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[[File:Christian_prayer_beads.jpg|thumb|right|The image depicts several Christian prayer beads; from left to right are a Roman Catholic [[Dominican rosary]], a Lutheran [[Wreath of Christ]], a set of [[Anglican prayer beads]], a Western Christian [[Pater Noster cord]], and a Coptic Orthodox mequteria.]]
[[File:Christian_prayer_beads.jpg|thumb|right|The image depicts several Christian prayer beads; from left to right are a Roman Catholic [[Dominican rosary]], a Lutheran [[Wreath of Christ]], a set of [[Anglican prayer beads]], a Western Christian [[Pater Noster cord]], and a Coptic Orthodox mequteria.]]
'''Prayer beads''' are a form of [[beadwork]] used to count the repetitions of [[prayer]]s, [[chant]]s, or [[mantra]]s by members of various religions such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Shinto]], [[Umbanda]], [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]], the [[Baháʼí Faith]], and some [[Christian]] denominations, such as the [[Roman Catholic Church]], the [[Lutheran Church]], the [[Oriental Orthodox Church]]es, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es. Common forms of beaded devotion include the mequteria in Oriental Orthodox Christianity, the ''[[chotki]]'' in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the [[Wreath of Christ]] in Lutheran Christianity, the [[Dominican rosary]] of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] in Roman Catholic Christianity, the ''[[dhikr]]'' (remembrance of God) in Islam, the ''[[japamala]]'' in Buddhism and Hinduism, and the ''[[Jaap Sahib]]'' in Sikhism.
'''Prayer beads''' are a form of [[beadwork]] used to count the repetitions of [[prayer]]s, [[chant]]s, or [[mantra]]s by members of various religions such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Shinto]], [[Umbanda]], [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]], the [[Baháʼí Faith]], and some [[Christian]] denominations, such as the [[Roman Catholic Church]], the [[Lutheran Church]], the [[Oriental Orthodox Church]]es, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es. Common forms of beaded devotion include the mequteria in Oriental Orthodox Christianity, the ''[[chotki]]'' in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the [[Wreath of Christ]] in Lutheran Christianity, the [[Dominican rosary]] of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] in Roman Catholic Christianity, the ''[[dhikr]]'' (remembrance of God) in Islam, the ''[[japamala]]'' in Buddhism and Hinduism, and the ''[[Mastring]]'' in Sikhism.


== Origins and etymology ==
== Origins and etymology ==

Revision as of 03:48, 30 January 2023

For the plant sometimes commonly known as prayer bead, see Abrus precatorius.

The image depicts several Christian prayer beads; from left to right are a Roman Catholic Dominican rosary, a Lutheran Wreath of Christ, a set of Anglican prayer beads, a Western Christian Pater Noster cord, and a Coptic Orthodox mequteria.

Prayer beads are a form of beadwork used to count the repetitions of prayers, chants, or mantras by members of various religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Shinto, Umbanda, Islam, Sikhism, the Baháʼí Faith, and some Christian denominations, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Eastern Orthodox Churches. Common forms of beaded devotion include the mequteria in Oriental Orthodox Christianity, the chotki in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the Wreath of Christ in Lutheran Christianity, the Dominican rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Roman Catholic Christianity, the dhikr (remembrance of God) in Islam, the japamala in Buddhism and Hinduism, and the Mastring in Sikhism.

Origins and etymology

Beads are among the earliest human ornaments and ostrich shell beads in Africa date to 10,000 BC.[1] Over the centuries various cultures have made beads from a variety of material from stone and shells to clay.[1]

The English word bead derives from the Old English noun bede which means a prayer.[2][3][4][5] The oldest image of a string of beads in a religious context and resembling a string of prayer beads is found on the fresco of the "Adorants" (or "Worshipers") at the Xeste 3 building of the prehistoric settlement of Akrotiri, Santorini (Thera,) Greece (Wall Paintings of Thera.)[6] dating from the 17th c. BC (c. 1613 BC.) It was used in Hindu Prayers and meditation Hindu prayers in India.[citation needed] Buddhism later on adopted this custom.[citation needed] As the Ancient Hindus migrated towards West Asia this practice was carried to many parts of the world and became a part of different religions.[1][3][7] The statue of a Hindu holy man with beads dates to the third century BC.[3][7]

