Macushi: Difference between revisions
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The '''Macushi''' ({{lang-pt|Macuxi}}) are an [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people]] living in the borderlands of southern [[Guyana]], northern [[Brazil]] in the state of [[Roraima]], and in an eastern part of [[Venezuela]].<ref name=ethno/> |
The '''Macushi''' ({{lang-pt|Macuxi}}) are an [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people]] living in the borderlands of southern [[Guyana]], northern [[Brazil]] in the state of [[Roraima]], and in an eastern part of [[Venezuela]].<ref name=ethno/> |
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==Identification== |
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The Macushi are also known as the Macusi, Macussi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, and Teweya people.<ref name=ethno/> Macushi, as well as the Arecuna, Kamarakoto, and Taurepan are considered sub-groups of [[Pemon]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivière|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqRdT8zlxYC&lpg=PR9&ots=7N1VsRst-_&dq=macushi%20religion&lr&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=macushi%20religion&f=false|title=The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835-1844: Explorations on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, 1835-1839|date=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-904180-86-2|pages=21|language=en}}</ref> |
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The Macushi are also known as the Macusi, Macussi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, and Teweya people.<ref name=ethno/> |
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==Language== |
==Language== |
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Macushi people speak the [[Macushi language]], a Macushi-Kapon language, which is part of the [[Carib language family]]. Some in Brazil also speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], while some in Venezuela speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and some in Guyana speak [[English language|English]]. The Macushi language is written in the [[Latin script]], and the [[New Testament]] was translated into the language in 1996.<ref name=ethno/> |
Macushi people speak the [[Macushi language]], a Macushi-Kapon language, which is part of the [[Carib language family]]. Some in Brazil also speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], while some in Venezuela speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and some in Guyana speak [[English language|English]]. The Macushi language is written in the [[Latin script]], and the [[New Testament]] was translated into the language in 1996.<ref name=ethno/> |
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Macushi were hesitant to teach their language to outsiders, thus the language was threatened in the 1950s, as it was considered "slang" compared to the official Portuguese.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Melo|first=Luciana Marinho de|date=2016-04-15|title=The sociocultural formation of Boa Vista – Roraima and the Macushi and Wapishana people in the city: historical process and sense of belonging|url=https://revista.ufrr.br/textosedebates/article/view/3387|journal=Textos e Debates|language=pt|volume=0|issue=28|pages=60|doi=10.18227/2217-1448ted.v0i28.3387|issn=2317-1448}}</ref> |
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==Housing and lifestyle== |
==Housing and lifestyle== |
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They live in villages linked together by tracks and paths, with houses built round a central courtyard. When married, the Macushi couple lives in the wife's family's village and the father-in-law is of great importance in Macushi kinship. |
They live in villages linked together by tracks and paths, with houses built round a central courtyard. When married, the Macushi couple lives in the wife's family's village and the father-in-law is of great importance in Macushi kinship. |
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Macushi practice hunting and agriculture methods such as shifting cultivation and fish-poisoning, with a reliance on cassava. Men traditionally cleared the land and women tended and harvested.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Jafferally|first=Deirdre|date=January 2017|title=The Implications of Changing Makushi Identity and Traditional Practices for Forest Conservation in Guyana|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81671745.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-28|page=38}}</ref> |
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==History and culture== |
==History and culture== |
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Macushi [[oral history]] describes them as descendants of the sun's children, who created fire, as well as diseases, and they also believe they discovered ''Washacá'', the [[Tree of Life]]. The Macushi believe in the life principle – ''stkaton'' – and they believe it comes from the sun.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} |
