Michael (given name) and Islam in Austria: Difference between pages

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{{Islam by country}}
{{otheruses4|the given name|other uses|Michael (disambiguation)}}
[[Islam]] is a [[minority religion]] in [[Austria]] with 4.22 % of the population in the [[2001]] census. Most Muslims came to Austria after [[1960]] as [[migrant worker]]s from [[Turkey]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Serbia]]. There are also communities of [[Arab]] and [[Pakistan]]i origin.
{{Infobox Given Name Revised
__NOTOC__
| name = Michael
The westernmost [[States of Austria|Bundesland]] [[Vorarlberg]] with its industrial small towns and villages has the highest share of Muslims in the country with 8.36 % (it resembles the neighboring north-eastern parts of [[Switzerland]] in this respect). It is followed by the capital [[Vienna]] with 7.82 %. The central Bundesländer [[Salzburg]], [[Upper Austria]], [[Tyrol]] and [[Lower Austria]] follow with the share of Muslim population at around the average. South-eastern states of [[Styria (state)|Styria]], [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] as well as [[Burgenland]] in the east have fewer Muslims whose numbers are below the national average.
| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation= {{IPA|/maɪkəl/}}
| gender = male
| meaning = "Who is like God?"<ref name=Etymology>Campbell, Michael [http://www.behindthename.com/name/michael Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of First Names]</ref>
| region =
| origin = {{lang-he|'''מִיכָאֵל / מיכאל'''}} (mee-KHA-el)
| nickname =Mike, Mick, Mikey, Mickey, Mickie, Mic, Mischka
| related names =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Michael''' or '''Micha'el''' is a [[given name]] that comes from the {{lang-he|'''מִיכָאֵל / מיכאל'''}} (mee-KHA-el), meaning "Who is like God?"<ref name=Etymology /> In [[English language|English]], it is sometimes shortened to Mike, Mikey, or, especially in [[Ireland]], Mick.


Austria is unique among [[Western Europe]]an countries insofar as it has granted Muslims the status of a recognized religious community. This dates back to the times following [[Austria-Hungary]]'s annexation of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in [[1878]]. Austria has regulated the religious freedoms of the Muslim community with the so called "Anerkennungsgesetz" ("Act of Recognition"). This law was reactivated in [[1979]] when the Community of Muslim believers in Austria (''[http://www.derislam.at Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Österreich]'') was founded. This organization is entitled to give lessons of [[religious education]] in state schools. It is also allowed to collect "church tax" but so far it has not exercised this privilege. Nor does it build, finance or administer [[mosque]]s in Austria.
Female forms of Michael include [[Michelle]], [[Michaela]], [[Mechelle]], Micheline, and Michaelle, although there are women with the name Michael, such as [[Michael Learned]] and [[Princess Michael of Kent]]. Another form is Mychal, which can either be a male or female name. Surnames that come from Michael include [[Carmichael]], Dimichele, MacMichael, McMichael, [[Micallef]], Michaelson, [[Mikhaylov]] and [[Mitchell]].


Parallel structures exist within the Islamic religious group. The religious life takes place in mosques belonging to organisation which represent one of the currents of Turkish, Bosnian and Arab Muslims. Among the Turkish organisations the "Federation of Turkish-Islamic Associations" is controlled by the Directorate for Religious Affairs, whereas the other groups, such as the Süleymancıs and Milli Görüş, may be considered as branches of the pan-European organisation centered in [[Germany]].
==Origins==
The name first appears in the [[Bible]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 13 verse 13, where Sethur the son of Michael is one of twelve spies sent into the Land of [[Canaan]]. The [[Archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], referred to later in the Bible ([[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] 12 verse 1), is considered a [[saint]] by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. [[29 September]] is the [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of the three archangels, Michael, [[Gabriel (archangel)|Gabriel]] and [[Raphael (angel)|Raphael]].