Structure

A misbaha, a device used for counting tasbih

The number of beads varies by religion or use. Islamic prayer beads, called Misbaha or Tasbih, usually have 100 beads (99 +1 = 100 beads in total or 33 beads read thrice and +1). Buddhists and Hindus use the Japa Mala, which usually has 108 beads, or 27 which are counted four times. Baháʼí prayer beads consist of either 95 beads or 19 beads, which are strung with the addition of five beads below. The Sikh Mala also has 108 beads.

The oldest set of prayer beads in Western Christianity, the Pater Noster cord, traditionally contains 150 beads for the 150 Psalms in the Bible, though Pater Noster cords of 50 beads have been made that are prayed through thrice. Roman Catholics came to use the Rosary (Latin "rosarium", meaning "rose garden") with 59 beads. The Oriental Orthodox mequteria, chiefly used by Coptic Orthodox Christians and Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, contains 41 beads for praying the Kyrie Eleison said during the 41 metanoias (prostrations) in each of the Christian seven fixed prayer times (cf. Agpeya breviary). Eastern Orthodox Christians use a knotted prayer rope called either a komboskini or chotki, with 100 knots, although prayer ropes with 50 or 33 knots can also be used. The Lutheran Wreath of Christ contains 18 beads. In the 1980s Rev. Lynn Bauman from the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America introduced Anglican prayer beads with 33 beads.[8]

The Greek "komboloi" (which are worry beads and have no religious purpose) has an odd number of beads—usually one more than a multiple of four, e.g. (4x4)+1, (5x4)+1.

Use

Since the beads are fingered in an automatic manner, they allow the user to keep track of how many prayers have been said with a minimal amount of conscious effort, which in turn allows greater attention to the prayer itself.

Judaism

Although the use of prayer beads grew within those religions, it did not enter Judaism, perhaps because of its association with other religions, and to date Judaism does not use prayer beads. Although not used as counting device, many Jews touch the knots on the tzitzits attached to their tallit (prayer shawl) at specific points in their prayers.[3]

Christianity

Main articles: Rosary, Prayer rope, Chaplet (prayer), Wreath of Christ, and Anglican prayer beads

The Desert Fathers of the 3rd to 5th centuries, used pebbles or knotted ropes to count prayers, typically the Jesus Prayer ("Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner"). The invention is attributed to Anthony the Great or his associate Pachomius the Great in the 4th century. In Vita of Saint Paul of Thebes (227 A.D. to 342 A.D.), written by Saint Jerome (347 A.D. to 420 A.D.) it states that Saint Paul of Thebes used pebbles and knotted cord to count prayers.[9]

Around the 8th century, Paternoster cords were used to count the 150 Psalms of the Bible, but for those who could not read, they were used to count 150 recitations of the Lord's Prayer.[10][11][12] The Catholic Encyclopedia thus mentions strings of beads, presumably for prayer, found in the tombs of Saint Gertrude of Nivelles (7th century) and Saint Norbert and Saint Rosalia (12th century).[13] A more explicit reference is that in 1125 William of Malmesbury mentioned a string of gems that Lady Godiva used to count prayers.[13][14] The oldest prayer beads to be found in Britain were discovered by archaeologists on Lindisfarne in 2022: made of salmon vertebrae, they date from the 8th or 9th century.[15]

Roman Catholics came to pray the Dominican rosary with strings of 59 beads. The term rosary comes from the Latin rosarium "rose garden" and is an important and traditional devotion of the Catholic Church, combining prayer and meditation in sequences (called "decades") of the Lord's Prayer, 10 Hail Marys, and a Gloria Patri as well as a number of other prayers (such as the Apostles' Creed and the Salve Regina) at the beginning and end. The prayers are accompanied by meditation on the Mysteries, events in the life and ministry of Jesus. This traditional Catholic form of the rosary is attributed to Saint Dominic,[16] though some Catholic writers have doubted this claim.[12] Catholic rosary beads are composed of crucifix and center which can be made of sterling silver and/or gold, and beads which are usually made of glass, amethyst, rose quartz stone, crystal, black onyx, lavender glass or pearl,[17] but all parts can be made of any material. Catholics also use prayer beads to pray chaplets.

