FreeBSD

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FreeBSD
Screenshot of FreeBSD 6.2
FreeBSD with Message of the Day
developer The FreeBSD Project
License (s) BSD license
First publ. November 1, 1993
Current  version 12.1 of November 4, 2019
(295 days ago)
Kernel monolithic
ancestry Before version 2.0:
UNIX
↳ BSD
↳ 386BSD
↳ FreeBSD
Version 2.0
or higher : 4.4BSD
↳ FreeBSD
Architecture (s) x86 and x64 completely, and various others partially
https://www.freebsd.org/de/ The FreeBSD Project

FreeBSD is a free and complete Unix-like operating system that descends directly from the Berkeley Software Distribution . With a community of almost 390 permanent, official and thousands of contributing developers, FreeBSD is one of the largest open source projects. Although the developers focus on creating a stable software platform for servers and appliances , it is also used on desktop computers . FreeBSD is mainly used by Internet service providers such as Yahoo and Strato , for high-load applications such as Netflix , in Internet backbone systems such as high-performance routers and name services, and as a web hosting platform. There it regularly ranks at the top of the list of the most reliable systems.

Several standards in the field of computer networks , such as IPv6 , were first implemented by FreeBSD and from there, thanks to the permissive BSD license , spread to other systems, including OpenBSD and Linux . FreeBSD is also partially the foundation for Darwin , Apple's open source platform on which macOS is based.

history

Originally intended as an unofficial collection of patches to correct errors in 386BSD , Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and Jordan K. Hubbard founded a separate project in 1993 after maintaining the patch kit mechanism became too laborious. The project originally called 386BSD-Interim had to be discontinued when the author of 386BSD, Bill Jolitz , gave up his work on the project and 386BSD himself. When looking for a new name, FreeBSD was suggested by Bill Greenman, an employee of Walnut Creek CDROM , where the project's software was distributed on disk and via FTP .

Just as with NetBSD , which was founded shortly before by other authors of the patch kit, the decision was made right at the start of the project in July 1993 to develop the software centrally with the help of a CVS archive. The sources of 4.3BSD-Lite (Net / 2) and 386BSD, which the Berkeley Software Distribution ported to the Intel 80386 processor platform , were used for the first versions of FreeBSD . However, when Unix System Laboratories began suing BSD software vendors for license infringement, the FreeBSD base changed to 4.4BSD-Lite, which UC Berkeley released in 1994 after the litigation was closed. This version no longer contained any source code from Unix Laboratories. Since parts of the operating system that were necessary for booting were missing as a result, it took until November 1994 to produce a functional software distribution that could be released as FreeBSD 2.0. Older versions may no longer be distributed for legal reasons.

Since then, the operating system has been ported to various other platforms and has increased both in functions and in natively supported software from third-party providers. Due to its project size and distribution without appearing publicly, FreeBSD is also unofficially referred to as an unknown giant among the free operating systems. In addition to various derivatives , several organizations have emerged from the project with the aim of promoting FreeBSD and the BSD family. These include B. the FreeBSD Foundation and the BSD Certification Group .

properties

The complete system includes the following components:

As a Unix-like system, FreeBSD is largely POSIX- compliant. It supports all the basic functions of the POSIX.1 standard, but not all extensions of the X / Open System Interface . For this reason, it must not have the legally protected name UNIX . However, work is underway to produce full support for the interfaces of C99 , POSIX and XSI. In addition to the x86 , AMD64 and PC-98 architecture, which was previously widespread in Japan , a number of other processor types are supported. These include SPARC and PowerPC as well as the ARM - and experimentally also the MIPS architectures for embedded systems . Since FreeBSD offers its own binary interface (ABI), it is easy to install proprietary software. Similarly, Windows -Netzwerkgerätetreiber whose manufacturers have not released the hardware specifications on the NDIS use interface, eg. B. Intel's Centrino .

File systems

FreeBSD has some special features related to data storage.

The UFS - file system that is commonly used by the BSD operating systems, has metadata journaling and Soft Updates that ensure the consistency of the file system in the event of a system crash. File system snapshots can be efficiently created in no time. Among other things, they enable reliable backups of running file systems. FreeBSD also has GEOM, a modular framework that provides RAID , encryption of entire hard drives, journaling, caching and access to network-based storage space. With the help of GEOM, complex storage solutions can be built that use several of these mechanisms at the same time.

