇ'' ([[caron]]), that are not commonly found in Western European languages (but which are commonly used in many [[Eastern Europe]]an languages). However, the Mac OS X U.S. Extended keyboard layout, which was released after Unicode support became common, does provide access to many more diacritics.
== Childhood ==
The [[X Window System]] (used by most [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s, including most [[Linux distribution]]s) support a [[Compose key]]. This dead key allows access to a wide range of extra characters by interpreting the next two keystrokes following it. Some keyboards have a key labelled "Compose", but any key can be configured to serve this function.
The Gouldens included their children in social activism. As part of the movement to end slavery in the US, Robert Goulden welcomed American abolitionist [[Henry Ward Beecher]] when he visited Manchester. Sophia Jane Goulden used the novel ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''{{–}} written by Beecher's sister, [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]{{–}} as a regular source of bedtime stories for their sons and daughters. In her 1914 autobiography ''My Own Story'', Emmeline recalls visiting a bazaar at a young age to collect money for newly-freed slaves in the United States.<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, pp. 1–2; Bartley, pp. 20–21; Purvis 2002, p. 10.</ref>
==Note on keyboard layouts==
Emmeline began reading books when she was very young{{–}} according to one source, at the age of three.<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 9. In her autobiography, Pankhurst wrote on p. 3: "I do not remember a time when I could not read."</ref> She read the ''[[Odyssey]]'' at the age of nine, and enjoyed the works of [[John Bunyan]], especially his 1678 story ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]''.<ref name="pank14p3">E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 3.</ref> Another of her favourite books was [[Thomas Carlyle]]'s three-volume treatise ''[[The French Revolution: A History]]''; she later said the work "remained all my life a source of inspiration".<ref name="pank14p3"/>
The following layouts assume that the physical locations of the keys are the same as on a US 102-key [[Personal Computer|PC/AT]] keyboard. In practice, keyboards from other countries may have keys in different locations. However, on a US 102-key PC/AT keyboard with an [[operating system]] configured for a non-English language, the keys are placed differently; “Dead keys” ([[Keyboard layout#Dead key|see above]]) appear in red, and characters accessed using the AltGr key appear at the bottom right of the corresponding key, or in some images in blue.
Another situation takes place with “national” layouts.
[[Image:Lydia becker.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Suffragist [[Lydia Becker]] was an early political influence on Pankhurst, and may have been enamoured of Richard.<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 20.</ref>]]
Keyboards designed for typing in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] have some characters shifted, to release the space for Ñ ñ;
similarly, those for French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç .
Keyboards designed for Japanese, may have special keys to switch between Japanese typing and the Roman alphabet and vice-versa;
and the character ¥ instead of \.
Using such keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not
correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the keys, because the
standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages (see the example in the figure above).
However, in some special cases (For example, typing English at the English keyboard), the image at the physical key
may correspond to the character it generates.
Most of the operating systems allow switching between keyboard layouts, usually those combinations involve register keys and are not used for normal operations or text entry (companies like [[Microsoft]] reserve Alt+Shift or Ctrl+Shift register control keys for sequential layout switching, those keys were inherited from old DOS keyboard drivers). Keyboard manufacturers usually print second alphabet on the empty part of the key for markets they sell computers or keyboards on. The second alphabet can also be added with extension products like keyboard stickers manufactured by different companies.
Despite her avid consumption of books, however, Emmeline was not given the educational advantages enjoyed by her brothers. Their parents believed that the girls needed most to learn the art of "making home attractive" and other skills desired by potential husbands.<ref name="pank14p6">E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 6. She adds: "It used to puzzle me to understand why I was under such a particular obligation to make home attractive to my brothers. We were on excellent terms of friendship, but it was never suggested to them as a duty that they make home attractive to me."</ref> Although the Gouldens deliberated carefully about future plans for their sons' education, they expected their daughters to marry young and avoid paid work.<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 11; Bartley, pp. 22–23.</ref> Although they supported [[women's suffrage]] and the general advancement of women in society, Emmeline's parents believed their daughters to be incapable of the goals of their male peers. Feigning sleep one evening as her father came into her bedroom, Emmeline heard him pause and say to himself: "What a pity she wasn't born a lad."<ref name="pank14p6"/>
[[Apple Keyboard]]s have ''[[Command key|Command]]'' and ''[[Option key|Option]]'' keys instead of ''[[Alt key|Alt]]'' and ''[[AltGr key|AltGr]]''.
It was through her parents' interest in women's suffrage that Emmeline was first introduced to the subject. Her mother received and read the ''Women's Suffrage Journal'', and Emmeline grew fond of its editor [[Lydia Becker]]. At the age of fourteen Emmeline returned home from school one day to find her mother on her way to a public meeting about women's voting rights. After learning that Becker would be speaking, Emmeline insisted on attending. She was enthralled by Becker's address and wrote later: "I left the meeting a conscious and confirmed suffragist."<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 9; Bartley, p. 22; Purvis 2002, p. 12.</ref>
Many [[Unix workstation]] keyboards place the [[Control key]] to the left of the letter A, and the [[Caps Lock]] key in the bottom left. This layout is often preferred by programmers as it makes the Control key easier to reach. This position of the Control key is also used on the [[XO laptop]], although the XO does not have a Caps Lock.
One year later Emmeline arrived in Paris to attend the École Normale de Neuilly. The school provided its female students with classes in [[chemistry]] and [[bookkeeping]], in addition to traditionally feminine arts such as [[embroidery]]. Her roommate was Noémie, the daughter of [[Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay|Henri Rochefort]], who had been imprisoned in [[New Caledonia]] for his support of the [[Paris Commune]]. The girls shared tales of their parents' political exploits, and remained good friends for years.<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 10; E.S. Pankhurst 1931, pp. 54–55; Bartley, pp. 23–25; Purvis 2002, pp. 12–13.</ref> Emmeline was so fond of Noémie and the school that, after graduating, she returned with her sister Mary as a "parlour boarder". Noémie had married a Swiss painter and quickly found a suitable French husband for her English friend. When Robert Goulden refused to provide a [[dowry]] for his daughter, however, the man withdrew his offer of marriage and Emmeline returned, miserable, to Manchester.<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 14; Bartley, p. 25; West, pp. 245–246; C. Pankhurst, pp. 17–18.</ref>
==QWERTY based layouts for Roman script==
== Marriage and family ==
Although there are a large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Roman script, most of these layouts are quite similar. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters.
While the core of the keyboard, the alphabetic section, remains fairly constant, and the numbers from 1–9 are almost invariably on the top row, keyboards differ vastly in:
[[Image:RichardPankhurst1879.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Richard Pankhurst]] first caught Emmeline's eye when she spied his "beautiful hand" opening the door of a cab as he arrived at a public meeting in 1878.<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 55.</ref>]]
* the placement of punctuation characters,
* which punctuation characters are included,
* whether numbers are accessible directly or in a shift-state,
* the presence and placement of accent deadkeys and accented characters.
===QWERTY===
In the autumn of 1878, at the age of 20, Emmeline met and began a courtship with [[Richard Pankhurst]], a barrister who had advocated women's suffrage{{–}} and other causes, including freedom of speech and education reform{{–}} for years. Richard, 44 years old when he met Emmeline, had earlier resolved to remain a [[bachelor]] in order to better serve the public. Their mutual affection was powerful, but the couple's happiness was diminished by the death of his mother the following year. Sophia Jane Goulden chastised her daughter for "throwing herself" at Richard,<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 56.</ref> and urged her without success to exhibit more aloofness. Emmeline suggested to Richard that they avoid the legal formalities of marriage by entering into a [[free union]]; he objected on the grounds that she would be excluded from political life as an unmarried woman. He noted that his colleague [[Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy|Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy]] had faced social condemnation before she formalised her marriage to Ben Elmy. Emmeline agreed, and they were wed in [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]] on 18 December 1879.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 15–17; Pugh, pp. 19–24; E.S. Pankhurst 1931, pp. 55–57; C. Pankhurst, pp. 20–22; Bartley, pp. 25–27.</ref>
{{main|QWERTY}}
By far the most widespread layout in use, and the only one that is not confined to a particular geographical area. Keys like “enter” and “caps lock” have not been translated to the language of the keyboard in question.
====[[Canada|Canadian Multilingual Standard]]====
During the 1880s, living at the Goulden cottage with her parents in Seedley, Emmeline Pankhurst tended to her husband and children, but still devoted time to political activities. Although she gave birth to five children in ten years, both she and Richard believed that she should not be "a household machine".<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 13.</ref> Thus a servant was hired to help with the children as Pankhurst involved herself with the Women's Suffrage Society. Their daughter [[Christabel Pankhurst|Christabel]] was born on 22 October 1880, less than a year after the wedding. Pankhurst gave birth to another daughter, [[Sylvia Pankhurst|Estelle Sylvia]], in 1882, and their son Francis Henry, nicknamed Frank, in 1884. Soon afterwards Richard Pankhurst left the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] and argued a case in court against several wealthy businessmen. These actions roused Robert Goulden's ire, and the mood in the house became tense. In 1885 the Pankhursts moved to [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], and their daughter [[Adela Pankhurst|Adela]] was born. They moved to London the following year, where Richard pursued his political aspirations{{–}} unsuccessfully{{–}} and Pankhurst opened a small fabric shop called Emerson and Company.<ref name="children">Pugh, p. 26; E.S. Pankhurst 1931, pp. 57–58; C. Pankhurst, pp. 24–26; Purvis 2002, pp. 18–25; Bartley, p. 30.</ref>
::[[Image:KB Canadian Multilingual Standard.svg|thumb|400px|Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard layout]]
This keyboard layout is used by some Canadians. English-speaking Canadians mostly use the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis while French-speaking Canadians favor the Canadian French keyboard layout.
In 1888, Francis developed [[diphtheria]] and died on 11 September. Overwhelmed with grief, Pankhurst commissioned two portraits of the dead boy, but was unable to look at them and hid them in a bedroom cupboard. The family soon realised that a faulty drainage system in the back of their house had caused their son's illness; Pankhurst blamed the poor conditions of the neighbourhood. The family moved to [[Russell Square]], a middle-class neighbourhood. She was soon pregnant once more, and declared that the child was "Frank coming again".<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 103.</ref> She gave birth to a son on 7 July 1889 and named him Henry Francis in honour of his deceased brother.<ref name="children"/>
A remarkable characteristic of the Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard is the number and variety of its shift states and [[dead key]]s, thanks to which it can be used to type many accented Latin characters, including such exotic letters as the ġ (dotted g) of [[Maltese language|Maltese]] or the ĵ (circumflexed j) of [[Esperanto]]. Though this keyboard lacks the caret (^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the accent circumflex followed by a space.
Pankhurst made their Russell Square home into a centre for political meetings and social gatherings, attracting activists of many types. She took pleasure in decorating the house{{–}} especially with furnishings from Asia{{–}} and clothing the family in tasteful apparel. Her daughter Sylvia later wrote: "Beauty and appropriateness in her dress and household appointments seemed to her at all times an indispensable setting to public work."<ref name="esp90">E.S. Pankhurst, p. 90.</ref> The Pankhursts hosted a variety of guests including US abolitionist [[William Lloyd Garrison]], Indian MP [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], socialist activists [[Herbert Burrows]] and [[Annie Besant]], and French anarchist [[Louise Michel]].<ref name="esp90"/>
====[[Canada|Canadian French]]====
== Women's Franchise League ==
::[[Image:KB Canadian French.svg|thumb|400px|Canadian French keyboard layout]]
This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. It is the most popular layout for [[laptops]] and stand-alone keyboards targeting French speakers. Although not as versatile as the Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard, it can be used to type all accented French characters. Of course, it allows to write English as well. It remains popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians.
[[Image:Harriot Stanton Blatch.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch]], daughter of US suffragist [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], became friends with Pankhurst through their work in the [[Women's Franchise League]].]]
====[[Czech language|Czech]]====
In 1888 Britain's first nationwide coalition of groups advocating women's right to vote, the [[National Society for Women's Suffrage]] (NSWS), split after a debate about whether or not to accept organisations affiliated with political parties. Pankhurst aligned herself with the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage, known as the [[Whitehall|Parliament Street]] Society after the location of its headquarters. Some members of the Society favoured a piecemeal approach to gaining the vote. Because it was often assumed that married women did not require votes, given their status in the family, some PSS members felt that the vote for single women and widows was a practical step along the path to full suffrage. When the reluctance within the PSS to advocate on behalf of married women became clear, Pankhurst and her husband helped organise a new group dedicated to voting rights for all women{{–}} married and unmarried.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 29–30; Bartley, pp. 38–39; Pugh, pp. 53–54; E.S. Pankhurst 1931, pp. 94–95.</ref>
A QWERTY keyboard layout is also frequently used in the Czech Republic, as is a QWERTZ layout. The QWERTY layout is shown below.
The inaugural meeting of the [[Women's Franchise League]] (WFL) was held on 25 July 1889 at the Pankhurst home in Russell Square. William Lloyd Garrison spoke at the meeting, warning the audience that the US abolition movement had been hampered by individuals advocating moderation and patience. Early members of the WFL included [[Josephine Butler]], leader of the [[Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts]]; the Pankhursts' friend Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy; and [[Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch]], daughter of US suffragist [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]].<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 33; Pugh, pp. 53–54; Bartley, pp. 38–39; E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 95; Phillips, p. 151.</ref>
The WFL was considered a radical organisation, since in addition to women's suffrage it supported equal rights for women in the areas of [[divorce]] and [[inheritance]]. It also advocated [[trade unionism]] and sought alliances with [[socialist]] organisations. The more conservative group that emerged from the NSWS split, led by Sylvia Becker and [[Millicent Fawcett]], spoke out against what they called the "extreme left" wing of the movement.<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 29.</ref> The WFL reacted by ridiculing the "Spinster Suffrage party"<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 31 and Phillips, p. 151.</ref> and insisting that a wider assault on social inequity was required. The group's radicalism caused some members to leave; when the Pankhursts disrupted a public meeting organised by Lydia Becker in 1892, both Blatch and Elmy resigned from the WFL. The group fell apart one year later.<ref>Phillips, pp. 150–151; Bartley, pp. 38–41; Purvis 2002, pp. 30–37; Pugh, pp. 51–55.</ref>
::[[Image:Nederlandse toetsenbordindeling - tekst als paden.svg|thumb|400px|Dutch keyboard layout]]
*The Dutch keyboard layout is barely used; the majority of the Dutch use the [[Keyboard layout#US-International|United States (International)]] layout instead.
Pankhurst's shop never succeeded, and Richard had trouble attracting business in London. With the family's finances in jeopardy, Richard travelled regularly to northwest England, where most of his clients were. In 1893, the Pankhursts closed the store and returned to Manchester. They stayed for several months in the seaside town of [[Southport]], then moved briefly to the village of [[Disley]], and finally settled into a house in Manchester's [[Victoria Park, Manchester|Victoria Park]]. The girls were enrolled in Manchester Girls High School, where they felt confined by the large student population and strictly regimented schedule.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 39–40; Pugh, pp. 57–60; E.S. Pankhurst, pp. 113–116.</ref>
====[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]====
[[Image:Keir Hardie crop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Keir Hardie]] worked with the Pankhursts on a variety of political issues, and later became a very close friend of Sylvia's.]]