In Oriental Orthodox Christianity, especially among Ethiopian Christians and Coptic Christians, prayer beads known as the mequetaria/mequteria employ numbers such as 41, 64, and 100 as their length; the mequetaria is chiefly used for reciting the Kyrie Eleison (Lord have mercy) during the seven fixed prayer times of Christianity. In regards to the first two numbers, the former represent the number of wounds inflicted on Jesus from lashing, the nails, and the lance while the latter represents Mary's age upon her Assumption.

The Eastern Orthodox Church uses prayer ropes that usually come with 33, 50 or 100 knots. The loops of knotted wool (or occasionally of beads), called chotki or komboskini to pray the Jesus Prayer. Among Russian Old Believers, a prayer rope made of leather, called 'lestovka', is more common, although this type is no longer commonly used now by the Russian Orthodox Church. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "The rosary is conferred upon the Greek Orthodox monk as a part of his investiture with the mandyas or full monastic habit, as the second step in monastic life, and is called his 'spiritual sword'."[12]

The Lutheran Wreath of Christ,[18] invented by Martin Lönnebo, Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Linköping of the Swedish Lutheran Church, is a set of 18 beads, some round and some elongated, arranged in an irregular pattern. Each one has its own significance as a stimulus and reminder for meditation, although they can also be used for repetitive prayer.[19]

In the mid-1980s, Anglican prayer beads were developed in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, originating in the Diocese of Texas.[8] The set consists of 33 beads (representing the 33 years of the life of Christ) arranged in four groupings of symbolic significance.

While there are liturgical churches using prayer beads in prayer, non-liturgical Christian churches do not use them.

  • Anglican prayer beads
    Anglican prayer beads
  • Oriental Orthodox mequteria of 41 beads
    Oriental Orthodox mequteria of 41 beads
  • Greek Orthodox komboskini of 100 knots
    Greek Orthodox komboskini of 100 knots
  • Lutheran Wreath of Christ
    Lutheran Wreath of Christ
  • Hand-carved Roman Catholic rosary beads
    Hand-carved Roman Catholic rosary beads
  • An Old Believer Russian Orthodox lestovka, made out of leather
    An Old Believer Russian Orthodox lestovka, made out of leather

Islam

Main articles: Misbaha and Tasbih

In Islam, prayer beads are referred to as Misbaha (Arabic: مسبحة mas'baha ), Tasbih or Sibha and contain 99 normal-sized beads, (corresponding to the Names of God in Islam) and two smaller or mini beads separating every 33 beads. Sometimes only 33 beads are used, in which case one would cycle through them three times. The beads are traditionally used to keep count while saying the prayer. The prayer is considered a form of dhikr that involves the repetitive utterances of short sentences in the praise and glorification of Allah, in Islam. The prayer is recited as follows: 33 times "Subhan Allah" (Glory be to God), 33 times "Al-hamdu lilah" (Praise be to God), and 33 times "Allahu Akbar" (God is the greatest) which equals 99, the number of beads in the misbaha.

To keep track of counting either the phalanges of the right hand or a misbaha is used. Use of the misbaha to count prayers and recitations is considered an acceptable practice within mainstream Islam.[20] While they are widely used today in Sunni and Shia Islam, adherents of the Salafi sects shun them as an intolerable innovation.[citation needed]

In the Ahmadiyya, misbaha and other forms of prayer beads are considered an "innovation". According to Mirza Tahir Ahmad of the Ahmadiyya community, the use of prayer beads is a form of innovation which was not practised by the early Muslim community[21]

Sikhism

Further information: Mool Mantar

Sikh worshipers may use mala (prayer beads) while reciting verses from the Guru Granth Sahib.[22] These prayer beads may be used as a part of the Sikh attire and worn around turbans or wrists. This is also known as a simranee.