Another frequently used file system in FreeBSD is that of Sun developed ZFS . This was first ported to FreeBSD from free sources published with OpenSolaris and has been considered stable since FreeBSD 8.0. In the meantime, improvements to the file system are being developed as part of OpenZFS , some of which will then be adopted for FreeBSD. ZFS is valued primarily for its ease of use, flexibility and stability. Since FreeBSD 10.0 it is possible to install a completely ZFS-based system exclusively via the system installer. Previously, this had to be done manually.

Software management

In addition to the programs from the basic system, over 26,000 software packages from third-party providers are available. They can be used to make a preselection during installation, depending on the intended use. Most packages are also available as binary files ( package ) and can thus be installed directly from the installation medium or a regional project repository .

More often, however, the so-called ports are used as package management . In addition to a larger selection, the advantages of the FreeBSD ports lie in the convenient dependency resolution , a possible processor-specific optimization and the use of compile time options. Most ports are loaded as source code, mostly from the network, and then compiled on your own system. Most of the open source programs for server and desktop can be found here, as well as some proprietary programs. The flexibility and ease of use of the FreeBSD ports have made this package management popular on other systems. In addition to NetBSD, DragonFly BSD (as DPorts ) and OpenBSD, the ports are also used on Darwin and Mac OS X / OS X / macOS under the name MacPorts . Due to the extensive source code compatibility of these systems, only minor changes to the port metadata are necessary.

network

Due to the nature of the project, the strengths of FreeBSD lie in the network area. Because of the KAME project, the BSDs were among the first operating systems with IPv6 and IPsec support. There are several redundant packet filter implementations available: the IPFilter , which is also available for proprietary Unices , the in-house development ipfw and pf from OpenBSD. There is also a powerful traffic shaper called dummynet .

FreeBSD masters network protocols on different levels, for example 802.1Q VLANs , PPP , L2TP . With netgraph there is also a graph-based kernel subsystem that supports the modular implementation of new protocols and flexible combinations of existing ones. FreeBSD also works with various network hardware, including: a. 10 Gigabit Ethernet , WLAN , ATM , ISDN , FDDI and UMTS .

Virtualization

Starting with version 4.x, FreeBSD provides the virtualization environment jails ( prisons ). The system and configuration files of the main system cannot be accessed from inside a jail - it uses its own files, processes and user accounts, so that the environment is almost indistinguishable from that of a full-fledged system. Compared to chroot , for example , this offers a number of advantages, especially with regard to security, administration and performance. Compared to packages such as Xen or VMware , the implementation is much easier and more transparent, but does not offer the possibility of running a foreign operating system. In other systems, variations of FreeBSD jails are known as sysjails or containers .

The open source edition of the virtualization software VirtualBox is contained in the ports and enables FreeBSD to be operated both as a guest operating system and as a virtualization host that houses virtual machines.

With FreeBSD 10.0, the type 2 hypervisor bhyve, specially developed for FreeBSD, found its way into the operating system. It currently supports various FreeBSD versions, Open / NetBSD, Linux and Windows as guest operating systems.

FreeBSD can be used as a Xen guest system including the paravirtualized PVH mode, and FreeBSD has meanwhile also been supported as a host system.

Binary compatibility

FreeBSD

The FreeBSD developers are very careful to keep new versions of the operating system backwards compatible . This means that programs that could be executed under an older version of the operating system can still be executed under the newer version. This claim is made for all parts of the operating system (especially kernel modules). The user is notified of exceptions to this rule if necessary.

Linux

FreeBSD offers Linux binary compatibility. This means that programs written and compiled for GNU / Linux can run on FreeBSD. Above all, this offers the possibility of using programs that are only available in compiled form for Linux (such as Adobe Reader , Adobe Flash Player , Skype ) under FreeBSD. Linux binary compatibility is often called Linux emulator or linuxulator . From a technical point of view, however, this feature does not use emulation , but is based on the implementation of a binary interface (ABI).

Windows

With the aid of the Wine runtime environment , which is available in the Ports Collection and as a binary package, a number of Windows applications can be run under FreeBSD, e.g. B. Microsoft Office .

development

The development branches of the source code are made available through central Subversion / CVS archives. The system is very homogeneous as all system components are maintained by the same developer group. These archives are mirrored regionally in order to relieve the network of the main archive. For performance reasons and to avoid inconsistencies , the archives with direct write access are separated from those that can be read.