Note this illustration is not entirely accurate: Notably, there are several more deadkeys, Alt-Gr Q is @, and various other things are missing.
Pankhurst began working with a number of political organisations, distinguishing herself for the first time as an activist in her own right. One biographer describes this period as her "emergence from Richard's shadow".<ref>Pugh, p. 61.</ref> In addition to work on behalf of women's suffrage, she became active with the Women's Liberal Federation (WLF), an auxiliary of the Liberal Party working to overturn laws unfair to women. She quickly grew disenchanted with the group's moderation, however, and found another outlet for her political energy.<ref name="ilp01">Bartley, pp. 42–43; Purvis 2002, pp. 40–42; Pugh, pp. 60–61.</ref>
/* REMOVED BY BADDOGGIE DUE TO PAINFUL AND UTTER INACCURACY — € in wrong place, @ sign missing, Æ/æ incorrect, Þ/þ [thorn] missing, etc. I WILL MAKE A NEW GRAPHIC TO FIX THIS AND TRY TO HAVE IT UP BY 20JAN08
In 1888 Pankhurst had met and befriended [[Keir Hardie]], a socialist from Scotland. In 1891 he was elected to parliament, and two years later helped to create the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP). Excited about the range of issues which the ILP pledged to confront, Pankhurst resigned from the WLF and joined the ILP. Christabel later wrote of her mother's enthusiasm for the party and its organising efforts: "In this movement she hoped there might be the means of righting every political and social wrong."<ref>C. Pankhurst, p. 32.</ref><ref name="ilp01"/>
-->
====[[Italian language|Italian]]====
One of her first activities with the ILP found Pankhurst distributing food to poor men and women through the Committee for the Relief of the Unemployed. In December 1894 she was elected to the position of [[Board of Guardians|Poor Law Guardian]] in Chorlton-on-Medlock. She was appalled by the conditions she witnessed first-hand in the Manchester [[workhouse]]:{{bquote|The first time I went into the place I was horrified to see little girls seven and eight years old on their knees scrubbing the cold stones of the long corridors ... bronchitis was epidemic among them most of the time ... I found that there were pregnant women in that workhouse, scrubbing floors, doing the hardest kind of work, almost until their babies came into the world ... Of course the babies are very badly protected ... These poor, unprotected mothers and their babies I am sure were potent factors in my education as a militant.<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, pp. 25–28.</ref>}}Pankhurst immediately began working to change these conditions, and established herself as a successful voice of reform on the Board of Guardians. Her chief opponent was a passionate man named Mainwaring, known for his rudeness. Recognizing that his loud anger was hurting his chances of persuading those aligned with Pankhurst, he kept a note before him during meetings: "Keep your temper!"<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 132.</ref>
After helping her husband with another unsuccessful parliament campaign, Pankhurst faced legal troubles in 1896 when she and two men violated a court order against ILP meetings at [[Boggart Hole Clough]]. With Richard volunteering his time as legal counsel, they refused to pay fines, and the two men spent a month in prison. The punishment was never ordered for Pankhurst, however, possibly because the magistrate feared public backlash against the imprisonment of a woman so respected in the community. Asked by an ILP reporter if she were prepared to spend time in prison, Pankhurst replied: "Oh, yes, quite. It wouldn't be so very dreadful, you know, and it would be a valuable experience."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 47.</ref> Although ILP meetings were eventually permitted, the episode was a strain on Pankhurst's health and caused loss of income for their family.<ref name="clough">Purvis 2002, pp. 46–49; Bartley, pp. 57–59; Pugh, pp. 72–75.</ref>
* braces (right above square brackets and shown in purple) are given with both AltGr and Shift pressed.
During the struggle at Boggart Hole Clough, Pankhurst's husband Richard began experiencing severe stomach pains. He had developed a [[gastric ulcer]], and his health deteriorated in 1897. The family moved briefly to [[Mobberley]], with the hope that country air would help his condition. He soon felt well again, and the family returned to Manchester in the autumn. In the summer of 1898, however, he suffered a sudden relapse. Pankhurst had taken their oldest daughter Christabel to [[Corsier]], Switzerland, to visit her old friend Noémie. A telegram arrived from Richard, reading: "I am not well. Please come home."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 52.</ref> Leaving Christabel with Noémie, Pankhurst returned immediately to England. On 5 July, while on a train from London to Manchester, she noticed a newspaper announcing the death of Richard Pankhurst.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 51–52; Bartley, pp. 59–60; Pugh, pp. 75–77.</ref>
Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish accentuated letters accessed directly (and QWERTZ is officially approved Polish standard called PN-87 or "klawiatura maszynistki", "typist keyboard", however, it is widely ignored standard), while practically all computers (except custom-made, e.g., in public sector and some Apple computers) use standard US layout (commonly called Polish programmers layout; in {{lang-pl|polski programisty}}) with Polish letters accessed through AltGr (AltGr-Z giving “Ż” and AltGr-X giving “Ź”).
Also, on [[Microsoft Windows|MS Windows]], the tilde character (shift+`) acts as a dead key to type Polish diacritical marks; thus, to obtain an “ł”, one may press ~ followed by l. The tilde character is obtained with ~ and space.
[[Image:Christabel Pankhurst.jpg|thumb|left|[[Christabel Pankhurst]], often called the favourite child, spent almost fifteen years working by her mother's side for women's suffrage.]]
The loss of her husband left Pankhurst with new responsibilities and a significant amount of debt. She moved the family to a smaller house, resigned from the Board of Guardians, and was given a paid position as Registrar of Births and Deaths in Chorlton. This work gave her more insight into the conditions of women in the region. She wrote in her autobiography: "They used to tell me their stories, dreadful stories some of them, and all of them pathetic with that patient and uncomplaining pathos of poverty."<ref name="epank3234">E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 32–34.</ref> She observed various forms of gender discrimination when recording births and deaths, which reinforced her conviction that women needed the right to vote before their conditions could improve. In 1900 she was elected to the Manchester School Board and saw new examples of women suffering unequal treatment and limited opportunities. During this time she also re-opened her store, with the hope that it would provide additional income for the family.<ref name="epank3234"/><ref>Bartley, pp. 61–64; Purvis, pp. 57–58; Pugh, p. 86.</ref>
====[[Romanian language|Romanian]] in [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]]====
Around the time of their father's death, the identities of the Pankhurst children began to emerge. Christabel enjoyed a privileged status among the daughters, as Sylvia noted in 1931: "She was our mother's favourite; we all knew it, and I, for one, never resented the fact."<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 99.</ref> Christabel did not share her mother's fervour for political work, however, until she befriended the suffrage activists [[Esther Roper]] and [[Eva Gore-Booth]]. She soon became involved with the suffrage movement and joined her mother at speaking events.<ref>Pugh, pp. 92–93; E.S. Pankhurst 1931, pp. 164–165.</ref> Sylvia took lessons from a respected local artist, and soon received a scholarship to the [[Manchester Metropolitan University|Manchester School of Art]]. She went on to study art in Florence and Venice.<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, pp. 162–163; Pugh, pp. 96–98.</ref> The younger children, Adela and Harry, had difficulty finding a path for their studies. Adela was sent to a local boarding school, where she was cut off from her friends and contracted [[Pediculosis|head lice]]. Harry also had difficulty at school; he suffered from [[measles]] and vision problems.<ref>Pugh, pp. 82–83; Purvis 2002, p. 56.</ref>
The current '''Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004''' establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a “[http://diacritice.sourceforge.net/imagini/ro.png primary]” one and a “[http://diacritice.sourceforge.net/imagini/ro_us.png secondary]” one.
== Women's Social and Political Union ==
[[Image:Romanian-keyboard-layout.png|thumb|400px|Romanian SR 13392:2004 keyboard layout]]
[[Image:Suffragettes, England, 1908.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Women's Social and Political Union]] became known for its militant activity. Pankhurst once said: "[T]he condition of our sex is so deplorable that it is our duty to break the law in order to call attention to the reasons why we do."<ref>Quoted in Bartley, p. 98.</ref>]]
The “primary” layout is intended for more traditional users that learned long ago how to type with older, Microsoft-style implementations of the Romanian keyboard. The “secondary” layout is mainly used by programmers and it doesn’t contradict the physical arrangement of keys on a US-style keyboard. The „secondary” arrangement is used as the default one by the majority of [[Linux|GNU/Linux]] distributions.
By 1903 Pankhurst believed that years of moderate speeches and promises about women's suffrage from members of parliament (MPs) had yielded no progress. Although suffrage bills in 1870, 1886, and 1897 had shown promise, each was defeated. She doubted that political parties, with their many agenda items, would ever make women's suffrage a priority. She even broke with the ILP when it refused to focus on votes for women. It was necessary to abandon the patient tactics of existing advocacy groups, she believed, in favour of more militant actions. Thus on 10 October 1903 Pankhurst and several colleagues founded the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU), an organisation open only to women and focused on direct action to win the vote.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp.65–67; Bartley, pp. 71–82; Pugh, pp. 104–108.</ref> "Deeds", she wrote later, "not words, was to be our permanent motto."<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 38.</ref>
'''There are four Romanian-specific characters that are incorrectly implemented''' in all Microsoft Windows versions before Vista:
The group's early militancy took nonviolent forms. In addition to making speeches and gathering petition signatures, the WSPU organised rallies and published a newsletter called ''Votes for Women''. The group also convened a series of "Women's Parliaments" to coincide with official government sessions. When a bill for women's suffrage was filibustered on 12 May 1905, Pankhurst and other WSPU members began a loud protest outside the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament building]]. Police immediately forced them away from the building, where they regrouped and demanded passage of the bill. Although the bill was never resurrected, Pankhurst considered it a successful demonstration of militancy's power to capture attention.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 70–73; Bartley, p. 78; Pugh, pp. 124–125.</ref> Pankhurst declared in 1906: "We are at last recognized as a political party; we are now in the swim of politics, and are a political force."<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 87–88.</ref>
– “S with comma below” (Unicode 0218) – incorrectly implemented as “S with cedilla below” (Unicode 015E)<br />
Before long, all three of her daughters became active with the WSPU. Christabel was arrested after spitting at a policeman during a meeting of the Liberal Party in October 1905;<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 74–75; Bartley, pp. 78–79; E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 48.</ref> Adela and Sylvia were arrested a year later during a protest outside Parliament.<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 88; Bartley, p. 84</ref> Pankhurst herself was arrested for the first time in February 1908, when she tried to enter Parliament to deliver a protest resolution to Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]]. She was charged with obstruction and sentenced to six weeks in prison. She spoke out against the conditions of her confinement, including vermin, meagre food, and the "civilised torture of solitary confinement and absolute silence" to which she and others were ordered.<ref>Quoted in Bartley, p. 103.</ref> Pankhurst saw imprisonment as a means to publicise the urgency of women's suffrage; in June 1909 she struck a police officer twice in the face to ensure she would be arrested. In all, Pankhurst was arrested seven times before women's suffrage was approved. During her trial in 1908, she told the court: "We are here not because we are law-breakers; we are here in our efforts to become law-makers."<ref>Quoted in Bartley, p. 100.</ref><ref>Bartley, pp. 98–103; Purvis 2002, pp. 129–130.</ref>
– “s with comma below” (Unicode 0219) – incorrectly implemented as “s with cedilla below” (Unicode 015F)<br />
– “T with comma below” (Unicode 021A) – incorrectly implemented as “T with cedilla below” (Unicode 0162)<br />
– “t with comma below” (Unicode 021B) – incorrectly implemented as “t with cedilla below” (Unicode 0163)
'''The cedilla-versions of the characters don’t actually exist in Romanian language''' (it is purely a historic bug) – please see http://www.secarica.ro/html/s-uri_si_t-uri.html.
[[Image:Emmeline Pankhurst in prison.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Pankhurst (wearing prison clothes) described her first incarceration as "like a human being in the process of being turned into a wild beast".<ref>Quoted in Bartley, p. 103.</ref>]]
Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a '''driver that allows the Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard''', in all Windows versions previous to Vista. It uses the right AltGr key modifier to generate the characters. The keyboard driver is available at http://www.secarica.ro/html/ro_keyboard.html (text is in Romanian).
The exclusive focus of the WSPU on votes for women was another hallmark of its militancy. While other organisations agreed to work with individual political parties, the WSPU insisted on separating itself from – and in many cases opposing – parties which did not make women's suffrage a priority. The group protested against all candidates belonging to the party of the ruling government, since it refused to pass women's suffrage legislation. This brought them into immediate conflict with Liberal party organisers, particularly since many Liberal candidates supported women's suffrage. (One early target of WSPU opposition was a young candidate named [[Winston Churchill]]; his defeat was in part attributed to "those ladies who are sometimes laughed at".)<ref>Bartley, p. 106.</ref>
====[[Slovak language|Slovak]]====
Members of the WSPU were sometimes heckled and derided for spoiling elections for Liberal candidates. On 18 January 1908, Pankhurst and her associate Nellie Martel were attacked by an all-male crowd of Liberal supporters who blamed the WSPU for costing them a recent by-election to the Conservative candidate. The men threw clay, rotten eggs, and stones packed in snow; the women were beaten and Pankhurst's ankle was severely bruised.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 101–102; Bartley, p. 104–105.</ref> Similar tensions later formed with Labour. Until party leaders made the vote for women a priority, however – and it became law – the WSPU vowed to continue its militant activism. Pankhurst and others in the union saw party politics as distracting to the goal of women's suffrage, and criticised other organisations for putting party loyalty ahead of women's votes.<ref>Bartley, pp. 85–88; Purvis, pp. 86–87.</ref>
QWERTY keyboard layout is also used in Slovakia.
====[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[Spain]])====
As the WSPU gained recognition and notoriety for its actions, Pankhurst resisted efforts to democratize the organisation itself. In 1907 a small group of members led by [[Teresa Billington-Greig]] called for more involvement from the rank-and-file suffragettes at the union's annual meetings. In response, Pankhurst announced at a WSPU meeting that elements of the organisation's constitution relating to decision-making were void and cancelled the annual meetings. She also insisted that a small committee chosen by the members in attendance be allowed to coordinate WSPU activities. Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel were chosen (along with Mabel Tuke and [[Emmeline Pethick Lawrence]]) as members of the new committee. Frustrated, several members including Billington-Greig and [[Charlotte Despard]] quit to form their own organisation, the [[Women's Freedom League]].<ref>Bartley, pp. 91–93; Purvis 2002, pp. 96–99; Pugh, pp. 165–168.</ref> In her 1914 autobiography, Pankhurst dismissed criticism of the WSPU's leadership structure:<blockquote>if at any time a member, or a group of members, loses faith in our policy; if any one begins to suggest that some other policy ought to be substituted, or if she tries to confuse the issue by adding other policies, she ceases at once to be a member. Autocratic? Quite so. But, you may object, a suffrage organisation ought to be democratic. Well the members of the W. S. P. U. do not agree with you. We do not believe in the effectiveness of the ordinary suffrage organisation. The W. S. P. U. is not hampered by a complexity of rules. We have no constitution and by-laws; nothing to be amended or tinkered with or quarrelled over at an annual meeting ... The W. S. P. U. is simply a suffrage army in the field.<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 59.</ref></blockquote>
* The Spanish (Spain) keyboard layout also includes characters required for typing the [[Catalan language]]: [[Ç]], the [[grave accent]] and [[interpunct]] (''punt volat'', used in l·l) at Shift-3.