Macushi [[oral history]] describes them as descendants of the sun's children, Makunaima and Insikiran,<ref name=":0" /> who created fire, as well as diseases, and they also believe they discovered ''Washacá'', the [[Tree of Life]]. The Macushi believe in the life principle – ''stkaton'' – and they believe it comes from the sun.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Similar to other Amerindian groups is the importance of the ''piaiman'', a medicine-man or spiritual leader.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Prior to European colonization, Macushi were semi-nomadic, but permanent settlements have since formed usually around Catholic or Anglican missions or government-built schools. By the 1900s, many Macushi worked as laborers doing balata-bleeding or cattle-ranching.<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Brazil === |
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| ⚫ | During the 18th century in Brazil, non-native people occupied Macushi territory, establishing mission villages and farms and forcing Macushi people to relocate.<ref name="intro">[http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/makuxi "Macuxi: Introduction."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515035718/http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/makuxi |date=2012-05-15 }} ''Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil.'' Retrieved 30 July 2012</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Brazilian Government have set up schools, as well as hospitals for the Macushi and since 2005 they are campaigning for land rights to be recognized throughout Brazil. Macushi are the largest indigenous group in the Roraima, and make up a segment of the population of [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]]. [[Raposa Serra do Sol]] is a recognized indigenous area of the Macushi.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[Cuthbert Cary-Elwes]], a [[Jesuit]] [[missionary]] settled among the Macushi of the [[Rupununi]] Region (Guyana) in 1909, learned the language and stayed with them for more than 23 years.<ref>[http://www.guyanajesuits.org/mission/Kurukabaru%20and%20Lethem/interior/interior.php "The Interior."] ''The Jesuits in Guyana.'' Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref> |
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=== Guyana === |
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| ⚫ | During the 18th century in Brazil, non-native people occupied Macushi territory, establishing mission villages and farms and forcing Macushi people to relocate.<ref name=intro>[http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/makuxi "Macuxi: Introduction."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515035718/http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/makuxi |date=2012-05-15 }} ''Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil.'' Retrieved 30 July 2012</ref> |
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In Guyana, the Macushi settled in the Northern [[Rupununi Savannah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moipa.gov.gy/amerindian-nations/|title=Amerindian nations|website=Ministry of Indigenous Peoples’ Affairs|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> [[Cuthbert Cary-Elwes]], a [[Jesuit]] [[missionary]] settled among the Macushi of the [[Rupununi]] Region (Guyana) in 1909, learned the language and stayed with them for more than 23 years.<ref>[http://www.guyanajesuits.org/mission/Kurukabaru%20and%20Lethem/interior/interior.php "The Interior."] ''The Jesuits in Guyana.'' Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref> The [[Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development|Iwokrama International Centre]] is managed by Macushi and the villages of [[Annai, Guyana|Annai]], [[Kwatamang]], [[Surama]], [[Rewa, Guyana|Rewa]], [[Crash Water]], [[Karasabai]] and [[Yupukari]] are considered Macushi settlements.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The [[Rupununi Uprising]] which was led by prominent European and Amerindian ranching families, covered much of the traditional Macushi territory<ref name=":1" /> and many Macushi were also killed. |
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==Notable people== |
==Notable people== |
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Revision as of 20:52, 28 February 2021
 Macushi village in Brazil | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 43,192[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Brazil | 33,603 (2014)[1] |
 Guyana | 9,500 (2011)[1] |
 Venezuela | 89 (2011)[1] |
| Languages | |
| Macushi, Portuguese, English and Spanish[2] | |
| Religion | |
| Indigenous religion, Roman Catholicism | |
The Macushi (Portuguese: Macuxi) are an indigenous people living in the borderlands of southern Guyana, northern Brazil in the state of Roraima, and in an eastern part of Venezuela.[2]
Identification
The Macushi are also known as the Macusi, Macussi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, and Teweya people.[2] Macushi, as well as the Arecuna, Kamarakoto, and Taurepan are considered sub-groups of Pemon.[3]
Language
Macushi people speak the Macushi language, a Macushi-Kapon language, which is part of the Carib language family. Some in Brazil also speak Portuguese, while some in Venezuela speak Spanish, and some in Guyana speak English. The Macushi language is written in the Latin script, and the New Testament was translated into the language in 1996.[2]
Macushi were hesitant to teach their language to outsiders, thus the language was threatened in the 1950s, as it was considered "slang" compared to the official Portuguese.[4]
Housing and lifestyle
They live in villages linked together by tracks and paths, with houses built round a central courtyard. When married, the Macushi couple lives in the wife's family's village and the father-in-law is of great importance in Macushi kinship.