With FreeBSD, the availability of the source code also plays an important role in practical terms: many users keep a local source code tree and regularly synchronize it over the network with a central source code archive ( repository ). This makes it possible to adapt a local system exactly for its purpose by z. B. the kernel can be rebuilt with system-specific drivers or software of the base system or the ports can be adapted. In the repository you can research the old versions of the source texts and the developers' comments and thus gain a very good insight into the structure and functioning of the system.

Project organization

The maintenance of the source code is carried out by three groups in the FreeBSD development community:

  • src : This part of the source tree contains the kernel and the userland. Committers with access to the src tree therefore also drive the development of the system.
  • ports : Named after the package manager of the same name, the software from third-party providers is entered here. The FreeBSD ports are independent of the kernel and userland.
  • doc : Committers with access to this part of the source tree are responsible for maintaining the very extensive manual and man pages that ship with FreeBSD.

In addition to these three groups, there are also teams that are responsible for the release management , the administration of the project server, the maintenance of security updates, etc. There is a personal overlap between all these groups.

The development is coordinated by the core team , which is elected every two years by the active developers with CVS access.

As with many open source projects, communication between developers and users takes place mainly via the Internet ( mailing lists , newsgroups , IRC , forums ).

Community meeting

Several conferences are held around the world every year, so-called BSDcons . Developers and interested users present BSD-related projects, discuss them and learn how to use them in workshops. As part of the conferences, separate developer meetings take place (so-called DevSummit s), at which future developments of the project are discussed and coordinated. The conferences often take place in a university environment. Most of them receive financial and logistical support from the FreeBSD Foundation. For example, the FreeBSD Foundation uses part of its budget to help developers attend conferences. Well-known companies (including Google , Netflix , iXsystems ) that are involved in the development of FreeBSD or that use FreeBSD on a larger scale also sponsor conferences. The conferences are valued as they offer the possibility of exchange between programmers, system administrators, students, professors and IT companies. More and more often parts of the conferences are streamed live or recordings of lectures or other conference materials (presentations, handouts) can be accessed online via the respective conference website.

The following conferences take place regularly:

  • AsiaBSDCon (Asia, Japan)
  • BSDCan (USA, Canada)
  • EuroBSDcon (Europe)
  • KyivBSD (Ukraine, Kiev)
  • NYCBSDCon (USA, New York City)
  • ruBSD (Russia)

In addition to the conferences, there are irregular meetings, so-called BSDDays . They serve the same purpose as the conferences, but are not as extensive due to lack of time or finance.

Furthermore, there are so-called user groups in many countries . These are groups made up of users of FreeBSD or those who wish to become one. They primarily serve the personal exchange of experiences. When, where and how members of such groups meet is group-specific and is often publicly announced on the websites of these groups.

Branches of development

The development of the FreeBSD kernel and userland takes place in parallel in several branches:

  • CURRENT , in which new features are developed and tested and is only suitable for developers or advanced users. (CVS tag: CURRENT , HEAD, or . )
  • STABLE , which emerged as sufficiently tested software from the CURRENT branch and of which new versions are released about every four to six months.
  • RELEASE are snapshots of the respective RELEASE branch, which in turn come from a STABLE branch. With releases , no more changes are made, only security-relevant changes are entered.

For example, in order to be able to exchange security-relevant changes between the individual branches or to be able to incorporate improvements from the stable branch in Current, version management with Perforce is used in the background , since CVS cannot make cross-branch changes. The maintenance period is between 6 and 24 months, depending on the release and priority.