The [[Alevis]] who are considered non-orthodox, if not non-Muslim, by many Sunnis, and who make up a considerable minority among the Turks, do not take part in the activities of the community of the Islamic believers (''Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft'').
==Popularity==


== Muslims in Austria according to their ethnic groups ==
Michael is a popular name in the [[United States]], and has been the first or second most popular name given to male babies in the U.S. for each year since 1954.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/ |title=SSA: Popular Baby Names |accessdate=2007-02-02 |date=2007-01-04 |format=HTML |work=Social Security Online |publisher=Office of the Chief Actuary of the United States Social Security Administration |language=English }}</ref> It is in the top 50 most popular boys' names in [[England and Wales]].<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/specials/babiesnames_boys.asp National Statistics Online - Top 100 names for baby boys in England and Wales<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The name has been popular in [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] countries, and was borne by several rulers of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Russian Empire]]s. In recent years, Michael has been the most popular name in the [[Philippines]],<ref>[http://www.aboutnames.ch/phil.htm Philippine Names]</ref> the second most popular name in [[Finland]] (Mikael)<ref name = world>[http://www.parents.com/parents/story.jsp;jsessionid=U131VIJ2HJ1J1QFIBQSB42Q?page=2&storyid=/templatedata/ab/story/data/1155306251494.xml The World's Most Popular Names]</ref> and ranks among the top ten names in [[Denmark]] (Mikkel)<ref name = world/> and [[Ireland]].<ref>Central Statistics Office Ireland. [http://www.cso.ie/statistics/top_babies_names.htm Top 25 Babies' Names for Boys]</ref> It is the 23rd most popular name in [[Canada]],<ref>[http://www.perfect-baby-names.com/popular-baby-names-canada.html Popular Baby Names in Canada]</ref> and the 37th most popular in Mexico (Miguel).<ref>[http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2005.htm Nombres más Comunes 2005]</ref>


* Turks (97,346)
==Short form and other versions==
* Bosniaks (95,007)
* Kurds (26,770)
* Arabs, Others (6,577)
* Arabs, Egyptian (5,547)
* Iranians (5,002)
* Serbians (3,045)
* Indo-Pakistanis (609)
* Turks (70,696)
* Bosniaks (59,847)
* Afghans (31,300)
* Kurds (21,861)
* Albanians (20,520)
* Iranians (12,452)
* Indo-Pakistanis (8,490)
* Arabs (6,368)


{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
"Mike", "Mick", "Mikiel", "Mikey", "Mikael", "Mic", "Mischka" (common in Russia) and "Mickey" are short forms of, or nick-names for, Michael as a given name. "Mick" is commonly associated with Irish people.


== See also ==
''Meik'' and ''Maik'' are German short forms of Michael. The German pronunciation of both variants is identical to the English pronunciation of "Mike", since both are directly derived from their English counterparts. Similarly, the Welsh versions "Meical" and "Meic" are pronounced in the same way as their corresponding English analogues. Michiel (mee-KHEEL) is Dutch and the Dutch given name "Chiel" is a variation of Michiel. Mikael, Mikell, Mikkel are Scandinavian.<ref name = origin>[http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Michael Michael - Name Meaning and Origin]</ref> In Swedish, "Micke" is a nick-name for [[Swedish name day list of 2001|"Mikael"]] (also spelt "Michael").
*[[Baron Omar Rolf von Ehrenfels]]
*[[Siege of Vienna]] in [[1529]] by the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]


==Further reading==
In Greek "Μιχάλης" ("Michalis" or "Mihalis") is an everyday common form of the "Μιχαήλ" ("Michail" or "Mihail"). The Russian, "Миша" ("Mischa" or "Misha") are shortened forms of "Михаил" (Mikhail). "Мишка" (Mishka) is a common diminutive form, "Миха" (Mikha) is an informal shortened form, and "Михайлович" (Mikhaylovich) is a [[patronymic]] form that can be shortened to more informal "Михалыч" (Mikhalych). Michał is Polish; Miko is Slavic.<ref name = origin/> Mëhill or Mhill is the Albanian for Michael. The first belongs to the southern (Tosk) dialect, the second to the northern (Gheg) dialect. In Hebrew, "מיכה" (Mikha) is a common shortened form of "מיכאל" (Michael, pronounced Mikha'el).
* {{cite journal
| quotes =
| last = Abid
| first = Lise Jamila
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =
| year = 2006
| month = August
| title = Muslims in Austria: Integration through Participation in Austrian Society
| journal = [[Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs]]
| volume = 26
| issue = 2
| pages = 263–278
| issn =
| pmid =
| doi =
| id =
| url =
| language =
| laysummary =
| laysource =
| laydate =
| quote =
}}