Macushi practice hunting and agriculture methods such as shifting cultivation and fish-poisoning, with a reliance on cassava. Men traditionally cleared the land and women tended and harvested.[5]
History and culture
Macushi oral history describes them as descendants of the sun's children, Makunaima and Insikiran,[4] who created fire, as well as diseases, and they also believe they discovered Washacá, the Tree of Life. The Macushi believe in the life principle – stkaton – and they believe it comes from the sun.[citation needed] Similar to other Amerindian groups is the importance of the piaiman, a medicine-man or spiritual leader.[4]
Prior to European colonization, Macushi were semi-nomadic, but permanent settlements have since formed usually around Catholic or Anglican missions or government-built schools. By the 1900s, many Macushi worked as laborers doing balata-bleeding or cattle-ranching.[5]
Brazil
During the 18th century in Brazil, non-native people occupied Macushi territory, establishing mission villages and farms and forcing Macushi people to relocate.[6]
The Brazilian Government have set up schools, as well as hospitals for the Macushi and since 2005 they are campaigning for land rights to be recognized throughout Brazil. Macushi are the largest indigenous group in the Roraima, and make up a segment of the population of Boa Vista. Raposa Serra do Sol is a recognized indigenous area of the Macushi.[4]
Guyana
In Guyana, the Macushi settled in the Northern Rupununi Savannah.[7] Cuthbert Cary-Elwes, a Jesuit missionary settled among the Macushi of the Rupununi Region (Guyana) in 1909, learned the language and stayed with them for more than 23 years.[8] The Iwokrama International Centre is managed by Macushi and the villages of Annai, Kwatamang, Surama, Rewa, Crash Water, Karasabai and Yupukari are considered Macushi settlements.[5]
The Rupununi Uprising which was led by prominent European and Amerindian ranching families, covered much of the traditional Macushi territory[5] and many Macushi were also killed.
Notable people
- Bernaldina José Pedro (1945–2020), Brazilian activist and tribal leader.[9]
- Sydney Allicock (~1955), Guyanese Vice-President.[10]
References
- ^ a b c d "Macuxi". Socio Ambiental. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Macushi." Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- ^ Rivière, Peter (2006). The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835-1844: Explorations on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, 1835-1839. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-904180-86-2.
- ^ a b c d Melo, Luciana Marinho de (2016-04-15). "The sociocultural formation of Boa Vista – Roraima and the Macushi and Wapishana people in the city: historical process and sense of belonging". Textos e Debates (in Portuguese). 0 (28): 60. doi:10.18227/2217-1448ted.v0i28.3387. ISSN 2317-1448.
- ^ a b c d Jafferally, Deirdre (January 2017). "The Implications of Changing Makushi Identity and Traditional Practices for Forest Conservation in Guyana" (PDF). p. 38. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Macuxi: Introduction." Archived 2012-05-15 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 30 July 2012
- ^ "Amerindian nations". Ministry of Indigenous Peoples’ Affairs. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ "The Interior." The Jesuits in Guyana. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- ^ "Bernaldina José Pedro, Repository of Indigenous Culture, Dies at 75". New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ "Sydney Allicock: the man from Iwokrama". Caribbean Beat. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- Cuthbert, Cary-Elwes. Bridges, John, ed. Rupununi Mission: the story of Cuthbert Cary-Elwes. London: Jesuit Missionsstka, 1985.
External links
- Dramatic video shows attack on Indian village 20 June 2008
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