Version table

version publication Support up major change
Older version; no longer supported: 1.0 November 1, 1993 first version
Older version; no longer supported: 1.1 May 1994 Maintenance release with bug fixes for 386BSD import, ported programs ( XFree86 , nntp ) added
Older version; no longer supported: 1.1.5
Older version; no longer supported: 1.1.5.1 July 1994
Older version; no longer supported: 2.0 November 22, 1994 The code base of 386BSD was replaced by BSD-Lite 4.4 because of the comparison between USL and BSDi, new installer and boot manager , support of other file systems ( FAT , unionfs, kernfs), dynamically loadable kernel modules imported from NetBSD
Older version; no longer supported: 2.0.5 June 10, 1995 Complete support of NIS client and server, T / TCP, ISDN , FDDI and Fast Ethernet cards (100Mbit), translation of the documentation into various languages, ports included on the installation medium
Older version; no longer supported: 2.1 November 19, 1995
Older version; no longer supported: 2.1.5 July 1996
Older version; no longer supported: 2.1.6 December 1996
Older version; no longer supported: 2.1.7 February 1997
Older version; no longer supported: 2.2 March 1997 NFSv 3, Linux emulation layer including ELF , introduction of man section 9 for kernel functions
Older version; no longer supported: 2.2.1 April 1997
Older version; no longer supported: 2.2.2 May 1997
Older version; no longer supported: 2.2.5 October 22, 1997 Support of current Cyrix and AMD processors, new VGA library
Older version; no longer supported: 2.2.6 March 25, 1998 Support for plug and play
Older version; no longer supported: 2.2.7 July 22, 1998 Support for FAT32 , update to PC-98 architecture
Older version; no longer supported: 2.2.8 November 29, 1998 Traffic shaping with dummynet , packet filtering with ipfw , support of IDE drives larger than 8 GiB
Older version; no longer supported: 3.0 October 1998 Support of symmetrical multiprocessor systems (SMP), SCSI and VESA
Older version; no longer supported: 3.1 February 15, 1999 Introduction of USB and PAM
Older version; no longer supported: 3.2 May 17, 1999
Older version; no longer supported: 3.3 September 17, 1999 Support of Advanced Power Management for power management
Older version; no longer supported: 3.4 December 20, 1999
Older version; no longer supported: 3.5 June 24, 2000
Older version; no longer supported: 4.0 March 14, 2000 Import of IPv6 and IPsec from the KAME project , integration of OpenSSH into the basic system, emulation for SVR4 binary files, USB Ethernet , telnet encryption
Older version; no longer supported: 4.1 July 27, 2000 Extension of the support for alpha processors
Older version; no longer supported: 4.1.1 September 27, 2000 Virtual Ethernet device driver for bridge configurations, support for ATA100 controllers
Older version; no longer supported: 4.2 November 21, 2000 Support of USB scanners, USB modems, restructuring of ports
Older version; no longer supported: 4.3 April 20, 2001
Older version; no longer supported: 4.4 September 20, 2001 Detection of new processors ( Transmeta Crusoe et al. ), Support of Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) and SMB file systems
Older version; no longer supported: 4.5 January 29, 2002 December 31, 2002 TCP revised with regard to throughput, performance and robustness against DoS attacks , support of the bootloader for file systems with 16K blocks
Older version; no longer supported: 4.6 June 15, 2002 May 2003
Older version; no longer supported: 4.6.2 August 15, 2002 May 2003
Older version; no longer supported: 4.7 October 10, 2002 December 2003
Older version; no longer supported: 4.8 April 3, 2003 March 31, 2004 Support of FireWire and Hyper-Threading , framework imported from OpenBSD for encryption support of the kernel
Older version; no longer supported: 4.9 October 28, 2003 October 31, 2004 Experimental support for physical address extensions
Older version; no longer supported: 4.10 May 27, 2004 May 2006 USB 2.0 support
Older version; no longer supported: 4.11 January 25, 2005 January 31, 2007
Older version; no longer supported: 5.0 January 14, 2003 June 30, 2003 Support of UltraSPARC and IA-64 processors, SMP support by converting the Giant lock into smaller locks, GEOM , Mandatory Access Control imported from TrustedBSD , fsck in the background, Bluetooth , ACPI , CardBus , devfs , UFS2 , Universal Disk Format , Drivers for the Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI), Pluggable Authentication Modules , support for 80386 processors, kernfs and UUCP removed, Perl moved from the base system to the ports, the rc.d framework imported from NetBSD
Older version; no longer supported: 5.1 June 9, 2003 February 2004 Experimental support for AMD64 processors, 1: 1 and M: N thread libraries for multithreading , name service switch and the ULE scheduler, support for physical address extensions , mandatory use of GEOM and devfs, IPv6 support for the Linux emulator , Start of documentation translation into Danish
Older version; no longer supported: 5.2 January 9, 2004 December 31, 2004 AMD64 supported as Tier1 architecture, Protocol Independent Multicast , ATA driver removed from the Giant lock, support of the NFSv4 client, start of documentation translation into Turkish , introduction of Cardbus and 802.11a / b / g drivers, experimental support for the Filtering and forwarding of IP data in multiple threads
Older version; no longer supported: 5.2.1 February 25, 2004 December 31, 2004
Older version; no longer supported: 5.3 November 6, 2004 October 31, 2006 ALTernate queuing, entry-invariant network and socket subsystems in multiple threads, introduction of the kernel debugger framework (KDB), dynamic and static linker support for thread-local storage , import of the pf firewall from OpenBSD, native execution support for NDIS drivers, replacement of XFree86 by X.org , basic system cryptography support