::[[Image:KB Latin American.svg|thumb|400px|Latin American Spanish keyboard layout]]
*The Spanish (Latin America) keyboard layout is used throughout Central and South America, but the use of the [[Keyboard layout#Spanish (Spain)|Spanish (Spain)]] layout is also not uncommon due to many Operating Systems defaulting to the [[Keyboard layout#Spanish (Spain)|Spanish (Spain)]] layout when the user selects Spanish as the default language (GNU/Linux) or installing the Spanish version (Windows).
On 21 June 1908, 500,000 activists rallied in [[Hyde Park]] to demand votes for women; Asquith and leading MPs responded with indifference. Angered by this intransigence and abusive police activity, some WSPU members increased the severity of their actions. Soon after the rally, twelve women gathered in [[Parliament Square]] and tried to deliver speeches for women's suffrage. Police officers seized several of the speakers and pushed them into a crowd of opponents who had gathered nearby. Frustrated, two WSPU members{{–}} Edith New and Mary Leigh{{–}} went to [[10 Downing Street]] and hurled rocks at the windows of the Prime Minister's home. They insisted their act was independent of WSPU command, but Pankhurst expressed her approval of the action. When a magistrate sentenced New and Leigh to two months' imprisonment, Pankhurst reminded the court of how various male political agitators had broken windows to win legal and civil rights throughout Britain's history.<ref>Purvis, pp. 108–109; Bartley, pp. 96–97.</ref>
====[[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]====
[[Image:Millicent Fawcett.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Millicent Fawcett]], leader of the [[National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies]], eventually said that Pankhurst and other militants were "far more formidable opponents of women's suffrage than [Prime Minister] [[H. H. Asquith|Asquith]]".<ref name="p194"/>]]
::[[Image:KB United Kingdom.svg|thumb|400px|United Kingdom and Ireland (except Windows) keyboard layout]] <br /><br /> [[Image:KB Windows Ireland.svg|thumb|400px| Very slightly different Microsoft Windows “Irish” layout]]
The United Kingdom and Ireland<ref>There is a separate [[Irish Gaelic]] keyboard layout, but this is rarely used. In all common operating systems that have a different selection for Irish, this refers to the layout that is identical with the UK layout (with the exception of Windows, where the grave dead key is enabled by default, and when AltGr is pressed, apostrophe becomes an acute dead key), not the Irish Gaelic layout; the latter tends to be called Gaelic or similar.</ref> use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in [[British Standard]] BS 4822.<ref>[[British Standard]] BS 4822: Keyboard allocation of graphic characters for data processing. [[British Standards Institute]], 1994.</ref> It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an extra key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used [[Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code|EBCDIC]] symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #, ~, \, |. See the article [[British and American keyboards]] for details.
The default keyboard layout for Ireland on [[Microsoft Windows]] (called “Irish”) makes three minor deviations from the UK norm. The keyboards have the same keys with the same markings but (1) the default use for key left of “1”, is a grave [[dead key]] (this change is also made on UK-Extended); (2) when AltGr is pressed, the apostrophe key becomes an acute dead key; and (3) AltGr+vowel produces the acute-accent form of that vowel (e.g., AltGr+a = á, AltGr+E = É).
In 1909 the [[hunger strike]] was added to the WSPU's repertoire of resistance. On 24 June [[Marion Wallace Dunlop]] was arrested for writing an excerpt from the [[Bill of Rights of 1689|1689 Bill of Rights]] on a wall in the House of Commons. Angered by the conditions of the jail, Dunlop went on a hunger strike. When it proved effective, fourteen women imprisoned for smashing windows began fasting. WSPU members soon became known around the country for holding prolonged hunger strikes to protest their incarceration. Prison authorities frequently force-fed the women, using tubes inserted through the nose or mouth. The painful techniques (which, in the case of mouth-feeding, required the use of steel gags to force the mouth open) brought condemnation from suffragists and medical professionals.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 129–135; Bartley, pp. 113–114.</ref>
The BS 4822:1994 standard does not make any use of the AltGr key and lacks support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £. It also assigns a key for the non-ASCII character broken bar (¦), but lacks one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar (|). It also lacks support for [[Welsh orthography]]. Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard:
These tactics caused some tension between the WSPU and more moderate organisations, which had coalesced into the [[National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies]] (NUWSS). That group's leader, [[Millicent Fawcett]], originally hailed WSPU members for their courage and dedication to the cause. By 1912, however, she declared that hunger strikes were mere publicity stunts and that militant activists were "the chief obstacles in the way of success of the suffrage movement in the House of Commons".<ref name="p194">Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 194.</ref> The NUWSS refused to join a march of women's suffrage groups after demanding without success that the WSPU end its support of property destruction. Fawcett's sister [[Elizabeth Garrett Anderson]] later resigned from the WSPU for similar reasons.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 147 and 181.</ref>
*The B00 key (left of Z) shifted results in vertical bar (|) on some systems (e.g., [[Microsoft Windows]]’ UK/Ireland keyboard layout and [[Linux]]/[[X11]] UK/Ireland keyboard layout), rather than the broken bar (¦) assigned by BS 4822 and provided in some systems (e.g., [[OS/2]]’s UK166 keyboard layout)
*The E00 key (left of 1) with AltGr provides either vertical bar (|) ([[OS/2]]’s UK166 keyboard layout, [[Linux]]/[[X11]] UK keyboard layout) or broken bar (¦) ([[Microsoft Windows]]’ UK/Ireland keyboard layout)
([[Hong Kong]] uses US and Chinese (Traditional) keyboards rather than UK and Ireland ones. See also [[Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong]].)
Press coverage was mixed; many journalists noted that crowds of women responded positively to speeches by Pankhurst, while others condemned her radical approach to the issue. The ''[[News Chronicle|Daily News]]'' urged her to endorse a more moderate approach, and other press outlets condemned the breaking of windows by WSPU members. In 1906 ''[[Daily Mail]]'' journalist Charles Hands referred to militant women using the diminutive term "[[suffragette]]" (rather than the standard "[[suffragist]]"). Pankhurst and her allies seized the term as their own, using the term to differentiate themselves from moderate groups.<ref>Holton, p. 253; Purvis 2002, pp. 135–138.</ref>
=====United Kingdom extended=====<!--ref: install this keyboard on a Windows machine to document these keystrokes-->
The last half of the century's first decade was a time of sorrow, loneliness, and constant work for Pankhurst. In 1907 she sold her home in Manchester and began an itinerant lifestyle, moving from place to place as she spoke and marched for women's suffrage. She stayed with friends and in hotels, carrying her few possessions in suitcases. Although she was energised by the struggle – and found joy in giving energy to others – her constant travelling meant separation from her children, especially Christabel, who had become the national coordinator of the WSPU. In 1909, as Pankhurst planned a speaking tour of the United States, Harry was paralysed after his spinal cord became inflamed. She hesitated to leave the country while he was ill, but she needed money to pay for his treatment and the tour promised to be lucrative. Upon returning from a successful tour, she sat by Harry's bedside as he died on 5 January 1910. Five days later she buried her son, then spoke before 5,000 people in Manchester. Liberal party supporters who had come to heckle her remained quiet as she addressed the crowd.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 98–99 and 142–153; Bartley, p. 88.</ref>
*Windows XP SP2 and later also offer a “United Kingdom Extended” keyboard layout which allows input for many languages (including Welsh, a UK language) without changing any of the allocations of frequently-used keys (the rarely-used grave accent key becomes a dead key). In particular, the apostrophe key is not changed into a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed, as used by the US International layout.
The grave accent becomes a dead key which adds a grave accent to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,or Y, generating à, è, etc.
=== Conciliation, force-feeding, and arson ===
a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y with acute accent (á, é, etc.) are generated either by pressing AltGr and the relevant character key simultaneously, or AltGr and apostrophe (acting as a dead key combination) followed by the character. Some programs assign functions to the combination of AltGr and a letter, in which case the AltGr and apostrophe method must be used to generate acute accents.
After the Liberal losses in the 1910 elections, ILP member and journalist [[Henry Brailsford]] helped organise a Conciliation Committee for Women's Suffrage, which gathered 54 MPs from various parties. The group's [[Conciliation Bills|Conciliation Bill]] looked to be a narrowly-defined but still significant possibility to achieve the vote for women. Thus the WSPU agreed to suspend its support for window-breaking and hunger strikes while it was being negotiated. When it became clear that the bill would not pass, Pankhurst declared: "If the Bill, in spite of our efforts, is killed by the Government, then ... I have to say there is an end to the truce."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 150.</ref> When it was defeated, Pankhurst led a protest march to Parliament Square on 18 November of 300 women. They were met with aggressive police resistance under the direction of [[Home Secretary]] Winston Churchill: officers punched the marchers, twisted arms, and pulled on women's breasts. Although Pankhurst was allowed to enter Parliament, she was refused by Prime Minister Asquith. The incident became known as [[Black Friday (1910)|Black Friday]].<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 143–151.</ref>
AltGr and 6 acts as a dead key combination to add a circumflex to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y (â, ê, etc.). The shifted 6 key generates the caret (^), which looks like a circumflex ([[mnemonic]]).
[[Image:Forcefeeding.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pankhurst was horrified by the screams of women being force-fed during hunger strikes. In her autobiography she wrote: "I shall never while I live forget the suffering I experienced during the days when those cries were ringing in my ears."<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 252.</ref>]]
AltGr and 2 acts as a dead key combination to add a diaeresis to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y (ä, ë, etc.). The shifted 2 key on a UK keyboard generates the double quote ("), which looks a bit like a diaeresis (mnemonic).
As subsequent Conciliation Bills were introduced, WSPU leaders advocated a halt to militant tactics. In March 1912, however, the second bill was in jeopardy and Pankhurst joined a fresh outbreak of window-smashing. Extensive property damage led police to raid the WSPU offices. Pankhurst and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence were tried at the [[Old Bailey]] and convicted of conspiracy to commit property damage. Christabel, who by 1912 was the chief coordinator for the organisation, was also wanted by police. She fled to Paris, where she directed WSPU strategy in exile. Inside [[Holloway (HM Prison)|Holloway Prison]], Pankhurst staged her first hunger strike to improve conditions for other suffragettes in nearby cells; she was quickly joined by Pethick-Lawrence and other WSPU members. She described in her autobiography the trauma caused by force-feeding during the strike: "Holloway became a place of horror and torment. Sickening scenes of violence took place almost every hour of the day, as the doctors went from cell to cell performing their hideous office."<ref>E. Pankhurst, pp. 251–252.</ref> When prison officials tried to enter her cell, Pankhurst raised a clay jug over her head and announced: "If any of you dares so much as to take one step inside this cell I shall defend myself."<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, p. 255.</ref><ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 179–189; 128–132.</ref>
AltGr and hash (#) acts as a dead key combination to add a tilde (~) to a subsequent a,n,o,A,N,O (ã, ñ, etc.). The shifted # key on a UK keyboard generates the tilde character (~) (mnemonic).
Pankhurst was spared further force-feeding attempts after this incident, but she continued to violate the law and{{–}} when imprisoned{{–}} starve herself in protest. During the following two years, she was arrested numerous times, but was frequently released after several days because of her ill health. Prison officials recognised the potential public relations disaster that would erupt if the popular WSPU leader were force-fed or allowed to suffer extensively in jail. Still, police officers arrested her during talks and as she marched. She tried to evade police harassment by wearing disguises and eventually hired a female bodyguard trained in [[jujutsu]]. She and other escorts were targeted by police, resulting in violent scuffles as officers tried to detain Pankhurst.<ref>Bartley, pp. 152–156.</ref>
====[[American English|US]]====
In 1912 WSPU members adopted [[arson]] as another tactic to win the vote. After Prime Minister Asquith had visited the [[Theatre Royal, Dublin|Theatre Royal]] in Dublin, a suffragette activist set a fire which resulted in minimal damage. Over the next two years women set fire to a refreshments building in [[Regents Park]], an orchid house at [[Kew Gardens]], [[pillar box]]es, and a railway carriage. Although Pankhurst confirmed that these women had not been commanded by her or Christabel, they both assured the public that they supported the firestarter suffragettes. Other more drastic forms of activism also appeared around the country. One WSPU member, for example, put a small [[hatchet]] into the Prime Minister's carriage, inscribed with the words: "Votes for Women". Other suffragettes used acid to burn the slogan into golf courses used by MPs.<ref>E. Pankhurst 1914, pp. 270–271; Purvis 2002, p. 209; Bartley, p. 146.</ref>
::[[Image:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|thumb|400px|Middle North American keyboard layout]]
The US keyboard layout has a second Alt key instead of the AltGr key and does not use any [[dead key]]s, and thus offers no way of inputting any sort of diacritic or accent; this makes it unsuitable for all but a handful of languages. However, on some operating systems (including Windows), the layout can be set to US-International which allows for dead keys but still uses the standard US keyboard. The right Alt key then acts as an AltGr key. On the other hand, the US or UK keyboard layout is occasionally used by [[programming|programmers]] in countries where the keys for []{} are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout.<ref>{{cite web
[[United States|U.S.]] keyboards are used not only in the United States, but also in other [[English language|English]]-speaking countries (e.g., [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]), except for the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], which use a British standard instead.
The WSPU's approval of property destruction led to the departure of several important members. The first was Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|Frederick]]. They had long been integral members of the group's leadership, but found themselves in conflict with Christabel about the wisdom of such volatile tactics. After returning from a vacation in Canada, they found that Pankhurst had expelled them from the WSPU. The pair found the decision appalling, but to avoid a schism in the movement they continued to praise Pankhurst and the organisation in public. Around the same time, Pankhurst's daughter Adela left the group. She disapproved of WSPU endorsement of property destruction, and felt that a heavier emphasis on socialism was necessary. Adela's relationship with her family – especially Christabel – was also strained as a result.<ref>Pugh, pp. 225–226; Purvis 2002, pp. 190–196.</ref>
====US-International====
[[Image:Sylvia Pankhurst.jpg|thumb|right|upright|After being dismissed from the WSPU, Pankhurst's daughter [[Sylvia Pankhurst|Sylvia]] felt "bruised, as one does, when fighting the foe without, one is struck by the friend within".<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 518.</ref>]]
The US keyboard layout can be configured to type accents efficiently. This is known as the US-International layout. Using the same layout as the US keyboard, accented characters can be typed by pressing the appropriate accent key, then the letter on the keyboard in its unaccented form. Accent keys share the same key as ', `, ", ^ and ~.
