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Ryūgū-jō (竜宮城, 龍宮城, lit. "Dragon palace castle") or Ryūgū (竜宮, 龍宮, lit. "Dragon palace") is the supernatural undersea palace of Ryūjin or Dragon God in Japanese tradition.

It is best known as the place in fairytale where Urashima Tarō was invited after saving a turtle, where he was entertained by the Dragon God's princess Oto-hime and his minions, but when Urashima returned back to land after what he thought was a few days away, centuries had passed.

Overview[edit]

Ryūgū or Ryūgū-jō is the fabulous mythical residence of the Ryūjin (Dragon God) or Sea God, or the princess Otohime.^[1] It is also equated with the "fish-scale palace" (iroko no goto tsukureru miya)" which was the Sea God Watatsumi's palace mentioned in the Kojiki (8th century).^[1]

The Ryūgū is well-known as the supernatural place in the fisherman's fairytale Urashima Tarō,^[1] and most Japanese now consider it to be a place which supposed to lie under the sea.^[2]^[3] Actually, Ryūgū that appears in other narratives and fairytales (otogi banashi) had been considered to be underwater for a long time,^[3] but in the particular case of the Urashima legend, its Dragon Palace was not firmly considered to be underwater until quite late in the modern period.^[3]

Urashima[edit]

Afloat or undersea[edit]

In most familiar versions of the Urashima legend nowadays in Japan, the Ryūgū lies undersea,^[2]^[4] but in early and otogizoshi versions,^[a] the fisherman traveled to Hōrai (Mount Penglai, the Elysium in Chinese tradition), a floating island.^[2] During the Edo era, pictorial depiction of Ryūgū above the waves remained fairly conventional.^[7] A work may illustrate Ryūgū above water, yet describe it textually as underwater, as in a burlesque gesaku work of 1782.^[8]

In the Meiji era, akahon ehon [ja] or "redbook picture books" of the 1880s,^[11] as well as Tsukioka Yoshitoshi's (1886) print are examples of Ryūgū illustrated above water, but they are lacking in textual detail on whether it is a sunken city or not.^[13] The akahon illustrations were appropriated by Masayuki Kataoka's English translation (1886), which describes the Dragon Palace as visible "far below" the water, to which the man carried by the reptile "descended".^[14]^[15]

Ryūgū was described as a "Dragon Palace beyond the blue sea", in Basil Hall Chamberlain's translation (1886). Here the "Dragon Palace" is illustrated as a complex of buildings atop an island, with fishes clad in kimono walking about the sandy shore.^[16] Chamberlain had freely substituted more ancient text material into his retelling of the Urashima fairytale.^[17]^[18] Chamberlain also interchangeably uses "Sea God's Palace", probably with the archaic god-name Watatsumi in mind.^[19]^[b]

Eventually, the Dragon Palace undersea became the standard in modern tellings of the Urashima tale.^[20] A canonical example by the Taisho Era, according to one researcher, was the edition by Mori Rintarō (novelist Mori Ōgai) and others, published 1920–1921, whose illustration shows Urashima and the turtle peeing underneath at the palace.^[21]

Palace architecture[edit]

"The walls of the Palace were of coral, the trees had emeralds for leaves and rubies for berries" (Chamberlain),^[22]^[c] roughly coincides with the inner chambers being fashioned with sangoju kin no tagui (珊樹樹金の類, lit. 'treelike coral, gold, and the like') according to Meiji Era akahon ehon ("red book" editions).^[27]

The use of materials such as pearl or crystal on the exterior is given in Brauns' translation (Englished by Lang), alongside the interior hall being illuminated by fish scales.^[28]

Masayuki Kataoka's English translation (1886)^[14] describes a Dragon's Palace with a crystal dome, which a researcher considers a novel, unfamiliar feature.^[d]^[29] Kataoka's translation, upon comparison, differed greatly from the text of the akahon picture books, though he had blatantly appropriated and reworked their illustrations.^[30] Here, there is a long distance from the gatekeeper to the palace proper, and Urashima is guided by a pretty glass ball that rolls of is own accord.^[31]

Four seasons on four sides[edit]

A notable feature of the Dragon Palace according to the "feudal" (otogizōshi) versions is the view to the "four seasons on four sides",^[20]^[17]^[e] though this has been eschewed in Chamberlain's translation.^[f]^[17]

However, the view to the four seasons is incorporated in Mrs. Ozaki's translation: cherry blossom in bloom to the east (spring), buzzing cicadas to the south (summer), multi-colored maple leaves to the west (autumn), and snow-covered ground to the north (winter).^[34] This is presumably based on a text edited by Iwaya Sazanami [ja],^[35] probably the text of Nihon mukashibanashi (1896),^[36] which corresponds roughly with a version from the Otogizōshi.^[32] The four seasons also figure in F. Hadland Davis's synopsis (1912).^[37] The usual bird which sings in spring is the bush warbler, not actually a nightingale. More precise translations from the otogizōshi text are given elsewhere.^[38]

The Spring side of the palace, cherry blossoms on the trees

The Summer side of the palace, Urashima and Otohime walking on a bridge

The Autumn side of the palace, Urashima and Otohime watching deer

The Winter side of the palace, with a light snow on the garden

Japanese watercolor from late 16th or early 17th century

Passage of time[edit]