Older version; no longer supported: 5.4 May 9, 2005 October 31, 2006 Import of the Common Address Redundancy Protocol from OpenBSD
Older version; no longer supported: 5.5 May 25, 2006 May 31, 2008 Both cores of dual-core processors can be used by default using the SMP kernel
Older version; no longer supported: 6.0 November 4, 2005 January 31, 2007 Experimental support for PowerPC , WPA , drivers for additional wireless cards added, full support for 802.11g , 802.11i , 802.1x and WME / WMM , improved access to file systems and directly to data storage media, SMP-capable layer of the virtual file system VFS, import the bridge implementation with support of the 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol from NetBSD
Older version; no longer supported: 6.1 May 8, 2006 May 31, 2008 Keyboard multiplexer , automatic configuration of many Bluetooth devices, drivers for Ethernet, SAS and SATA - RAID controllers
Older version; no longer supported: 6.2 January 15, 2007 May 31, 2008 Support of the Xbox architecture, OpenBSM , ipfw tags for packages, introduction of freebsd-update for binary security updates and patches and OpenIPMI as an intelligent platform management interface
Older version; no longer supported: 6.3 January 18, 2008 January 31, 2010 Reimplementation of UnionFS , adding an upgrade switch to freebsd-update
Older version; no longer supported: 6.4 November 28, 2008 November 30, 2010 Support of the Camellia algorithm for encryption, enabling the booting of USB data carriers and devices with GPT -BIOS, buffer corruption protection during memory allocation
Older version; no longer supported: 7.0 February 27, 2008 April 30, 2009 Support for ZFS , XFS and GPT, reference implementation of SCTP , support for the ARM architecture and the High Definition Audio Interface (HDA) from Intel added, phkmalloc by jemalloc , support for DEC Alpha discontinued
Older version; no longer supported: 7.1 January 4, 2009 February 28, 2011 DTrace taken over by OpenSolaris , ULE scheduler becomes the preset scheduler for i386 and AMD64 platforms
Older version; no longer supported: 7.2 May 4, 2009 June 30, 2010 Support of UltraSPARC III processors, transparent use of superpages in the virtual memory subsystem, improvements to FreeBSD jails
Older version; no longer supported: 7.3 March 23, 2010 March 31, 2012 New bootloader gptzfsboot with support for GPT and ZFS, support for VIA Nano processors
Older version; no longer supported: 7.4 February 24, 2011 February 28, 2013 Added support for UltraSPARC-IV, -IV + and SPARC64-V processors, IEEE 802.3 full duplex
Older version; no longer supported: 8.0 November 25, 2009 November 30, 2010 New USB stack, support for IEEE 802.11s , use of superpages , increase in the number of maximum slices and support for NFSv4
Older version; no longer supported: 8.1 July 23, 2010 July 31, 2012 High availability storage, SMP for PowerPC G5 systems, thread-safe MS-DOS file system, zfsloader, NFSv4- ACL for UFS and ZFS
Older version; no longer supported: 8.2 February 24, 2011 July 31, 2012 Import of V4L into the Linux emulator, support of USB 3.0 and the Extensible Host Controller Interface
Older version; no longer supported: 8.3 April 18, 2012 April 30, 2014 Support of the TRIM function for SSDs , GNOME version 2.32.1, KDE version 4.7.4
Older version; no longer supported: 8.4 June 9, 2013 August 1, 2015 The tmpfs file system can now be used productively, KDE version 4.10.1
Older version; no longer supported: 9.0 January 12, 2012 March 31, 2013 Userland DTrace , UFS SoftUpdates + Journal, SMP support for more than 32 processors, introduction of the non-uniform memory architecture
Older version; no longer supported: 9.1 December 31, 2012 December 31, 2014 New Intel graphics driver with GEM / KMS support
Older version; no longer supported: 9.2 September 30th, 2013 December 31, 2014 Support of TRIM and LZ4 compression under ZFS
Older version; no longer supported: 9.3 July 16, 2014 December 31, 2016 Support of ZFS bookmarks , introduction of /usr/lib/private, updating of numerous libraries
Older version; no longer supported: 10.0 20th January 2014 February 28, 2015 Conversion to Clang / LLVM as the standard compiler; Linux inotify emulation
Older version; no longer supported: 10.1 November 14, 2014 December 31, 2016 Support for UEFI for amd64, UDP-Lite protocol and SMP for armv6 added, performance improvements for virtualization and ZFS
Older version; no longer supported: 10.2 August 13, 2015 December 31, 2016
Older version; no longer supported: 10.3 March 29, 2016 April 30, 2018 Support of ZFS boot for UEFI installations, 64-bit Linux emulation
Older version; no longer supported: 10.4 4th October 2017 October 31, 2018
Older version; no longer supported: 11.0 October 10, 2016 November 30, 2017 The WLAN driver supports 802.11n and other hardware, it also implements the regulatory domain to FCC rules by default , the RISC -V and arm64 architecture is supported, the hypervisor Bhyve now supports Windows Vista and up, libblacklist was made by NetBSD taken over, as well as bug fixes and package updates
Older version; no longer supported: 11.1 July 26, 2017 September 30, 2018 LLVM , LLDB, Clang have been updated, the NFS client now supports the Amazon Elastic File System and the second generation Hyper-V hypervisor receives support, the tools zfsbootcfg and efivar, further software updates and improvements as well as updates for better reproducible builds have been added to support
Older version; no longer supported: 11.2 June 27, 2018 October 31, 2019 LLVM , Clang , LLDB was updated as well as OpenSSH and OpenSSL , KDE  4.14.3, Gnome  3.18.0, driver updates
Current version: 11.3 5th July 2019 still open KDE  4.15.3, Gnome  3.28.0
Current version: 12.0 December 11, 2018 still open
Current version: 12.1 4th November 2019 still open OpenSSL version 1.1.1d; Clang / LLVM version 8.0.1; BearSSL in the basic system
Legend:
Older version; no longer supported
Older version; still supported
Current version
Current preliminary version
Future version