An accent key is activated by pressing it (without holding it), and next pressing the letter that requires an accent. After the two strokes, the single accented character would appear on the screen. Note that only certain letters (such as vowels and n) can have accents in this way. If one wishes to use the normal single quotation mark, caret and so on, one would press the accent key followed by the spacebar. Accented characters can be typed with the following combinations:
The deepest rift in the Pankhurst family came in November 1913 when Sylvia spoke at a meeting of socialists and [[trade union|trade unionists]] in support of labour organiser [[Jim Larkin]]. She had been working with the East London Federation of Suffragettes (ELFS), a local branch of the WSPU which had a close relationship with socialists and organised labour. The close connection to labour groups and Sylvia's appearance on stage with Frederick Pethick-Lawrence{{–}} who also addressed the crowd{{–}} convinced Christabel that her sister was organising a group that might challenge the WSPU in the suffrage movement. The dispute became public, and members of groups including the WSPU, ILP, and ELFS braced themselves for a showdown.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 237–238; Bartley, p. 158.</ref>
* ' the letter (é)
* ` the letter (è)
* " the letter (ë)
* ^ the letter (ê)
* ~ the letter (ñ)
Thus, in this sense, the keys ', `, ", ^ and ~ are [[dead key]]s when first depressed, then become normal keys functioning in the same way as keys on the US keyboard if the spacebar is pressed.
In January Sylvia was summoned to Paris, where Pankhurst and Christabel were waiting. Their mother had just returned from another tour of the US, and Sylvia had just been released from prison. All three women were exhausted and stressed, which added considerably to the tension. In her 1931 book ''The Suffrage Movement'', Sylvia describes Christabel as an unreasonable figure, haranguing her for refusing to toe the WSPU line:<blockquote>She turned to me. "You have your own ideas. We do not want that; we want all our women to take their instructions and walk in step like an army!" Too tired, too ill to argue, I made no reply. I was oppressed by a sense of tragedy, grieved by her ruthlessness. Her glorification of autocracy seemed to me remote indeed from the struggle we were waging, the grim fight even now proceeding in the cells. I thought of many others who had been thrust aside for some minor difference.<ref>E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 517.</ref></blockquote>With their mother's blessing, Christabel ordered Sylvia's group to dissociate from the WSPU. Pankhurst tried to persuade the ELFS to remove the word "suffragettes" from its name, since it was inextricably linked to the WSPU. When Sylvia refused, her mother switched to fierce anger in a letter:<blockquote>You are unreasonable, always have been & I fear always will be. I suppose you were made so! ... Had you chosen a name which we could approve we could have done much to launch you & advertise your society by name. Now you must take your own way of doing so. I am sorry but you make your own difficulties by an incapacity to look at situations from other people's point of view as well as your own. Perhaps in time you will learn the lessons that we all have to learn in life.<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 248.</ref></blockquote>Adela had become a worry for Pankhurst as well, unemployed and unsure of her future. Pankhurst decided that Adela should move to Australia, and paid for the move. They never saw one another again.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 248–249; Pugh, pp. 287–288.</ref>
There are also alternative US-International formats, whereby modifier keys such as shift and alt are used, and the placement of the accented characters are different from the placement of their unaccented counterparts.
== World War I ==
*The US-International keyboard layout is used in the [[Netherlands]].
** In The Netherlands often just a second Alt is shown instead of AltGr, but it has the same function. The standard Dutch layout is rarely used, excluding very few specialized industries.
===QWERTZ===
When [[World War I]] began in August 1914, Pankhurst and Christabel agreed that the threat posed by Germany was a danger to all humanity, and that the British government needed the support of all citizens. They persuaded the WSPU to halt all militant suffrage activities until fighting on the European mainland ended. It was no time for dissent or agitation; Christabel wrote later: "This was national militancy. As Suffragists we could not be pacifists at any price."<ref>C. Pankhurst 1959, p. 288.</ref> A truce with the government was established, all WSPU prisoners were released, and Christabel returned to London. Pankhurst and Christabel set the WSPU into motion on behalf of the war effort. In her first speech after returning to Britain, Christabel warned of the "German Peril". She urged the gathered women to follow the example of their French sisters, who – while the men fought – "are able to keep the country going, to get in the harvest, to carry on the industries".<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 270.</ref> Pankhurst urged men to volunteer for the front lines.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 266–271; Bartley, pp. 183–188; Pugh, pp. 298–301.</ref>
{{main|QWERTZ}}
The QWERTZ layout is fairly widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe. The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters.
====[[Czech language|Czech]]====
[[Image:Scarborough, North Yorkshire - WWI poster.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pankhurst believed that the danger posed during [[World War I]] by what she called the "German Peril" outweighed the need for women's suffrage. "[W]hen the time comes we shall renew that fight," she said, "but for the present we must all do our best to fight a common foe."<ref>Quoted in Pugh, p. 302.</ref>]]
The QWERTZ keyboard layout is also used in Czech Republic.
Sylvia and Adela, meanwhile, did not share their mother's enthusiasm for the war. As committed [[pacifism|pacifists]], they rejected the WSPU's support for the government. Sylvia's socialist perspective convinced her that the war was another example of capitalist oligarchs exploiting poor soldiers and workers. Adela, meanwhile, spoke against the war in Australia and made public her opposition to [[conscription]]. In a short letter, Pankhurst told Sylvia: "I am ashamed to know where you & Adela stand."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 270.</ref> She had a similar impatience for dissent within the WSPU; when long-time member Mary Leigh asked a question during a meeting in October 1915, Pankhurst replied: "[T]hat woman is a pro German and should leave the hall. ... I denounce you as a pro German and wish to forget that such a person ever existed."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 283.</ref> Some WSPU members were outraged by this sudden rigid devotion to the government, the leadership's perceived abandonment of efforts to win the vote for women, and questions about how funds collected on behalf of suffrage were being managed with regard to the organisation's new focus. Two groups split from the WSPU: The Suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union (SWSPU) and The Independent Women's Social and Political Union (IWSPU), each dedicated to maintaining pressure toward women's suffrage.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 282–284; Bartley, pp. 187–188.</ref>
====[[Germany]] and [[Austria]] (but not Switzerland)====
Pankhurst put the same energy and determination she had previously applied to women's suffrage into patriotic advocacy of the war effort. She organised rallies, toured constantly delivering speeches, and lobbied the government to help women enter the work force while men were overseas fighting. Another issue which concerned her greatly at the time was the plight of so-called [[war children|war babies]], children born to single mothers whose fathers were on the front lines. Pankhurst established an adoption home at [[Campden Hill]] designed to employ the [[Montessori method]] of childhood education. Some women criticised Pankhurst for offering relief to parents of children born out of wedlock, but she declared indignantly that the welfare of children – whose suffering she had seen firsthand as a Poor Law Guardian – was her only concern. Due to lack of funds, however, the home was soon turned over to [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone|Princess Alice]]. Pankhurst herself adopted four children whom she renamed Kathleen King, Flora Mary Gordon, Joan Pembridge, and Elizabeth Tudor. They lived in London, where – for the first time in many years – she had a permanent home at [[Holland Park]].<ref>Bartley, pp. 193–195; Purvis, pp. 278–280.</ref> Asked how, at the age of 57 and with no steady income, she could take on the burden of raising four more children, Pankhurst replied: "My dear, I wonder I didn't take forty."<ref>Quoted in Purvis, p. 279 and Pugh, p. 317.</ref>
The PC keyboard layout commonly used in Germany and Austria is based on one defined in an old (October 1988) version of the German standard [[DIN]] 2137-2. The characters ² ³ { [] } \ @ € | µ ~ are accessed by holding the Alt Gr key and tapping the other key. The Alt key on the left will not access these additional characters.
=== Russian delegation and Women's Party ===
The accent keys ^ ` ´ are dead keys: press and release an accent key, then press a vowel key to produce accented characters (ô, á, ù, etc.). One problem with German keyboards when used to type English text is that users frequently mistype a spacing accent instead of an apostrophe (e.g., it´s or it`s instead of correctly it’s).<ref>Markus Kuhn: [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/apostrophe.html Apostrophe and acute accent confusion], 2001.</ref>
Pankhurst visited North America in 1916 together with the former Secretary of State for [[Serbia]], whose nation had been at the centre of fighting at the start of the war. They toured the United States and Canada, raising money and urging these governments to support Britain and its allies. Two years later, after the US entered the war, Pankhurst returned to the States, encouraging suffragettes there{{–}} who had not suspended their militancy{{–}} to support the war effort by sidelining activities related to the vote. She also spoke about her fears of communist insurgence, which she considered a grave threat to Russian democracy.<ref>Bartley, pp. 202–206; Purvis 2002, pp. 284–286.</ref>
Note that the semi-colon and colon are accessed by using the Shift (large arrow up) key.
[[Image:Alexander Kerensky LOC 24416.jpg|thumb|right|After meeting with Russian Prime Minister [[Alexander Kerensky]], Pankhurst sent a message to UK Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] in which she predicted that he would be overthrown by the [[Bolshevik]]s.<ref>Bartley, p. 201.</ref>]]
Abbreviations on a German keyboard: Strg = Steuerung – control (Ctrl); Alt Gr = Alternate Graphics (Right Alt, or Strg+Alt (Ctrl+Alt) keys simultaneously); Einfg = Einfügen – insert (Ins)(“add in” – insert); Entf = Entfernen – delete (Del); Bild↑ = Bild auf – page up (PgUp); Bild↓ = Bild ab – page down (PgDn); Pos 1 = Position eins – Home (“position one”).
By June 1917 the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] had strengthened the [[Bolshevik]]s, who urged an end to the war. Pankhurst's translated autobiography had been read widely in Russia, and she saw an opportunity to put pressure on the Russian people. She hoped to convince them not to accept Germany's conditions for peace, which she saw as a potential defeat for Britain and Russia. UK Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] agreed to sponsor her trip to Russia, which she took in June. She told one crowd: "I came to Petrograd with a prayer from the English nation to the Russian nation, that you may continue the war on which depends the face of civilisation and freedom."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 295.</ref> Press response was divided between left and right wings; the former depicted her as a tool of capitalism, while the latter praised her devout patriotism.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 292–295; Bartley, pp. 200–201.</ref>
Druck\S-Abf stands for Print Screen, Rollen (to roll) is Scroll Lock, and Pause\Untbr (Pausing, Unterbrechen = break, stop) is Break. The numeric keypad sometimes has the multiplication sign (×) instead of the asterisk (*).
Note too, that the DIN sets an uncommon behaviour of Caps Lock which is correctly described as Shift Lock. When pressed, all keys are shifted, including numbers and special characters. To release, you need to press the Shift key below Shift Lock (as on mechanical typewriters). The sign on the key is a large arrow down, on newer designs pointing to an uppercase A key.
In August she met with [[Alexander Kerensky]], the Russian Prime Minister. Although she had been active with the socialist-leaning ILP in years past, Pankhurst had begun to see leftist politics as disagreeable, an attitude which intensified while she was in Russia. The meeting was uncomfortable for both parties; he felt that she was unable to appreciate the class-based conflict driving Russian policy at the time. He concluded by telling her that English women had nothing to teach women in Russia. She later told the New York ''Times'' that he was the "biggest fraud of modern times" and that his government could "destroy civilisation".<ref>Quoted in Bartley, p. 201.</ref><ref>Bartley, pp. 200–201; Purvis 2002, pp. 297–299.</ref>
In IT, an alternative behavior is often preferred, usually described as “IBM”, which is the same as Caps Lock on English keyboards – only letters are shifted, and hitting Caps Lock again releases it.
====[[Slovak language|Slovak]]====
When she returned from Russia, Pankhurst was delighted to find that women's right to vote was finally on its way to becoming a reality. The [[Representation of the People Act 1918|Representation of the People Act]] removed property restrictions on men's suffrage, and granted the vote to women over the age of 30 (with several restrictions). As suffragists and suffragettes celebrated and prepared for its imminent passage, a new schism erupted: should women's political organisations join forces with those established by men? Many socialists and moderates supported unity of the sexes in politics, but Pankhurst and Christabel saw the best hope in remaining separate. They reinvented the WSPU as the [[Women's Party (UK)|Women's Party]], still open only to women. Women, they said, "can best serve the nation by keeping clear of men's party political machinery and traditions, which, by universal consent, leave so much to be desired".<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 302.</ref> The party favoured equal marriage laws, equal pay for equal work, and equal job opportunities for women. These were matters for the post-war era, however. While the fighting continued, the Women's Party demanded no compromise in the defeat of Germany; the removal from government of anyone with family ties to Germany or pacifist attitudes; and shorter work hours to forestall labour strikes. This last plank in the party's platform was meant to discourage potential interest in Bolshevism, about which Pankhurst was increasingly anxious.<ref>Purvis, pp. 300–303; Bartley, pp. 199–200; Pugh, pp. 340–341.</ref>
The QWERTZ keyboard layout is also used in Slovakia.
====[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian (Latin)]] and [[Slovene language|Slovene]]====
The [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian (latin)]] keyboard layout has five additional special characters Č, Ć, Ž, Š and Đ. This keyboard layout was standardized in the 1980s in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Characters Ć and Đ are not part of the [[Slovene alphabet]] however they are used for historical reasons and for writing words in the closely-related Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian languages. The Ž is on the right side of the Ć key on keyboards which have a longer Backspace key, and the usual inverted L shaped Enter key.
In the years after the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|1918 Armistice]], Pankhurst continued to promote her [[nationalism|nationalist]] vision of British unity. She maintained a focus on women's empowerment, but her days of fighting with government officialdom were over. She defended the presence and reach of the British Empire: "Some talk about the Empire and Imperialism as if it were something to decry and something to be ashamed of. [I]t is a great thing to be the inheritors of an Empire like ours ... great in territory, great in potential wealth. ... If we can only realise and use that potential wealth we can destroy thereby poverty, we can remove and destroy ignorance...."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 312.</ref> For years she travelled around England and North America, rallying support for the British Empire and warning audiences about the dangers of Bolshevism.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 318–335.</ref>
[[Image:LloydGeorge.jpg|thumb|left|British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] praised Pankhurst and the Women's Party: "They have fought the Bolshevist and Pacifist element with great skill, tenacity, and courage."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 313.</ref>]]
The layout of the Swiss keyboard is designed to allow easy access to frequently used accents of the French, German and Italian languages. The difference between the Swiss German ''(sg)'' and the Swiss French ''(sf)'' layout is that the German variety has the German umlauts (ä, ö, ü) accessible without shift, while the French version has the French accented characters (é, à, è) accessible without shift. The actual keyboards have the keys engraved for both variations, the difference is only in the driver setting. There is no separate driver setting for Swiss Italian.
Swiss German does not include the [[ß]] used in Germany and Austria, and so that letter is not found on the keyboard. Capital Umlaut letters are written using caps lock and then pressing the corresponding Umlaut. Pressing shift and the Umlaut key would result in a lowercase letter of the corresponding french vowel (é, à, è) or vice versa, however.
Pankhurst also became active in political campaigning again when a bill was passed allowing women to run for the House of Commons. Many Women's Party members urged Pankhurst to stand for election, but she insisted that Christabel was a better choice. She campaigned tirelessly for her daughter, lobbying Prime Minister Lloyd George for his support and at one point delivering a passionate speech in the rain. Christabel lost by a very slim margin to the Labour Party candidate, and the recount showed a difference of 775 votes. One biographer called it "the bitterest disappointment of Emmeline's life".<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 314.</ref> The Women's Party withered from existence soon afterward.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 312–314; Bartley, pp. 208–209.</ref>
Whilst the German keyboard uses German-language abbreviations (e.g. ''Strg'' for German ''Steuerung'' instead of ''Ctrl'' for ''Control''), Swiss keyboards use the English abbreviations as a neutral solution, as they are used for all the national languages of Switzerland.