* {{cite journal
Miguel is a Spanish and Portuguese form; Michel is French and popular in the Netherlands.<ref name = origin/>
| quotes =
| last = Kroissenbrunner
| first = Sabine
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =
| year = 2003
| month = July
| title = Islam and Muslim Immigrants in Austria: Socio-Political Networks and Muslim Leadership of Turkish Immigrants
| journal = [[Immigrants and Minorities]]
| volume = 22
| issue = 2-3
| pages = 188–207
| issn =
| pmid =
| doi =
| id =
| url =
| language =
| laysummary =
| laysource =
| laydate =
| quote =
}}


* Study for Bundesministerium des Innern: [http://images.derstandard.at/20060519/StudieProkop.pdf Perspektiven und Herausforderungen in der Integration muslimischer MitbürgerInnen in Österreich], Mathias Rohe, Universität Erlangen. May 2006 (summary by MilitantIslamMonitor.Org: [http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/1929 Radical Islam in Europe: Austrian government study concludes 45% of Muslims unwilling to integrate])
===Variations by language===
* Anna Strobel: [http://www.con-spiration.de/texte/english/2006/einzig-e.html Unique Legal Status - Muslims in Austria] From: Herder Korrespondenz, 2006/4, P. 200-2004
There are various forms of the name:
* [ftp://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vzaustriaweb.pdf Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation, languages, origin and nationality] (PDF)(German), Statistik Austria.
*{{lang-ar|ميخائيل / ميكال‎}};
*{{lang-hy|Միքայել}} (Mikayel);
*{{lang-bg|Михаил}} (Mihail);
*{{lang-ca|Miquel}};
*{{lang-hr|Mihael}};
*{{lang-cs|Michal}};
*{{lang-nl|Michiel}};
*{{lang-et|Mihkel}};
*{{lang-fr|Michel}};
*[[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]: '''Michiel''';
*[[Septuagint]] {{lang-el|'''Μιχαήλ'''}} (Mikhaēl);
*{{lang-he|'}}מיכאל''' (Mikha'el);
*{{lang-hu|Mihály}};
*{{lang-ga|Micheál}};
*{{lang-it|Michele}};
*[[Latin]]: '''Michael''';
*{{lang-mk|Михаил}} (Mihail);
*{{lang-pl|Michał}};
*{{lang-pt|Miguel}};
*{{lang-ro|Mihai}};
*{{lang-ru|Михаил}} (Mikha'il);
*{{lang-sr|Михајло}} (Mihajlo);
*{{lang-sk|Michal}};
*{{lang-es|Miguel}};
*[[Swedish Language|Swedish]]: '''Mikael''';
*{{lang-tr|Mikail}};
*{{lang-cy|Mihangel}}.

== Rulers named "Michael" ==
=== Byzantine emperors ===
*[[Michael I Rhangabes|Michael I]] ([[811]]-[[813]])
*[[Michael II]] ([[820]]-[[829]])
*[[Michael III]] ([[842]]-[[867]])
*[[Michael IV the Paphlagonian]] ([[1034]]-[[1041]])
*[[Michael V]] ([[1041]]-[[1042]])
*[[Michael VI]] ([[1056]]-[[1057]])
*[[Michael VII]] ([[1067]]-[[1078]])
*[[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] ([[1259]]-[[1282]])
*[[Michael IX Palaiologos]]

=== Russian rulers ===
* [[Mikhail of Vladimir]] ([[1174]] - [[1176]])
* [[Mikhail Yaroslavich]] ([[1304]] - [[1318]])
* [[Michael I of Russia|Michael I]] ([[1613]]-[[1645]])
* [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Michael II]] ([[1917]])
*Michael Dolan of Uranus(1992-now)

=== King of Poland ===
* [[Michael of Poland]] (Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki)

=== King & Princes of Portugal ===
* [[Miguel of Portugal]] (Michael I) King of Portugal (1828-1834). During exile he used the title of [[House of Braganza|Duke of Braganza]]
* [[Miguel II%2C Duke of Braganza]] (Michael II), legitimist pretender to the throne of [[Portugal]]. As his father (Michael I) he also used the title of Duke of Braganza
* [[Miguel_da_Paz%2C_Prince_of_Asturias|Miguel da Paz]] (Michael of Peace) older son of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and heir of all the [[Iberic|Iberian]] Kingdoms ([[Portugal]], [[Castille]] and [[Aragon]])
* [[Miguel de Bragan%C3%A7a]], illegitimate son of King [[Pedro II of Portugal]], he was the ancestor of the [[Duke_of_Laf%C3%B5es|House of Lafões]]
*[[Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu]] (born in 1948), fith in line to the Portuguese throne