The following timeline shows the life cycle of different FreeBSD versions. By the end of life of a version, security gaps and software errors will be eliminated and some essential new features that will be available in future versions will be backported .

Old FreeBSD logo (BSD daemon)

The BSD daemon is the "mascot" of BSD-Unix and has been used as a logo from the start. He is often called the Beastie , even though the owner of the copyright declares him nameless.

However, the symbol turned out to be difficult to reproduce and scalable, so in February 2005 the developers of the FreeBSD project called for a logo for FreeBSD to be designed. At the end of June 2005 the suggestions of various graphic designers were submitted and at the end of September 2005 the new logo was selected. In the end, seven entries were shortlisted - the winner was a design by Anton K. Gural.

As with NetBSD, there were various considerations not to continue using the traditional mascot as a logo. As a result, the Daemon Beastie remains the project's mascot. The new logo is a nod to the demon's head with its horns.

Distributions and derivatives

FreeBSD distributions

  • m0n0wall : a firewall distribution;
  • NomadBSD: a live system (no installation required) for USB sticks
  • OPNsense : a (stateful) firewall / router distribution; supports LibreSSL and ASLR
  • pfSense : a firewall / router distribution
  • TrustedBSD : Extension with the main emphasis on security features
  • HardenedBSD: an extension with an emphasis on security features; Cooperation with OPNsense

FreeBSD derivatives

  • CellOS and OrbisOS: Operating systems of the PlayStation 3 and 4 from Sony
  • Darwin : common basic operating system for macOS , iOS etc .; XNU , hybrid kernel from OSF Mach and FreeBSD kernels; Most of the userland of the UNIX 03 certified macOS comes from FreeBSD, it is not part of Darwin
  • Data ONTAP: the operating system of NetApp storage systems
  • DesktopBSD : a workstation system with KDE as the graphic work environment
  • DragonFly BSD : Spin-off from FreeBSD 4.x
  • FuryBSD : After Project Trident (in future Void Trident) decided to use Void Linux instead of TrueOS / FreeBSD , part of the community founded FuryBSD with a focus on a fully graphical desktop OS
  • FreeNAS : designed for Network Attached Storage (NAS)
  • FreeSBIE: a live system with Xfce and Fluxbox ; was created during the Google Summer of Code 2005
  • JunOS: the operating system of Juniper Networks routers
  • Kylin : developed for Chinese authorities
  • MidnightBSD : with a graphical work environment based on GNUstep ; originally derived from FreeBSD 6.1 Beta
  • NAS4Free: designed for Network Attached Storage (NAS)
  • Picobsd : a minimized version of FreeBSD on a single disk fits - that is, less than 1.44 MB includes
  • TrueOS (formerly PC-BSD): a derivative that extends FreeBSD and optimizes the workstation system; on the one hand with the in-house development Lumina as the intended graphic work environment, on the other hand as a basic system for further distributions; Rolling release ; supports OpenZFS , LibreSSL
    • GhostBSD : originally FreeBSD, TrueOS-based from 18.10; MATE as the intended graphic work environment, originally Gnome