Hinduism

Main article: Japamala

An early use of prayer beads can be traced to Hinduism[23][24][25] where they are called japamala. Japa is the repeating of the name of a deity or a mantra. Mala (Sanskrit: माला mālā) means "garland" or "wreath".[26]

Japamala are used for repetition of a mantra, for other forms of sādhanā or "spiritual exercise" and as an aid to meditation. The most common mala have 108 beads.[27] The most common materials used for making the beads are Rudraksha seeds (used by Shaivites) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) stems (used by Vaishnavites).

According to Vedic scriptures 103 beads were used during Treta Yuga, 108 beads during Dvapara Yuga, and 111 beads in Kali Yuga.[citation needed]

According to Hindu Sashtras there must be 108 beads.[28] Generally for meditation rudraksha beads, Lotus seed are used.

  • Hindu Japa mala prayer beads, made from Tulasi wood, with the head bead in the foreground.
    Hindu Japa mala prayer beads, made from Tulasi wood, with the head bead in the foreground.

Buddhism

Main article: Japamala

Prayer beads (Chinese: 佛珠; 念珠; pinyin: fózhū, niànzhū, Japanese: 数珠, romanized: juzu, zuzu, Korean: 염주 (yeomju), Standard Tibetan: ཕྲེང་བ།, romanized: phreng ba) are also used in many forms of Mahayana Buddhism, often with a lesser number of beads (usually a divisor of 108). In Pure Land Buddhism, for instance, 27-bead malas are common. These shorter malas are sometimes called "prostration rosaries" because they are easier to hold when enumerating repeated prostrations. In Tibetan Buddhism malas are also 108 beads: one mala counts as 100 mantras, and the eight extra are meant to be dedicated to all sentient beings (the practice as a whole is dedicated at its end as well). In Tibetan Buddhism, often larger malas are used; for example, malas of 111 beads. When counting, they calculate one mala as 100 mantras and the 11 additional beads are taken as extra to compensate for errors.[verification needed]

Various type of materials are used to make mala beads such as seeds of the rudraksha, beads made from the wood of the tulsi plant, animal bone, wood or seeds from the Bodhi Tree (a particularly sacred tree of the species Ficus religiosa) or of Nelumbo nucifera (the lotus plant). Semi-precious stones like carnelian and amethyst are also used. Another commonly used material is sandalwood.[29]

  • Japanese Zen Buddhist prayer beads (Juzu)
    Japanese Zen Buddhist prayer beads (Juzu)
  • Antique Chinese Buddhist Qinan prayer beads (Niànzhū), Qing Dynasty, 19th century, China; Adilnor Collection, Sweden
    Antique Chinese Buddhist Qinan prayer beads (Niànzhū), Qing Dynasty, 19th century, China; Adilnor Collection, Sweden

Bahá’í Faith

The Baháʼí Faith stipulates that the verse Alláh-u-Abhá "God the All-Glorious" be recited 95 times daily after the performance of ablutions.[30] To help facilitate this recitation Bahá’ís often use prayer beads, though they are not required to. Most commonly, Bahá’í prayer beads consist of 95 individual beads on a strand or a strand of 19 beads with 5 set counters. In the latter case, the person reciting the verses typically tracks the 19 individual verses in a set with one hand and tracks the sets of verses with the other (19 verses times 5 sets for a total of 95 total verses). Bahá’í prayer beads are made of any number of natural and man-made materials including glass, precious and semi-precious stones, various metals and wood. There are no traditions regarding the structure of the prayer bead strand or the materials used.

  • Baháʼí prayer beads in a 19 bead, 5 set counter configuration
    Baháʼí prayer beads in a 19 bead, 5 set counter configuration