As a result of her many trips to North America, Pankhurst became fond of Canada, stating in an interview that "there seems to be more equality between men and women [there] than in any other country I know".<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 331.</ref> In 1922 she applied for Canadian citizenship and rented a house in Toronto, where she moved with her four adopted children. She became active with the Canadian National Council for Combating Venereal Diseases (CNCCVD), which worked against the sexual double-standard which Pankhurst considered particularly harmful to women. During a tour of [[Bathurst, New Brunswick|Bathurst]], the mayor showed her a new building which would become the Home for Fallen Women. Pankhurst replied: "Ah! Where is your Home for Fallen Men?"<ref>Quoted in Purvis, p. 332.</ref> Before long, however, she grew tired of long Canadian winters, and she ran out of money. She returned to England in late 1925.<ref>Purvis, pp. 337–338; Bartley, pp. 212–220.</ref>
Luxembourg does not have a keyboard layout of its own. Public education uses the Swiss-French keyboard, while the banking sector prefers the Belgian layout. Other places use either, or the US layout. Liechtenstein, which also has no keyboard layout of its own, uses the Swiss German keyboard.
Back in London, Pankhurst was visited by Sylvia, who had not seen her mother in years. Their politics were by now very different, and Sylvia was living{{–}} unmarried{{–}} with an Italian anarchist. Sylvia described a moment of familial affection when they met, followed by a sad distance between them. Pankhurst's adopted daughter Mary, however, remembered the meeting differently. According to her version, Pankhurst set her teacup down and walked silently out of the room, leaving Sylvia in tears.<ref>Purvis, p. 339. Bartley, p. 220.</ref> Christabel, meanwhile, had become a convert to [[Adventism]] and devoted much of her time to the church. The British press sometimes made light of the varied paths followed by the once indivisible family.<ref>Purvis 2002, p. 344.</ref>
===AZERTY===
In 1926 Pankhurst joined the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and two years later ran as a candidate for Parliament in [[Whitechapel]]. Her transformation from a fiery supporter of the ILP and window-smashing radical to an official Conservative Party member surprised many people. She replied succinctly: "My war experience and my experience on the other side of the Atlantic have changed my views considerably."<ref>Quoted in Bartley, p. 221.</ref> Her biographers insist that the move was more complex; the various parties of the time offered various obstacles to the programme of women's empowerment and anti-communism she wished to advance. Joining the Conservative Party may have had as much to do with political expediency as with ideology.<ref>Bartley, pp. 220–223; Purvis 2002, pp. 340–344.</ref>
{{main|AZERTY}}
The AZERTY layout is used in [[France]], [[Belgium]] and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout thus:
* A and Q are swapped,
* Z and W are swapped,
* M is moved to the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard),
* The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters.
The French AZERTY keyboard also has special characters used in the French language, such as [[ç]], à, é and è, and other characters such as &, ", ' and §, all located under the numbers.
== Illness and death ==
Some French people use the [[Keyboard layout#Canadian Multilingual Standard|Canadian Multilingual standard keyboard]]. The [[Keyboard layout#Portuguese (Portugal)|Portuguese (Portugal) keyboard]] layout may also be preferred, as it provides all French accents (aigu, grave, tréma, tilde, circumflex, cedilla, and also quotation marks «») and its dead-letter option for all the accent keys allow for easy input of all the possibilities in French and most other languages (áàäãâéèëêíìïîóòöõôúùüû). Ç is, however, a separate key, as can be seen above.
Pankhurst's campaign for Parliament was pre-empted by her ill health and a final scandal involving Sylvia. The years of touring, lectures, imprisonment, and hunger strikes had taken their toll; fatigue and illness became a regular part of Pankhurst's life. Even more painful, however, was the news in April 1928 that Sylvia had given birth out of wedlock. She had named the child Richard Keir Pethick Pankhurst, in memory of her father, her ILP comrade, and her colleagues from the WSPU, respectively. Pankhurst was further shocked to see a report from a newspaper in the US which declared that "Miss Pankhurst"{{–}} a title usually reserved for Christabel{{–}} boasted of her child being a triumph of "[[eugenics]]", since both parents were healthy and intelligent. In the article, Sylvia also spoke of her belief that "marriage without legal union" was the most sensible option for liberated women. These offences against the social dignity which Pankhurst had always valued devastated the elderly woman; to make matters worse, many people believed the "Miss Pankhurst" in newspaper headlines referred to Christabel. After hearing the news, Pankhurst spent an entire day crying; her campaign for Parliament ended with the scandal.<ref>Purvis, pp. 349–350.</ref>
As her health deteriorated, Pankhurst moved into a nursing home in [[Hampstead]]. She requested that she be treated by the doctor who attended to her during her hunger strikes. His use of the [[gastric lavage|stomach pump]] had helped her feel better while in prison; her nurses were sure that the shock of such treatment would severely wound her, but Christabel felt obligated to carry out her mother's request. Before the procedure could be carried out, however, she fell into a critical condition from which none expected her to recover. On Thursday 14 June 1928, Pankhurst died.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 350–352; Bartley, pp. 227–228.</ref>
::[[Image:Belgian pc keyboard.svg|thumb|400px|Belgian keyboard layout]]
The Belgian AZERTY keyboard was developed from the French AZERTY keyboard, but some adaptations were made in the 1980s. All letters remain in the same positions as on the French keyboard, but some signs (?, !, @, -, _, +, =, and §) are in different locations.
== Legacy ==
===QZERTY===
The QZERTY layout is used mostly, if not exclusively, in Italy, where it is very common on [[typewriters]]. Computer keyboards are usually QWERTY, although non-[[alphanumeric]] characters vary.
* Z and W are swapped
* M is moved from the right of N to the right of L, as in AZERTY
==Non-QWERTY keyboards for Roman scripts==
[[Image:Westminster emmeline pankhurst statue 1.jpg|thumb|right|The statue of Pankhurst was erected with unusual speed, as noted by the ''New York Times'': "While the transition from martyrdom to sculptured memorials is familiar, the process in Mrs Pankhurst's case has been unusually brief."<ref>Quoted in Pugh, p. 409.</ref>]]
There are also keyboard layouts that do not resemble QWERTY very closely, if at all. These are designed to reduce finger movement and are claimed by some proponents to offer higher typing speed along with [[Ergonomics|ergonomic]] benefits.
Some languages use the Roman script but with non-QWERTY-based keyboard layouts, such as Latvian and Turkish (the majority of Turkish keyboards are QWERTY, though the “Turkish-F keyboard layout” is older and said to be better suited to the language).
News of Pankhurst's death was announced around the country, and extensively in North America. Her funeral service on 18 June was filled with her former WSPU colleagues and those who had worked beside her in various capacities. The ''Daily Mail'' described the procession as "like a dead general in the midst of a mourning army".<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 353.</ref> Women wore WSPU sashes and ribbons, and the organisation's flag was carried alongside the [[Union Flag]]. Christabel and Sylvia appeared together at the service, the latter with her infamous child. Adela did not attend.<ref>Purvis 2002, pp. 352–353; Bartley, pp. 229–230.</ref> Press coverage around the world recognised her tireless work on behalf of women's right to vote{{–}} even if they didn't agree on the value of her contributions. The New York ''Herald Tribune'' called her "the most remarkable political and social agitator of the early part of the twentieth century and the supreme protagonist of the campaign for the electoral enfranchisement of women".<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 354.</ref>
===Dvorak===
Shortly after the funeral, one of Pankhurst's bodyguards from her WSPU days, Katherine Marshall, began raising funds for a memorial statue of the suffragette leader. In the spring of 1930 her efforts bore fruit, and on 6 March the statue in [[Victoria Tower Gardens]] was unveiled. A crowd of radicals, former suffragettes, and national dignitaries gathered as former Prime Minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] presented the memorial to the public. In his address, Baldwin declared: "I say with no fear of contradiction, that whatever view posterity may take, Mrs. Pankhurst has won for herself a niche in the Temple of Fame which will last for all time."<ref>Quoted in Purvis 2002, p. 357.</ref> Sylvia was the only Pankhurst daughter in attendance; Christabel, touring North America, sent a telegram which was read aloud. While planning the agenda for the day, Marshall had intentionally excluded Sylvia, who in her opinion had hastened Pankhurst's death.<ref>Bartley, pp. 230–231; Purvis 2002, pp. 355–357; Pugh, pp. 409–411. Pugh gives the date as 6 April, while Bartley and Purvis indicate March as the date of the statue's unveiling.</ref>
{{Main article|Dvorak Simplified Keyboard}}
[[Image:KB United States Dvorak.svg|thumb|400px|Dvorak Simplified Keyboard layout]]
This is the best known alternative to QWERTY, also known as the American Simplified Keyboard, ASK layout. (It was named after its inventor, Dr. August Dvorak, not the key order). There are also adaptations for languages other than English, and single handed variants. Dr. Dvorak's original layout had the numerals rearranged, but the present-day layout has them in numerical order.
===Colemak===
During the twentieth century, Pankhurst's value to the movement for women's suffrage has been passionately debated, and no consensus has been achieved. Her daughters Sylvia and Christabel weighed in with books about their time in the struggle, scornful and laudatory, respectively, as expected. Sylvia's 1931 book ''The Suffrage Movement'' describes Pankhurst's political shift at the start of World War I as the beginning of a betrayal of her family, the movement, and{{–}} especially{{–}} her father. It set the tone for much of the socialist and activist history written about the WSPU, and particularly solidified Pankhurst's reputation as an unreasonable autocrat. Christabel's ''Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote'', released in 1959, paints her mother as generous and selfless to a fault, offering herself completely to the most noble causes. It provided a sympathetic counterpart to Sylvia's attacks, and continued the polarised discussion; detached and objective assessment has rarely been a part of Pankhurst scholarship.<ref name="legacy02">Bartley, pp. 4–12; Purvis 2002, pp. 1–8.</ref>
Colemak<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colemak.com/|title=Colemak website|first=Shai|last=Coleman}}</ref> is another public domain alternative to QWERTY that has been designed specifically to be easy to learn for existing QWERTY typists while at the same time being tightly optimised for touch typing and overcoming some of the problems with Dvorak. In January 2008, its inventor estimated that it had around 1600 users worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.colemak.com/viewtopic.php?id=320|title=Statistics for 2007|work=Colemak forums|first=Shai|last=Coleman}}</ref> It is included with the [[X11]] windowing system (and by extension many popular Linux distributions) and the [[NetBSD]] and [[FreeBSD]] operating systems. One particular feature of the layout is that it does away with the [[Caps lock]] key, replacing it with [[Backspace]].
===Turkish===
Recent biographies show that historians differ about whether Pankhurst's militancy helped or hurt the movement;<ref name="legacy02"/><ref name="legacy01"/> however, there is general agreement that the WSPU raised public awareness of the movement in ways that proved essential. Baldwin compared her to [[Martin Luther]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]: individuals who were not the sum total of the movements in which they took part, but who nevertheless played crucial roles in struggles of social and political reform. In the case of Pankhurst, this reform took place in both intentional and unintentional ways. By defying the roles of wife and mother as the docile companion, Pankhurst paved the way for feminists who would later decry her support for empire and conservative social values.<ref name="legacy01">Bartley, pp. 240–241; Purvis 2002, pp. 361–363.</ref>
[[Image:KB Turkey f.svg|thumb|400px|Turkish F Keyboard layout]]
The Turkish language uses the Roman alphabet, and a dedicated keyboard layout was designed in 1955 by Erim Tuna. During its design, the Turkish Language Academy (TDK) investigated letter frequencies in Turkish and used this statistical basis to design the Turkish-F keyboard. It provides a balanced distribution of typing effort between the hands – 49% for the left hand and 51% for the right.
Besides the Turkish-F keyboard, the QWERTY keyboard is used on most computers in Turkey. F keyboards are mostly used in schools or by newspaper editors.
===FrogPad===
Her importance to the United Kingdom was demonstrated again in 1929, when a painting of Pankhurst was added to the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]]. The [[BBC]] dramatised her life in the 1974 miniseries ''Shoulder to Shoulder'', with Welsh actor [[Siân Phillips]] in the role of Emmeline Pankhurst. In 1987 one of her homes in Manchester was opened as the [[Pankhurst Centre]], an all-women gathering space and museum.<ref>Bartley, pp. 240–241.</ref>
The [[FrogPad]] allows entering text with one hand.
== Notes ==
{{Expand-section|date=August 2008}}
{{reflist|3}}
===Chorded keyboards and mobile devices===
== References ==
{{Main article|Chorded keyboard}}
Some layouts have been designed specifically for use with mobile devices. The FITALY layout, which is optimised for use with a stylus to place the most commonly used letters closest to the centre and minimise the distance travelled when entering words. The ATOMIK layout, also designed for stylus use, was developed by IBM using the [[Metropolis Algorithm]] to mathematically minimize the movement necessary to spell words in English.<ref>http://www.almaden.ibm.com/u/zhai/ATOMIK.htm</ref> The ATOMIK keyboard layout is an alternative to QWERTY in ShapeWriter's WritingPad software.<ref>http://www.shapewriter.com/demo.html</ref>
* Bartley, Paula. ''Emmeline Pankhurst''. London: [[Routledge]], 2002. ISBN 0-415-20651-0.
* Fulford, Roger. ''Votes for Women: The Story of a Struggle''. London: Faber and Faber Ltd, 1957. {{OCLC|191255}}
* Holton, Sandra Stanley. ''Suffrage Days: Stories from the Women's Suffrage Movement''. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-10942-6.
* Kamm, Josephine. ''The Story of Mrs Pankhurst''. London: Methuen, 1961. {{OCLC|5627746}}.
* Liddington, Jill and Jill Norris. ''One Hand Tied Behind Us: The Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement''. London: Virago Limited, 1978. ISBN 0-86068-007-X.
* Marcus, Jane, ed. ''Suffrage and the Pankhursts''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987. ISBN 0-7102-0903-7.
* [[Christabel Pankhurst|Pankhurst, Christabel]]. ''Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote''. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1959. {{OCLC|2161124}}.
* Pankhurst, Emmeline. ''My Own Story''. 1914. London: Virago Limited, 1979. ISBN 0-86068-057-6.
* [[Sylvia Pankhurst|Pankhurst, E. Sylvia]]. ''The Suffragette Movement''. 1931. New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1971. {{OCLC|82655317}}.
* Phillips, Melanie. ''The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas Behind It''. London: Abacus, 2004. ISBN 0-349-11660-1.
* Purvis, June. ''Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography''. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-23978-8.
* Purvis, June and Sandra Stanley Holton, eds. ''Votes for Women''. London: Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-21459-9.
* [[Rebecca West|West, Rebecca]]. "A Reed of Steel". ''The Young Rebecca: Writings of Rebecca West 1911–17''. Ed. Jane Marcus. New York: The Viking Press, 1982. ISBN 0-670-79458-9.
[[Chorded keyboard]]s such as the [[Stenotype]] and [[Velotype]] allow letters and words to be entered using combinations of keys in a single stroke. Users of stenotype machines can often reach rates as high as 300 words per minute and these systems are commonly used for realtime transcription by court reporters and in live closed captioning systems.