Ports to the FreeBSD kernel

Hardware requirements

The hardware requirements depend on the area of ​​application. An embedded system, for example, has different requirements than a web server or a desktop.

The minimum requirements for FreeBSD 11.x are 96 MB RAM and 1.5 GB hard disk space. For desktop systems, the requirements start with 2-4 GB of RAM and at least 8 GB of free hard disk space.

See also

literature

  • Marshall Kirk McKusick , George V. Neville-Neil: The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System . Addison-Wesley, 2004, ISBN 0-201-70245-2 (description of the operating system at an academic level)
  • Marshall Kirk McKusick, George V. Neville-Neil, Robert NM Watson: The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System. 2nd Edition. Addison-Wesley, 2015, ISBN 978-0-321-96897-5 (describes the FreeBSD 11 kernel)
  • Greg Lehey: The Complete FreeBSD . 4th edition. O'Reilly, 2003, ISBN 0-596-00516-4 (Installing, Configuring, and Using the FreeBSD System)
  • Harald Zisler: FreeBSD . Franzis, Poing 2006, ISBN 3-7723-6538-8 .
  • Michael Lucas: Absolute FreeBSD: The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD. 2nd Edition. No Starch Press, San Francisco 2007, ISBN 978-1-59327-151-0 .
  • Michael Urban, Brian Tiemann: FreeBSD 6 Unleashed . Sams, 2006, ISBN 0-672-32875-5 .
  • Michael Lucas: FreeBSD de Luxe. Unix server administration . Mitp-Verlag, Bonn 2003, ISBN 3-8266-1343-0 .
  • Benedikt Nießen: Your own server with FreeBSD 9 . dpunkt.verlag, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-89864-814-1 .

Web links

Commons : FreeBSD  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Glen Barber: FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Now Available . November 4, 2019 (accessed June 16, 2020).
  2. ↑ Glen Barber: www.freebsd.org . November 4, 2019 (accessed June 16, 2020).
  3. ↑ a b FreeBSD supported platforms and their status
  4. ^ The FreeBSD Developers. freebsd.org, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  5. ↑ a b c d How the FreeBSD Project works , talk by Robert NM Watson at Google TechTalks 2007 (English)
  6. ↑ netcraft .com: Nearly 2.5 Million Active Sites running FreeBSD , survey from 2004 (English)
  7. ↑ netcraft.com: Most Reliable Hosting Company Sites in May 2009 and June 2011 (English)
  8. ↑ a b freebsd.org: About the FreeBSD Project (English)
  9. ↑ bsdwiki.de: History of BSD ( Memento from January 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), entry by Axel S. Gruner
  10. ↑ a b FreeBSD Release Information , overview of all releases including supported hardware platforms (English)
  11. ↑ ibm.com: Why FreeBSD ( Memento from April 26, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) (English)
  12. ↑ heise.de: FreeBSD the unknown giant
  13. ^ The BSD Certification Group. bsdcertification.org, accessed March 23, 2016 .
  14. ↑ Status page of the project for the production of the API ( Memento from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) for C99 and IEEE 1003.1-2001 (POSIX) including the XSI extensions.
  15. ↑ freebsd.org: Network Setup , Using Windows NDIS Drivers (English)
  16. ↑ Netgraph manpage
  17. ↑ freebsd.org: FreeBSD jails introduction ( Memento of 23 December 2010 at the Internet Archive (English))
  18. ↑ grunix.de: Jails under FreeBSD ( Memento from August 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ↑ FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE Release Notes. Retrieved March 15, 2014 .
  20. ↑ bhyve Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved May 9, 2017 .
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