Materials used for making prayer beads

Seeds and fruitstones

Gems and precious stones

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Beads and bead makers: gender, material culture, and meaning by Lidia D. Sciama, Joanne Bubolz Eicher 19988 ISBN 1-85973-995-4 page 1
  2. ^ The concise dictionary of English etymology by Walter W. Skeat 1988 ISBN 1-85326-311-7 page 38
  3. ^ a b c d Bead One, Pray Too by Kimberly Winston 2008 ISBN 0-8192-2276-3 pages 4-10
  4. ^ Beads and bead makers: gender, material culture, and meaning by Lidia D. Sciama, Joanne Bubolz Eicher 19988 ISBN 1-85973-995-4 page 76
  5. ^ Your Faith, Your Life: An Invitation to the Episcopal Church by Jenifer Gamber, Bill Lewellis 2009 ISBN 0-8192-2321-2 pages 134-136
  6. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ a b Linking Your Beads: The Rosary's History, Mysteries, and Prayers by Patricia Ann Kasten 2011 ISBN 1-59276-929-2 OSV Publishers pages 11-13
  8. ^ a b Anglican Prayer Beads
  9. ^ Curta, Florin (28 November 2016). Great Events in Religion. ISBN 9781610695664.
  10. ^ Karras, Ruth Mazo; Kaye, Joel; Matter, E. Ann (11 February 2013). Law and the Illicit in Medieval Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8122-0885-6.
  11. ^ "Pater Noster Cords". Solitaries of DeKoven. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Monks and clergy recited or chanted the Psalms as a major source of hourly worship. People living near the monasteries/abbeys realized the beauty of this devotion but unable to read or memorize the lengthy Psalms, the people were unable to adapt this form of prayer for their use. It was suggested that the people might substitute 150 Our Fathers in place of the Psalms.
  12. ^ a b c Thurston, Herbert; Shipman, Andrew (1912). "The Rosary". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  13. ^ a b Volz, John (1907). "Use of Beads at Prayers". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  14. ^ William of Malmesbury (2012) [1125]. Hamilton, N. E. S. A. (ed.). Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum Libri Quinque. Cambridge Library Collection – Rolls (in Latin) (Reprint of 1870 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-108-04886-6. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  15. ^ Dalya Alberge (26 June 2022). "First ever prayer beads from medieval Britain discovered". The Telegraph.
  16. ^ "St Dominic & the Rosary". catholic-pages.com. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  17. ^ Prayer beads in Christianity Retrieved 18 December 2008
  18. ^ Pearls of Life Archived 21 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 9 March 2010
  19. ^ Lerner, Thomas (2 February 2015). "Så blev Frälsarkransen Sveriges första moderna radband". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  20. ^ "Is Using Prayer Beads An Innovation? - SeekersHub Answers". 11 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  21. ^ "Why do Ahmadi Muslims not use Tasbeeh (prayer beads)?". askislam.org. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  22. ^ "How Are Mala Rosary Prayer Beads Used in Sikhism?". about.com. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  23. ^ Untracht, Oppi (2008). "Rosaries of India". Traditional Jewelry of India. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  24. ^ "Hindu Malas". dharma-beads.net. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  25. ^ "Prayer Beads". dharma-beads.net. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  26. ^ Apte, Vaman Shivaram. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. p. 1267. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012.
  27. ^ The Significance of the number 108. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
  28. ^ "Importance of 108 beads".
  29. ^ Prayer beads in Buddhism Retrieved 18 December 2008
  30. ^ Bahá'u'lláh (1992). Kitáb-i-Aqdas. The Universal House of Justice. p. 26, para 18. ISBN 0-85398-999-0.

Bibliography

  • Dubin, L.S. (2009). Prayer Beads. In C. Kenney (Ed.), The History of Beads: From 100,000 B.C. to the Present (Revised and Expanded Edition) (pp. 79–92). New York: Abrams Publishing.
  • Henry, G., & Marriott, S. (2008). Beads of Faith: Pathways to Meditation and Spirituality Using Rosaries, Prayer Beads and Sacred Words. Fons Vitae Publishing.
  • Untracht, O. (2008). Rosaries of India. In H. Whelchel (Ed.), Traditional Jewelry of India (pp. 69–73). New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc.
  • Wiley, E., & Shannon, M.O. (2002). A String and a Prayer: How to Make and Use Prayer Beads. Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC.
  • Winston, K. (2008). Bead One, Pray Too: A Guide to Making and Using Prayer Beads. Morehouse Publishing.
  • prayer beads.

External links

Media related to Prayer beads at Wikimedia Commons

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