== External links ==
{{Commons|Emmeline Pankhurst}}
* [http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/pankhurst01.html Emmeline Pankhurst] at [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century]]
* [http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2003/spring/rollyson-conservative-revolutionary/ A Conservative Revolutionary: Emmeline Pankhurst] at the ''[[Virginia Quarterly Review]]''
===Other original layouts and layout design software===
[[Image:KB Maltron 3D US.svg|thumb|400px|United-States Maltron 3D Keyboard-Layout]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pankhurst, Emmeline}}
Several other alternative keyboard layouts have been designed either for use with specialist commercial keyboards (e.g. [[Maltron keyboard|Maltron]] and [[PLUM keyboard|PLUM]]) or by hobbyists (e.g. Asset, Arensito); however, none of them are in widespread use, and many of them are merely proofs of concept. Principles commonly used in their design include maximising use of the home row, minimising finger movement, maximising hand alternation or inward rolls (where successive letters are typed moving towards the centre of the keyboard), minimising changes from QWERTY to ease the learning curve, and so on.
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:British people of World War I]]
[[Category:English suffragists]]
[[Category:British suffragists]]
[[Category:English feminists]]
[[Category:British feminists]]
[[Category:People from Moss Side]]
[[Category:Burials at Brompton Cemetery]]
[[Category:British women's rights activists]]
Programs such as the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator<ref>{{cite web
| title = Your layout (in all likelihood) bores me
[[it:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
| first = Michael
[[he:אמלין פנקהרסט]]
| last = Kaplan
[[nl:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
| date= 2006-11-28
[[ja:エメリン・パンクハースト]]
| accessdate = 2007-07-26
[[no:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
}}</ref> Kiwi is a program where user preferences can be applied to adjust which of the aforementioned principles are applied and to what extent to generate a custom keyboard layout.<ref>{{cite web
[[pl:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
| url=http://www.codeplex.com/evolveakiwi
[[pt:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
| title=Kiwi custom keyboard layout evolver
[[ro:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
| accessdate=2007-09-23
[[qu:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
}}</ref>
[[sr:Емелин Панкхерст]]
[[fi:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
Some high end keyboards such as the [[Kinesis (keyboard)|Kinesis Advantage contoured keyboard]] allow users total flexibility to reprogram keyboard mappings at the hardware level.
[[sv:Emmeline Pankhurst]]
==Keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts==
Some keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts, most notably the Greek layout, are based on the QWERTY layout, in that glyphs are assigned as far as possible to keys that bear similar-sounding or appearing glyphs in QWERTY. This saves learning time for those familiar with QWERTY.
This is not a general rule, and many non-Roman keyboard layouts have been invented from scratch.
All non-Roman computer keyboard layouts have the capacity to be used to input Roman letters as well as the script of the language, for example, when typing in [[Uniform Resource Locator|URLs]] or names. This may be done through a special key on the keyboard devoted to this task, or through some special combination of keys, or through software programs that do not interact with the keyboard much.
The keyboard above has an Arabic AZERTY layout commonly found in [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]], Arabic countries in North Africa that were formerly [[French colonial empire|French colonies]].
The usual Greek layout follows the U.S. layout for letters related to Latin letters (ABDEHIKLMNOPRSTXYZ), substitutes visually or phonetically similar letters (Φ at F; Γ at G) and uses the remaining slots for the remaining Greek letters: Ξ at J; Ψ at C; Ω at V; Θ at U).
Greek has two fewer letters than English, but has two [[Greek diacritics|accents]] which, because of their frequency, are placed on the home row at the U.S. ";" position; they are dead keys. [[sigma|Word-final sigma]] has its own position as well, and semicolon and colon move to the position of Q.
::[[Image:Keyboard layout ua vista ext.png|thumb|none|400px|Ukrainian keyboard layout]]
====[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]====
::[[Image:Keyboard Layout Bulgarian BDS2.png|thumb|400px|Bulgarian BDS keyboard layout]]
The Bulgarian BDS layout.
Transliteration using [[Roman script]] is used only in informal electronic written communication, mainly because of a long history of compatibility issues with different encodings, history of lack of native OS support and user laziness.
The more infrequently used characters are accessed by the Shift key. Despite their wide usage in Thai, western numbers are not present on the main section of the keyboard. Instead they are accessed via the [[numeric keypad]]. The [[Grave accent|backtick]] (`) key is blank, because this key is typically used to switch between input languages.
Khmer uses it own layout roughly matched to the equivalent of its qwerty counterpart. For example, the letter ល IPA: lɔ , is typed on the same space as the letter '''L''' on the English based qwerty. Since most Khmer consonants has two form, the shift key is used to switch between the first and second forms. The glyph for the letter ញ IPA: ɲɔ is also used to type in subscripts when they occur in a cluster. Since spaces are use in Khmer to distinguish sentences and not words, the space option is activated when press with the shift key only. Otherwise it has no effect.
==East Asian languages==
[[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]] require special input methods, often abbreviated to [[CJK]] [[Input method editor|IME]]s, due to the thousands of possible characters in these languages. Various methods have been invented to fit all these possibilities into a normal QWERTY keyboard, so East Asian keyboards are essentially the same as those in other countries. However, their input methods are considerably more complex, without one-to-one mappings between keys and characters.
In general, first the range of possibilities is narrowed down (most often by entering the desired character’s pronunciation), then, if there remains more than one possibility, selecting the desired [[ideogram]] either by typing the number before the character, or using a graphical menu to select it. The computer assists the typist by using [[heuristic]]s to guess which character is most likely desired. Although this may sound clumsy, East Asian input methods are today sufficiently sophisticated that, for both beginners and experts, typing in these languages is only slightly slower than typing English.
In Japanese, the QWERTY-based [[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]] keyboard layout is used, and the pronunciation of each character is entered using [[Hepburn romanization]] or [[Kunrei-shiki]] romanization. There are several [[kana]]-based typing methods. ''See also'' [[Japanese language and computers]].
<!-- typing games of “kana input” is rare -->
Chinese has the most complex and varied input methods. Characters can be entered by pronunciation (like Japanese and Hanja in Korean) or by structure. Most of the structural methods are the most difficult to learn, but they are extremely fast for experienced typists, as they do away with the need for selecting characters from a menu. For a detailed treatment, see [[Chinese input methods for computers]].
There exist a variety of other, slower ways a character may be entered. If the pronunciation of a character is not known, the selection can be narrowed down by giving its component shapes, [[radical (Chinese character)|radical]]s, and [[Stroke (Chinese character)|stroke]] count. Also, many input systems include a “drawing pad” permitting “handwriting” of a character using a [[computer mouse|mouse]]. Finally, if the computer does not have CJK software installed, it may be possible to enter a character directly through its [[character encoding|encoding]] number (e.g. [[Unicode]]).
In contrast to Chinese and Japanese, Korean is typed the same way as Western languages. There are two major kinds of keyboard layouts: dubeolsik and sebeolsik. Dubeolsik, based on the QWERTY keyboard, is more commonly used. While Korean consonants and vowels (''[[Hangul#Jamo|jamo]]'') are grouped together into syllabic grids when written, the script is essentially alphabetical, and therefore typing in Korean is quite simple for someone who understands the Korean alphabet [[Hangul]]. Each ''jamo'' is assigned to a single key. As the user types letters, the computer automatically groups them into syllabic characters. Given a sequence of ''jamo'', there is only one unambiguous way letters can be validly grouped into syllables, so this grouping is done seamlessly by the computer, with the result that Korean can be typed in the same way as English or any other alphabetical language.
====[[Chinese language|Chinese]]====
=====Chinese (traditional)=====
Computers in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] often use [[Zhuyin]] (bopomofo) style keyboards (US keyboards with bopomofo labels), many also with [[Cangjie method]] key labels, as Cangjie is the standard method for speed-typing in Traditional Chinese. The bopomofo style keyboards are in [[lexicographical order]], top-to-bottom left-to-right.
[[Image:Keyboard layout Chinese Traditional.png|thumb|400px|Chinese (traditional) keyboard layout, a US keyboard with Zhuyin, Cangjie and Dayi key labels]]
The codes of three input methods are typically printed on the Chinese (traditional) keyboard: [[Zhuyin]] (upper right); [[Cangjie method|Cangjie]] (lower left); and [[Dayi method|Dayi]] (lower right).
In [[Hong Kong]], both [[Chinese (Traditional)]] and [[United States|US]] keyboards are found. [[Japan]]ese keyboards are occasionally found, but [[United Kingdom|UK]] keyboards are rare.
Other input methods such as Hanyu Pinyin is identical to those of Simplified Chinese's, except the output characters are in Traditional Chinese. The advantage to the user enables speed-typing comparable to Changjie, but lacks the ability to input phonetic accents. This feature is both available on Mac OS X and Windows.
See also [[British and American keyboards]], [[Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong]]
A Chinese (Traditional) keyboard is simply a US layout with [[Chinese input methods for computers|Chinese input method]] labels printed on the keys. Without an [[input method]] handler, these keyboards would respond to Latin characters, provided that [[Keyboard layout#US|US keyboard layout]] is selected in the [[operating system]].
=====Chinese (simpified)=====
Keyboards used in the [[mainland China|mainland]] of the [[People’s Republic of China]] typically use a [[keyboard layout#US|US]]<!--clearly states that keyboard in PRC are US ones, not UK ones--> keyboard and input Chinese characters using [[Hanyu pinyin]], which represents the sounds of Chinese characters using Latin letters. Keyboards can occasionally be found with labels for alternative input methods such as [[Wubi method]], but those are rare.
<!--Insert Chinese (simpified) keyboard layout here-->
See the section on Chinese languages above, and also [[Chinese input methods for computers]].
Dubeolshik (두벌식) is the most common Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. Pressing the Ha/En (한/영) key once switches between Hangul as shown, and English. There is another key to the left of the space bar for [[Hanja]] input (not shown in picture). If using a standard 104-key keyboard, the right Alt key will become the Ha/En key, and the right Ctrl key will become the Hanja key. Alternate keyboard styles exist, such as those used by IBM mainframes, but these are rarely used. [[Consonant]]s occupy the left side of the layout, while [[vowel]]s are on the right.
=====Sebeolsik 390=====
[[Image:Sebeolsik 390 small modified 2.PNG|thumb|400px|Sebeolsik 390 Hangul keyboard layout]]
Sebeolsik 390 (세벌식 390) was released in 1990, hence its name. It is based on Dr. Kong’s earlier work. This layout is notable for its compatibility with the QWERTY layout; almost all QWERTY symbols that are not alphanumeric are available in Hangul mode. Numbers are placed in three rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right (shown green in the picture), and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left (shown red). Some consonant clusters are not printed on the keyboard; the user has to press multiple consonant keys to input some consonant clusters, unlike Sebeolsik Final. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.
=====Sebeolsik Final=====
[[Image:Sebeolsik Hangul.png|thumb|400px|Sebeolsik Final Hangul keyboard layout]]
Sebeolsik Final (세벌식 최종) is another Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. Numbers are placed on two rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right, and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left. Vowels are in the middle. All consonant clusters are available on the keyboard, unlike the Sebeolsik 390 which does not include all of them. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.
=====Sebeolsik Noshift=====
::[[Image:Sebeolsik Noshift small modified.PNG|thumb|400px|Sebeolsik Noshift Hangeul keyboard layout]]
Sebeolsik Noshift is a variant of sebeolsik which can be used without pressing the [[shift key]]. Its advantage is that people with [[Disability|disabilities]] who cannot press two keys at the same time will still be able to use it to type in Hangul.
====[[Japanese language|Japanese]]====
[[Image:KB Japanese.svg|thumb|400px|Japanese keyboard layout with Hiragana keys (unfinished)]]
JIS layout, with Japanese [[kana]] in addition to a QWERTY style layout.
For entering Japanese, the most common method is entering text phonetically, as [[Romanization of Japanese|romanized]] (transliterated) kana, which are then converted to [[kanji]] as appropriate by an [[input method editor]]. It is also possible to type kana directly, as input to the conversion step.
The [[Language input keys|extra keys]] in the bottom row, and the changed keys in the leftmost column, control various aspects of the conversion process and select different modes of input.
For more details, see the section on [[Keyboard layout#East Asian languages|East Asian languages]] above, also the articles [[Japanese language and computers]], [[Japanese input methods]], and [[Language input keys]].
<!--Other Japanese keyboard layouts are not covered in this section. Hope some wikipedian can add the instruction of these in here. -->
The [[Chinese National Standard]] on Tibetan Keyboard Layout standardises a layout for the Tibetan language.<ref>[http://www.yalasoo.com/English/docs/yalasoo_en_MStbKb.html yalasoo English<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The first version of Microsoft Windows to support the Tibetan keyboard layout is Windows Vista. The layout has been available in Linux since September 2007.
==See also==
{{commonscat|Keyboard layouts}}
*[[Alphanumeric keyboard]]
*[[British and American keyboards]]
*[[Chinese input methods for computers]]
*[[Computer keyboard]]
*[[FITALY|FITALY Layout]]
*[[ISO/IEC 9995]]
*[[Japanese language and computers]]
*[[Language code]]
*[[QWERTY]] – includes description of history
*[[Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong]]
*[[Unicode]]
*[[Urdu keyboard]]
==Layout philosophy==
Mechanical layouts only address tangible differences among keyboards. When a key is pressed, a keyboard sends a message such as ''The left-most main key of the home row is depressed'', not ''a''. The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter ''A'' or the digit ''9''. A given keyboard typically falls into one of three broad categories, usually referred to as simply ''ISO'', ''ANSI'', or ''JIS'', referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant world-wide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. ''Keyboard layout'' in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, [[as of May 2008]] [[Apple Inc]] produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms. The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79, 78, and 80.
Visual layouts vary by language, country, and user preference. A computer or operating system normally cannot discover the visual layout of an attached keyboard. Keyboards of the same mechanical layout can have various visual layouts. For example, ISO keyboard mechanisms are used throughout Europe, but typical French, German, and U.K. variants of mechanically-identical keyboards ''appear'' different because they bear different legends on their keys. To extend the example of Apple above, the extended keyboards sold in each of these three markets are all the same 110-key ISO mechanical layout, but with quite different legends on the keys. Even blank keyboards — with no legends — are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference. The visual layout of any keyboard can be changed by simply replacing its keys or attaching labels to them, and in many cases the layout can even be changed by rearranging the existing keys, such as to change an English-language keyboard from the common QWERTY to the [[Dvorak Simplified Keyboard|Dvorak]] layout, although for touch typists, the placement of the tactile bumps on the home keys is of more practical importance than that of the visual markings.
Functional layouts are determined in software. When a keyboard sends a message such as ''The left-most main key of the home row is depressed'', the functional layout specifies what that event means, like ''a''. Most commonly, a functional layout is chosen to match the visual layout of an attached keyboard, so that pressing a key with a given legend produces the expected result. A computer [[operating system]] is usually aware of only the mechanical layout of each attached keyboard, but not of its visual layout, and any functional layout can be chosen by each user regardless of the markings (or lack of markings) on an attached keyboard. For example, a user of a Swedish keyboard who wishes to type more easily in German may switch to a functional layout intended for German — without regard to key markings — just as a Dvorak touch typist may choose a Dvorak layout regardless of the visual layout of the keyboard used.