=== Rulers of Romania ===
* [[Michael the Brave]] (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul, Hungarian: Vitéz Mihály); Prince of [[Wallachia]] (1593-1601), of [[Transylvania]] (1599-1600), and of [[Moldavia]] (1600)
* [[Michael I of Romania]] (Romanian: Mihai I de România)

=== Tsar of Bulgaria ===
* [[Boris I Michael]] ([[852]]–[[889]])
* [[Michael Asen I of Bulgaria]] ([[1246]]-[[1256]])
* [[Michael Shishman of Bulgaria]] ([[1323]]-[[1330]])

=== British Royal Family ===
* [[Prince Michael of Kent]]

== See also ==
*[[List of most popular given names]]
*[[Theophory in the Bible]]
*[[Mehrdad]]: a [[Persian language|Persian]] name of similar meaning.


{{Islam in Europe}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Islam in Austria| ]]
{{disambig}}
[[Category:Given names]]
[[Category:Religion in Austria]]
[[Category:Hebrew names]]
[[Category:Islam in Europe|Austria]]
[[Category:English given names]]


[[ar:الأقلية المسلمة في النمسا]]
[[br:Michel]]
[[de:Islamische Organisationen in Österreich]]
[[cs:Michael]]
[[he:אסלאם באוסטריה]]
[[es:Michael]]
[[fr:Michel]]
[[ms:Islam di Austria]]
[[ko:미카일]]
[[it:Michael]]
[[ja:ミカエル (曖昧さ回避)]]
[[pl:Michael]]
[[sk:Michal]]
[[zh:迈克尔]]

Revision as of 06:12, 11 October 2008

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Islam is a minority religion in Austria with 4.22 % of the population in the 2001 census. Most Muslims came to Austria after 1960 as migrant workers from Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. There are also communities of Arab and Pakistani origin.

The westernmost Bundesland Vorarlberg with its industrial small towns and villages has the highest share of Muslims in the country with 8.36 % (it resembles the neighboring north-eastern parts of Switzerland in this respect). It is followed by the capital Vienna with 7.82 %. The central Bundesländer Salzburg, Upper Austria, Tyrol and Lower Austria follow with the share of Muslim population at around the average. South-eastern states of Styria, Carinthia as well as Burgenland in the east have fewer Muslims whose numbers are below the national average.

Austria is unique among Western European countries insofar as it has granted Muslims the status of a recognized religious community. This dates back to the times following Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. Austria has regulated the religious freedoms of the Muslim community with the so called "Anerkennungsgesetz" ("Act of Recognition"). This law was reactivated in 1979 when the Community of Muslim believers in Austria (Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Österreich) was founded. This organization is entitled to give lessons of religious education in state schools. It is also allowed to collect "church tax" but so far it has not exercised this privilege. Nor does it build, finance or administer mosques in Austria.

Parallel structures exist within the Islamic religious group. The religious life takes place in mosques belonging to organisation which represent one of the currents of Turkish, Bosnian and Arab Muslims. Among the Turkish organisations the "Federation of Turkish-Islamic Associations" is controlled by the Directorate for Religious Affairs, whereas the other groups, such as the Süleymancıs and Milli Görüş, may be considered as branches of the pan-European organisation centered in Germany.

The Alevis who are considered non-orthodox, if not non-Muslim, by many Sunnis, and who make up a considerable minority among the Turks, do not take part in the activities of the community of the Islamic believers (Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft).

Muslims in Austria according to their ethnic groups

  • Turks (97,346)
  • Bosniaks (95,007)
  • Kurds (26,770)
  • Arabs, Others (6,577)
  • Arabs, Egyptian (5,547)
  • Iranians (5,002)
  • Serbians (3,045)
  • Indo-Pakistanis (609)
  • Turks (70,696)
  • Bosniaks (59,847)
  • Afghans (31,300)
  • Kurds (21,861)
  • Albanians (20,520)
  • Iranians (12,452)
  • Indo-Pakistanis (8,490)
  • Arabs (6,368)[citation needed]

See also

Further reading

  • Abid, Lise Jamila (2006). "Muslims in Austria: Integration through Participation in Austrian Society". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 263–278. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |quotes=, |laydate=, |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Kroissenbrunner, Sabine (2003). "Islam and Muslim Immigrants in Austria: Socio-Political Networks and Muslim Leadership of Turkish Immigrants". Immigrants and Minorities. 22 (2–3): 188–207. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |quotes=, |laydate=, |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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