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page.(October 2008)
A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key–meaning associations (respectively) of a computer, typewriter, or other typographic keyboard.
Mechanical layout: The placements and shapes of the various tangible keys of a keyboard.
Visual layout: The arrangement of the legends (markings) that appear on the keys of a keyboard.
Functional layout: The arrangement of the key–meaning associations, determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard.
Keyboard structure
A key labeled with only a single letter (usually the capital form) can generally be struck to type either a lower case or a capital letter, the latter requiring the simultaneous holding of the shift key, often labeled “⇧”. The shift key is also used to type the upper of two symbols on a given key, the lower being typed without using the shift key. Keyboards often have what is effectively a secondary shift key, used to type symbols beyond the two otherwise available with each key. These symbols may appear to the right of the main symbols on the keys, or they may be unmarked. This secondary shift key is marked Alt Gr or option on many systems.
The common keyboard structure also includes the control and alternative (alt) keys. These, along with shift, caps lock, option, command, and the like are called modifier keys. There are also function keys, with various functions as determined by software.
Dead key
A dead key or key combination does not generate a character when struck, but modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after. On some systems, there is no indication to the user that a dead key has been struck, but in some text-entry systems the diacritical mark is displayed along with an indication that the system is waiting for another keystroke: either the base character to be marked, an additional diacritical mark, or space to produce the diacritical mark in isolation.
Many languages use the Roman alphabet and have diacritically-marked letters for which unique keys do not exist on all keyboards. For example, on some keyboard layouts, the acute accent key is a dead key; in this case, striking acute accent then a results in á. Acute accent followed by space results in an acute accent in isolate form.
Most modern keyboards conform to the ISO 9995 layout. This layout was first defined by the user group at AFNOR in 1984 working under the direction of Alain Souloumiac (Alain Souloumiac, Les perspectives de l’informatique, La Documentation Francaise 1983, p.72). Based on this work, a well known ergonomic expert wrote a report (Yves Neuville, Le clavier bureautique et informatique, Cedic-Natan 1985) which was adopted at the ISO Berlin meeting in 1985 and became the reference for the keyboards’ layout.
In Mac OS X, many keyboard layouts employ dead keys. The U.S. Extended layout employs dead keys extensively (reached with option and option-shift) allowing a large inventory of characters to be easily typed. In the U.S. layout, the following smaller selection of dead keys appears (all reached with simply option):
´
option-e (á, é, í, ó, ú)
`
option-` (à, è, ì, ò, ù)
¨
option-u (ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ)
ˆ
option-i (â, ê, î, ô, û)
˜
option-n (ã, õ, ñ)
The user simply types the base character after striking the dead key. For example, the key-strokes option-e and e result in the character é. In Mac OS X, pressing one of these key combinations creates the accent and highlights it, then the final character appears when the key for the base character is pressed. Some diacritically-marked Latin letters, of course, such as ŵ (used in Welsh), cannot be typed with the U.S. layout. That layout, which predates Unicode, provides access only to characters found in the legacy Mac Roman character set and does not support other diacritics, such as ˇ (caron), that are not commonly found in Western European languages (but which are commonly used in many Eastern European languages). However, the Mac OS X U.S. Extended keyboard layout, which was released after Unicode support became common, does provide access to many more diacritics.
The X Window System (used by most Unix-likeoperating systems, including most Linux distributions) support a Compose key. This dead key allows access to a wide range of extra characters by interpreting the next two keystrokes following it. Some keyboards have a key labelled "Compose", but any key can be configured to serve this function.
Note on keyboard layouts
The following layouts assume that the physical locations of the keys are the same as on a US 102-key PC/AT keyboard. In practice, keyboards from other countries may have keys in different locations. However, on a US 102-key PC/AT keyboard with an operating system configured for a non-English language, the keys are placed differently; “Dead keys” (see above) appear in red, and characters accessed using the AltGr key appear at the bottom right of the corresponding key, or in some images in blue.
Another situation takes place with “national” layouts.
Keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to release the space for Ñ ñ;
similarly, those for French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç .
Keyboards designed for Japanese, may have special keys to switch between Japanese typing and the Roman alphabet and vice-versa;
and the character ¥ instead of \.
Using such keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not
correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the keys, because the
standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages (see the example in the figure above).
However, in some special cases (For example, typing English at the English keyboard), the image at the physical key
may correspond to the character it generates.
Most of the operating systems allow switching between keyboard layouts, usually those combinations involve register keys and are not used for normal operations or text entry (companies like Microsoft reserve Alt+Shift or Ctrl+Shift register control keys for sequential layout switching, those keys were inherited from old DOS keyboard drivers). Keyboard manufacturers usually print second alphabet on the empty part of the key for markets they sell computers or keyboards on. The second alphabet can also be added with extension products like keyboard stickers manufactured by different companies.
Many Unix workstation keyboards place the Control key to the left of the letter A, and the Caps Lock key in the bottom left. This layout is often preferred by programmers as it makes the Control key easier to reach. This position of the Control key is also used on the XO laptop, although the XO does not have a Caps Lock.
QWERTY based layouts for Roman script
Although there are a large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Roman script, most of these layouts are quite similar. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters.
While the core of the keyboard, the alphabetic section, remains fairly constant, and the numbers from 1–9 are almost invariably on the top row, keyboards differ vastly in:
the placement of punctuation characters,
which punctuation characters are included,
whether numbers are accessible directly or in a shift-state,
the presence and placement of accent deadkeys and accented characters.
By far the most widespread layout in use, and the only one that is not confined to a particular geographical area. Keys like “enter” and “caps lock” have not been translated to the language of the keyboard in question.
This keyboard layout is used by some Canadians. English-speaking Canadians mostly use the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis while French-speaking Canadians favor the Canadian French keyboard layout.
A remarkable characteristic of the Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard is the number and variety of its shift states and dead keys, thanks to which it can be used to type many accented Latin characters, including such exotic letters as the ġ (dotted g) of Maltese or the ĵ (circumflexed j) of Esperanto. Though this keyboard lacks the caret (^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the accent circumflex followed by a space.
This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. It is the most popular layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards targeting French speakers. Although not as versatile as the Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard, it can be used to type all accented French characters. Of course, it allows to write English as well. It remains popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians.
Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish accentuated letters accessed directly (and QWERTZ is officially approved Polish standard called PN-87 or "klawiatura maszynistki", "typist keyboard", however, it is widely ignored standard), while practically all computers (except custom-made, e.g., in public sector and some Apple computers) use standard US layout (commonly called Polish programmers layout; in Polish: polski programisty) with Polish letters accessed through AltGr (AltGr-Z giving “Ż” and AltGr-X giving “Ź”).
Also, on MS Windows, the tilde character (shift+`) acts as a dead key to type Polish diacritical marks; thus, to obtain an “ł”, one may press ~ followed by l. The tilde character is obtained with ~ and space.
The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a “primary” one and a “secondary” one.
Romanian SR 13392:2004 keyboard layout
The “primary” layout is intended for more traditional users that learned long ago how to type with older, Microsoft-style implementations of the Romanian keyboard. The “secondary” layout is mainly used by programmers and it doesn’t contradict the physical arrangement of keys on a US-style keyboard. The „secondary” arrangement is used as the default one by the majority of GNU/Linux distributions.
There are four Romanian-specific characters that are incorrectly implemented in all Microsoft Windows versions before Vista:
– “S with comma below” (Unicode 0218) – incorrectly implemented as “S with cedilla below” (Unicode 015E)
– “s with comma below” (Unicode 0219) – incorrectly implemented as “s with cedilla below” (Unicode 015F)
– “T with comma below” (Unicode 021A) – incorrectly implemented as “T with cedilla below” (Unicode 0162)
– “t with comma below” (Unicode 021B) – incorrectly implemented as “t with cedilla below” (Unicode 0163)
Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a driver that allows the Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard, in all Windows versions previous to Vista. It uses the right AltGr key modifier to generate the characters. The keyboard driver is available at http://www.secarica.ro/html/ro_keyboard.html (text is in Romanian).
The Spanish (Spain) keyboard layout also includes characters required for typing the Catalan language: Ç, the grave accent and interpunct (punt volat, used in l·l) at Shift-3.
The Spanish (Latin America) keyboard layout is used throughout Central and South America, but the use of the Spanish (Spain) layout is also not uncommon due to many Operating Systems defaulting to the Spanish (Spain) layout when the user selects Spanish as the default language (GNU/Linux) or installing the Spanish version (Windows).
United Kingdom and Ireland (except Windows) keyboard layout
Very slightly different Microsoft Windows “Irish” layout
The United Kingdom and Ireland[1] use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in British Standard BS 4822.[2] It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an extra key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #, ~, \, |. See the article British and American keyboards for details.
The default keyboard layout for Ireland on Microsoft Windows (called “Irish”) makes three minor deviations from the UK norm. The keyboards have the same keys with the same markings but (1) the default use for key left of “1”, is a grave dead key (this change is also made on UK-Extended); (2) when AltGr is pressed, the apostrophe key becomes an acute dead key; and (3) AltGr+vowel produces the acute-accent form of that vowel (e.g., AltGr+a = á, AltGr+E = É).
The BS 4822:1994 standard does not make any use of the AltGr key and lacks support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £. It also assigns a key for the non-ASCII character broken bar (¦), but lacks one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar (|). It also lacks support for Welsh orthography. Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard:
The B00 key (left of Z) shifted results in vertical bar (|) on some systems (e.g., Microsoft Windows’ UK/Ireland keyboard layout and Linux/X11 UK/Ireland keyboard layout), rather than the broken bar (¦) assigned by BS 4822 and provided in some systems (e.g., OS/2’s UK166 keyboard layout)
The E00 key (left of 1) with AltGr provides either vertical bar (|) (OS/2’s UK166 keyboard layout, Linux/X11 UK keyboard layout) or broken bar (¦) (Microsoft Windows’ UK/Ireland keyboard layout)
Windows XP SP2 and later also offer a “United Kingdom Extended” keyboard layout which allows input for many languages (including Welsh, a UK language) without changing any of the allocations of frequently-used keys (the rarely-used grave accent key becomes a dead key). In particular, the apostrophe key is not changed into a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed, as used by the US International layout.
The grave accent becomes a dead key which adds a grave accent to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,or Y, generating à, è, etc.
a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y with acute accent (á, é, etc.) are generated either by pressing AltGr and the relevant character key simultaneously, or AltGr and apostrophe (acting as a dead key combination) followed by the character. Some programs assign functions to the combination of AltGr and a letter, in which case the AltGr and apostrophe method must be used to generate acute accents.
AltGr and 6 acts as a dead key combination to add a circumflex to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y (â, ê, etc.). The shifted 6 key generates the caret (^), which looks like a circumflex (mnemonic).
AltGr and 2 acts as a dead key combination to add a diaeresis to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y (ä, ë, etc.). The shifted 2 key on a UK keyboard generates the double quote ("), which looks a bit like a diaeresis (mnemonic).
AltGr and hash (#) acts as a dead key combination to add a tilde (~) to a subsequent a,n,o,A,N,O (ã, ñ, etc.). The shifted # key on a UK keyboard generates the tilde character (~) (mnemonic).
The US keyboard layout has a second Alt key instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys, and thus offers no way of inputting any sort of diacritic or accent; this makes it unsuitable for all but a handful of languages. However, on some operating systems (including Windows), the layout can be set to US-International which allows for dead keys but still uses the standard US keyboard. The right Alt key then acts as an AltGr key. On the other hand, the US or UK keyboard layout is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for []{} are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout.[3]
The US keyboard layout can be configured to type accents efficiently. This is known as the US-International layout. Using the same layout as the US keyboard, accented characters can be typed by pressing the appropriate accent key, then the letter on the keyboard in its unaccented form. Accent keys share the same key as ', `, ", ^ and ~.
An accent key is activated by pressing it (without holding it), and next pressing the letter that requires an accent. After the two strokes, the single accented character would appear on the screen. Note that only certain letters (such as vowels and n) can have accents in this way. If one wishes to use the normal single quotation mark, caret and so on, one would press the accent key followed by the spacebar. Accented characters can be typed with the following combinations:
' the letter (é)
` the letter (è)
" the letter (ë)
^ the letter (ê)
~ the letter (ñ)
Thus, in this sense, the keys ', `, ", ^ and ~ are dead keys when first depressed, then become normal keys functioning in the same way as keys on the US keyboard if the spacebar is pressed.
There are also alternative US-International formats, whereby modifier keys such as shift and alt are used, and the placement of the accented characters are different from the placement of their unaccented counterparts.
The US-International keyboard layout is used in the Netherlands.
In The Netherlands often just a second Alt is shown instead of AltGr, but it has the same function. The standard Dutch layout is rarely used, excluding very few specialized industries.
The QWERTZ layout is fairly widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe. The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters.
The PC keyboard layout commonly used in Germany and Austria is based on one defined in an old (October 1988) version of the German standard DIN 2137-2. The characters ² ³ { [] } \ @ € | µ ~ are accessed by holding the Alt Gr key and tapping the other key. The Alt key on the left will not access these additional characters.
The accent keys ^ ` ´ are dead keys: press and release an accent key, then press a vowel key to produce accented characters (ô, á, ù, etc.). One problem with German keyboards when used to type English text is that users frequently mistype a spacing accent instead of an apostrophe (e.g., it´s or it`s instead of correctly it’s).[4]
Note that the semi-colon and colon are accessed by using the Shift (large arrow up) key.
Abbreviations on a German keyboard: Strg = Steuerung – control (Ctrl); Alt Gr = Alternate Graphics (Right Alt, or Strg+Alt (Ctrl+Alt) keys simultaneously); Einfg = Einfügen – insert (Ins)(“add in” – insert); Entf = Entfernen – delete (Del); Bild↑ = Bild auf – page up (PgUp); Bild↓ = Bild ab – page down (PgDn); Pos 1 = Position eins – Home (“position one”).
Druck\S-Abf stands for Print Screen, Rollen (to roll) is Scroll Lock, and Pause\Untbr (Pausing, Unterbrechen = break, stop) is Break. The numeric keypad sometimes has the multiplication sign (×) instead of the asterisk (*).
Note too, that the DIN sets an uncommon behaviour of Caps Lock which is correctly described as Shift Lock. When pressed, all keys are shifted, including numbers and special characters. To release, you need to press the Shift key below Shift Lock (as on mechanical typewriters). The sign on the key is a large arrow down, on newer designs pointing to an uppercase A key.
In IT, an alternative behavior is often preferred, usually described as “IBM”, which is the same as Caps Lock on English keyboards – only letters are shifted, and hitting Caps Lock again releases it.
The Bosnian, Croatian, Slovene and Serbian (latin) keyboard layout has five additional special characters Č, Ć, Ž, Š and Đ. This keyboard layout was standardized in the 1980s in Yugoslavia. Characters Ć and Đ are not part of the Slovene alphabet however they are used for historical reasons and for writing words in the closely-related Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian languages. The Ž is on the right side of the Ć key on keyboards which have a longer Backspace key, and the usual inverted L shaped Enter key.
The layout of the Swiss keyboard is designed to allow easy access to frequently used accents of the French, German and Italian languages. The difference between the Swiss German (sg) and the Swiss French (sf) layout is that the German variety has the German umlauts (ä, ö, ü) accessible without shift, while the French version has the French accented characters (é, à, è) accessible without shift. The actual keyboards have the keys engraved for both variations, the difference is only in the driver setting. There is no separate driver setting for Swiss Italian.
Swiss German does not include the ß used in Germany and Austria, and so that letter is not found on the keyboard. Capital Umlaut letters are written using caps lock and then pressing the corresponding Umlaut. Pressing shift and the Umlaut key would result in a lowercase letter of the corresponding french vowel (é, à, è) or vice versa, however.
Whilst the German keyboard uses German-language abbreviations (e.g. Strg for German Steuerung instead of Ctrl for Control), Swiss keyboards use the English abbreviations as a neutral solution, as they are used for all the national languages of Switzerland.
Luxembourg does not have a keyboard layout of its own. Public education uses the Swiss-French keyboard, while the banking sector prefers the Belgian layout. Other places use either, or the US layout. Liechtenstein, which also has no keyboard layout of its own, uses the Swiss German keyboard.
The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout thus:
A and Q are swapped,
Z and W are swapped,
M is moved to the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard),
The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters.
The French AZERTY keyboard also has special characters used in the French language, such as ç, à, é and è, and other characters such as &, ", ' and §, all located under the numbers.
Some French people use the Canadian Multilingual standard keyboard. The Portuguese (Portugal) keyboard layout may also be preferred, as it provides all French accents (aigu, grave, tréma, tilde, circumflex, cedilla, and also quotation marks «») and its dead-letter option for all the accent keys allow for easy input of all the possibilities in French and most other languages (áàäãâéèëêíìïîóòöõôúùüû). Ç is, however, a separate key, as can be seen above.
The Belgian AZERTY keyboard was developed from the French AZERTY keyboard, but some adaptations were made in the 1980s. All letters remain in the same positions as on the French keyboard, but some signs (?, !, @, -, _, +, =, and §) are in different locations.
QZERTY
The QZERTY layout is used mostly, if not exclusively, in Italy, where it is very common on typewriters. Computer keyboards are usually QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary.
Z and W are swapped
M is moved from the right of N to the right of L, as in AZERTY
Non-QWERTY keyboards for Roman scripts
There are also keyboard layouts that do not resemble QWERTY very closely, if at all. These are designed to reduce finger movement and are claimed by some proponents to offer higher typing speed along with ergonomic benefits.
Some languages use the Roman script but with non-QWERTY-based keyboard layouts, such as Latvian and Turkish (the majority of Turkish keyboards are QWERTY, though the “Turkish-F keyboard layout” is older and said to be better suited to the language).
This is the best known alternative to QWERTY, also known as the American Simplified Keyboard, ASK layout. (It was named after its inventor, Dr. August Dvorak, not the key order). There are also adaptations for languages other than English, and single handed variants. Dr. Dvorak's original layout had the numerals rearranged, but the present-day layout has them in numerical order.
Colemak
The Colemak keyboard layout.
Colemak[5] is another public domain alternative to QWERTY that has been designed specifically to be easy to learn for existing QWERTY typists while at the same time being tightly optimised for touch typing and overcoming some of the problems with Dvorak. In January 2008, its inventor estimated that it had around 1600 users worldwide.[6] It is included with the X11 windowing system (and by extension many popular Linux distributions) and the NetBSD and FreeBSD operating systems. One particular feature of the layout is that it does away with the Caps lock key, replacing it with Backspace.
Turkish
Turkish F Keyboard layoutTurkish Q Keyboard layout
The Turkish language uses the Roman alphabet, and a dedicated keyboard layout was designed in 1955 by Erim Tuna. During its design, the Turkish Language Academy (TDK) investigated letter frequencies in Turkish and used this statistical basis to design the Turkish-F keyboard. It provides a balanced distribution of typing effort between the hands – 49% for the left hand and 51% for the right.
Besides the Turkish-F keyboard, the QWERTY keyboard is used on most computers in Turkey. F keyboards are mostly used in schools or by newspaper editors.
Some layouts have been designed specifically for use with mobile devices. The FITALY layout, which is optimised for use with a stylus to place the most commonly used letters closest to the centre and minimise the distance travelled when entering words. The ATOMIK layout, also designed for stylus use, was developed by IBM using the Metropolis Algorithm to mathematically minimize the movement necessary to spell words in English.[7] The ATOMIK keyboard layout is an alternative to QWERTY in ShapeWriter's WritingPad software.[8]
Chorded keyboards such as the Stenotype and Velotype allow letters and words to be entered using combinations of keys in a single stroke. Users of stenotype machines can often reach rates as high as 300 words per minute and these systems are commonly used for realtime transcription by court reporters and in live closed captioning systems.
Other original layouts and layout design software
United-States Maltron 3D Keyboard-Layout
Several other alternative keyboard layouts have been designed either for use with specialist commercial keyboards (e.g. Maltron and PLUM) or by hobbyists (e.g. Asset, Arensito); however, none of them are in widespread use, and many of them are merely proofs of concept. Principles commonly used in their design include maximising use of the home row, minimising finger movement, maximising hand alternation or inward rolls (where successive letters are typed moving towards the centre of the keyboard), minimising changes from QWERTY to ease the learning curve, and so on.
Programs such as the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator[9] and KbdEdit[10] make it very easy for users to create their own layouts or modify existing ones to suit their own typing patterns and needs.[11] Kiwi is a program where user preferences can be applied to adjust which of the aforementioned principles are applied and to what extent to generate a custom keyboard layout.[12]
Some high end keyboards such as the Kinesis Advantage contoured keyboard allow users total flexibility to reprogram keyboard mappings at the hardware level.
Keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts
Some keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts, most notably the Greek layout, are based on the QWERTY layout, in that glyphs are assigned as far as possible to keys that bear similar-sounding or appearing glyphs in QWERTY. This saves learning time for those familiar with QWERTY.
This is not a general rule, and many non-Roman keyboard layouts have been invented from scratch.
All non-Roman computer keyboard layouts have the capacity to be used to input Roman letters as well as the script of the language, for example, when typing in URLs or names. This may be done through a special key on the keyboard devoted to this task, or through some special combination of keys, or through software programs that do not interact with the keyboard much.
The keyboard above has an Arabic AZERTY layout commonly found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, Arabic countries in North Africa that were formerly French colonies.
The usual Greek layout follows the U.S. layout for letters related to Latin letters (ABDEHIKLMNOPRSTXYZ), substitutes visually or phonetically similar letters (Φ at F; Γ at G) and uses the remaining slots for the remaining Greek letters: Ξ at J; Ψ at C; Ω at V; Θ at U).
Greek has two fewer letters than English, but has two accents which, because of their frequency, are placed on the home row at the U.S. ";" position; they are dead keys. Word-final sigma has its own position as well, and semicolon and colon move to the position of Q.
Transliteration using Roman script is used only in informal electronic written communication, mainly because of a long history of compatibility issues with different encodings, history of lack of native OS support and user laziness.
The more infrequently used characters are accessed by the Shift key. Despite their wide usage in Thai, western numbers are not present on the main section of the keyboard. Instead they are accessed via the numeric keypad. The backtick (`) key is blank, because this key is typically used to switch between input languages.
Khmer uses it own layout roughly matched to the equivalent of its qwerty counterpart. For example, the letter ល IPA: lɔ , is typed on the same space as the letter L on the English based qwerty. Since most Khmer consonants has two form, the shift key is used to switch between the first and second forms. The glyph for the letter ញ IPA: ɲɔ is also used to type in subscripts when they occur in a cluster. Since spaces are use in Khmer to distinguish sentences and not words, the space option is activated when press with the shift key only. Otherwise it has no effect.
East Asian languages
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean require special input methods, often abbreviated to CJKIMEs, due to the thousands of possible characters in these languages. Various methods have been invented to fit all these possibilities into a normal QWERTY keyboard, so East Asian keyboards are essentially the same as those in other countries. However, their input methods are considerably more complex, without one-to-one mappings between keys and characters.
In general, first the range of possibilities is narrowed down (most often by entering the desired character’s pronunciation), then, if there remains more than one possibility, selecting the desired ideogram either by typing the number before the character, or using a graphical menu to select it. The computer assists the typist by using heuristics to guess which character is most likely desired. Although this may sound clumsy, East Asian input methods are today sufficiently sophisticated that, for both beginners and experts, typing in these languages is only slightly slower than typing English.
Chinese has the most complex and varied input methods. Characters can be entered by pronunciation (like Japanese and Hanja in Korean) or by structure. Most of the structural methods are the most difficult to learn, but they are extremely fast for experienced typists, as they do away with the need for selecting characters from a menu. For a detailed treatment, see Chinese input methods for computers.
There exist a variety of other, slower ways a character may be entered. If the pronunciation of a character is not known, the selection can be narrowed down by giving its component shapes, radicals, and stroke count. Also, many input systems include a “drawing pad” permitting “handwriting” of a character using a mouse. Finally, if the computer does not have CJK software installed, it may be possible to enter a character directly through its encoding number (e.g. Unicode).
In contrast to Chinese and Japanese, Korean is typed the same way as Western languages. There are two major kinds of keyboard layouts: dubeolsik and sebeolsik. Dubeolsik, based on the QWERTY keyboard, is more commonly used. While Korean consonants and vowels (jamo) are grouped together into syllabic grids when written, the script is essentially alphabetical, and therefore typing in Korean is quite simple for someone who understands the Korean alphabet Hangul. Each jamo is assigned to a single key. As the user types letters, the computer automatically groups them into syllabic characters. Given a sequence of jamo, there is only one unambiguous way letters can be validly grouped into syllables, so this grouping is done seamlessly by the computer, with the result that Korean can be typed in the same way as English or any other alphabetical language.
Computers in Taiwan often use Zhuyin (bopomofo) style keyboards (US keyboards with bopomofo labels), many also with Cangjie method key labels, as Cangjie is the standard method for speed-typing in Traditional Chinese. The bopomofo style keyboards are in lexicographical order, top-to-bottom left-to-right.
Chinese (traditional) keyboard layout, a US keyboard with Zhuyin, Cangjie and Dayi key labels
The codes of three input methods are typically printed on the Chinese (traditional) keyboard: Zhuyin (upper right); Cangjie (lower left); and Dayi (lower right).
Other input methods such as Hanyu Pinyin is identical to those of Simplified Chinese's, except the output characters are in Traditional Chinese. The advantage to the user enables speed-typing comparable to Changjie, but lacks the ability to input phonetic accents. This feature is both available on Mac OS X and Windows.
Keyboards used in the mainland of the People’s Republic of China typically use a US keyboard and input Chinese characters using Hanyu pinyin, which represents the sounds of Chinese characters using Latin letters. Keyboards can occasionally be found with labels for alternative input methods such as Wubi method, but those are rare.
Dubeolshik (두벌식) is the most common Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. Pressing the Ha/En (한/영) key once switches between Hangul as shown, and English. There is another key to the left of the space bar for Hanja input (not shown in picture). If using a standard 104-key keyboard, the right Alt key will become the Ha/En key, and the right Ctrl key will become the Hanja key. Alternate keyboard styles exist, such as those used by IBM mainframes, but these are rarely used. Consonants occupy the left side of the layout, while vowels are on the right.
Sebeolsik 390
Sebeolsik 390 Hangul keyboard layout
Sebeolsik 390 (세벌식 390) was released in 1990, hence its name. It is based on Dr. Kong’s earlier work. This layout is notable for its compatibility with the QWERTY layout; almost all QWERTY symbols that are not alphanumeric are available in Hangul mode. Numbers are placed in three rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right (shown green in the picture), and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left (shown red). Some consonant clusters are not printed on the keyboard; the user has to press multiple consonant keys to input some consonant clusters, unlike Sebeolsik Final. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.
Sebeolsik Final
Sebeolsik Final Hangul keyboard layout
Sebeolsik Final (세벌식 최종) is another Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. Numbers are placed on two rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right, and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left. Vowels are in the middle. All consonant clusters are available on the keyboard, unlike the Sebeolsik 390 which does not include all of them. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.
Sebeolsik Noshift
Sebeolsik Noshift Hangeul keyboard layout
Sebeolsik Noshift is a variant of sebeolsik which can be used without pressing the shift key. Its advantage is that people with disabilities who cannot press two keys at the same time will still be able to use it to type in Hangul.
Japanese keyboard layout with Hiragana keys (unfinished)
JIS layout, with Japanese kana in addition to a QWERTY style layout.
For entering Japanese, the most common method is entering text phonetically, as romanized (transliterated) kana, which are then converted to kanji as appropriate by an input method editor. It is also possible to type kana directly, as input to the conversion step.
The extra keys in the bottom row, and the changed keys in the leftmost column, control various aspects of the conversion process and select different modes of input.
The first version of Microsoft Windows to support the Tibetan keyboard layout is Windows Vista. The layout has been available in Linux since September 2007.
Mechanical layouts only address tangible differences among keyboards. When a key is pressed, a keyboard sends a message such as The left-most main key of the home row is depressed, not a. The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter A or the digit 9. A given keyboard typically falls into one of three broad categories, usually referred to as simply ISO, ANSI, or JIS, referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant world-wide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. Keyboard layout in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, as of May 2008Apple Inc produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms. The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79, 78, and 80.
Visual layouts vary by language, country, and user preference. A computer or operating system normally cannot discover the visual layout of an attached keyboard. Keyboards of the same mechanical layout can have various visual layouts. For example, ISO keyboard mechanisms are used throughout Europe, but typical French, German, and U.K. variants of mechanically-identical keyboards appear different because they bear different legends on their keys. To extend the example of Apple above, the extended keyboards sold in each of these three markets are all the same 110-key ISO mechanical layout, but with quite different legends on the keys. Even blank keyboards — with no legends — are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference. The visual layout of any keyboard can be changed by simply replacing its keys or attaching labels to them, and in many cases the layout can even be changed by rearranging the existing keys, such as to change an English-language keyboard from the common QWERTY to the Dvorak layout, although for touch typists, the placement of the tactile bumps on the home keys is of more practical importance than that of the visual markings.
Functional layouts are determined in software. When a keyboard sends a message such as The left-most main key of the home row is depressed, the functional layout specifies what that event means, like a. Most commonly, a functional layout is chosen to match the visual layout of an attached keyboard, so that pressing a key with a given legend produces the expected result. A computer operating system is usually aware of only the mechanical layout of each attached keyboard, but not of its visual layout, and any functional layout can be chosen by each user regardless of the markings (or lack of markings) on an attached keyboard. For example, a user of a Swedish keyboard who wishes to type more easily in German may switch to a functional layout intended for German — without regard to key markings — just as a Dvorak touch typist may choose a Dvorak layout regardless of the visual layout of the keyboard used.
Notes and references
^There is a separate Irish Gaelic keyboard layout, but this is rarely used. In all common operating systems that have a different selection for Irish, this refers to the layout that is identical with the UK layout (with the exception of Windows, where the grave dead key is enabled by default, and when AltGr is pressed, apostrophe becomes an acute dead key), not the Irish Gaelic layout; the latter tends to be called Gaelic or similar.
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