Whether in the ancient (Nara Period),^[g] feudal period or standard modern versions of Urashima, he believes he has spent 3 years at the otherworld or Dragon Palace,^[20] but more than 300 years had elapsed in the ancient and standard modern versions (700 years in the feudal period versions).^[20] The Mizukagami (1195) gives a more precise reckoning; Urashima supposedly returned in the 2nd year of Tenchō (825 AD), 347 years later. This matches the claim in Nihon shoki that he disappeared in the year of Yuraku 22, conventionally assigned the year 478. But it also means he did not come back until a century after the Nihon shoki was written.^[41]^[42]

Hoderi and Hoori[edit]

In the mythology concerning the two princes Hoderi ("Fire Flash") and Hoori ("Fire Fade") in the Kojiki, the latter younger brother adventures to the Sea God's palace and emerges triumphant, and sires the line of emperors.^[43] The story has been often retold as fairytale, e.g. as "The Princes Fire-flash & Fire-fade".^[44]

The Sea-God's palace, a "palace built like fishes' scales",^[44] is interpreted to be a metaphor for a silver-colored structure.^[45]

Local lore[edit]

In the Ryukyuan religion, Ryūgū-jō (Okinawan: Ruuguu) is the source of fire for all family and village hearths.^[46]

Ryūgū-no-tsukai and Jinjahime[edit]

The Japanese name for the deep-sea dwelling giant oarfish is ryūgū-no-tsukai (リュウグウノツカイ), literally lit. "messenger/servant of Ryūgū" or "Messenger from the Sea God's Palace".^[47]

This real species of fish may have been the origins of the mythical jinjahime [ja], which also claimed to be a "messenger/servant of Ryūgū".^[48]^[49]^[h] This (神社姫, lit. 'shrine princess'), was a type of the so-called "prophet beast" (yogenjū) during the Edo period, which prophesied bountiful harvest followed by epidemic.^[51]

Monuments[edit]

The Katase-Enoshima Station in Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture is a structure built to resemble Ryūgū-jō, as a mock-up.^[52]^[53]

Ryūgū Shrine derives its name from Ryūgū-jō. Located on Cape Nagasakibana (also known as Cape Ryūgū)^[54]^[55] in southern Kagoshima, it is said to be where Urashima Tarō traveled to Ryūgū-jō.^[56] Locals honor Ryūjin and turtles as protectors.^[57]^[58]

Explanatory notes[edit]

^ Tango hudoki or Tango fudoki. Cf. Urashima Tarō#Tango Fudoki
^ Ozaki's translation, p. 30, says the palace is also called "Rin Gin", but this seems to be an insertion or substitution where the Japanese text only says "Ryūgū".
^ The emeralds would be suigyoku (翠玉) and rubies are kōgyoku (紅玉) in Japanese.^[23]
^ The researcher Hayashi apparently assumes "crystal" the mineral, but it can also be manufactured glass, of course. And glass (Japanese: hari) does feature in the Dragon Palace in some old narratives or play scripts.
^ The standard text is the Shibukawa text, which is given by Yoshida.^[32] The Bodleian picture scroll text has also been transcribed by Hayashi.^[33]
^ Makino remarks that certain minor details from otogizōshi are incorporated in Chamberlain's text.
^ Tango fudoki fragment, 3 years had elapsed at Sento (仙都, "immortal city"), and Urashimako upon return is told 300 years had gone by.^[39]^[40]
^ The jinjahime is also mentioned in connection with the iconic amabie bearing resemblance to oarfish.^[50]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Ryūgū densetsu" 竜宮伝説. Nipponica (in Japanese). Shogakukan – via Kotobank. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |script-work= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Tagaya, Yuko (2011), Grafetstätter, Andrea; Hartmann, Sieglinde; Ogier, James Michael (eds.), "Far Eastern Islands and Their Myths: Japan", Islands and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History: Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007, Peter Lang, p. 103, ISBN 9783631611654
^ ^a ^b ^c Miura, Sukeyuki [in Japanese] (October 1992), "Ryūgūjō: Urashima Tarō to Hōraisan gensō" 竜宮城―浦島太郎と蓬莱山幻想, Rekishi Tokuhon, 37 (19). web version
^ Miyao (2009), p. 34
^ Hayashi (2001), pp. 41–43.
^ Hayashi (2001), p. 44.
^ Hayashi (2001). Rigorously speaking, Hayashi stated that there are depictions of the turtles being standup ridden,^[5] and many of these feature the Ryūgū shown above the waves.^[6]
^ Mukashi banashi tonda momotarō (昔噺虚言桃太郎, Tenmei 2/1782) by Iba Kashō 伊庭可笑; Torii Kiyonaga (illustr.). This is far from standard Urashima narrative since Momotaro substitutes in the role of Urashima, but at fol. 5v, the Mendacious Momotaro with "Momo" printed on his sleeve "rides the turtle 亀にうちのり" to go to Ryūgū (the palace is illustrated as above water), and the Dragon Palace's first daughter named Otome (fol. 6r) subsequently at 竜宮にいき（絵の竜宮は波の上）、竜宮の一人娘の乙女（6葉表）は、fol. 11r stands on the turtle's back, and "in the fashion of a female version of Daruma riding the reed leaf, hurries to the depths of the sea floor 女の葦の葉達磨といふ身振りにて海底深く急ぎ行く" (Hayashi (2001), p. 42).
^ Hayashi (2001), pp. 84–85.
^ ^a ^b Hayashi (2019), pp. 29–31.
^ Akahon ehon texts, (1880s), critical text based on A B C texts;^[9] and on a b c d e f g texts.^[10]
^ "The Picture of the homecoming of Urashima Taro's son from the dragon's palace (series: Yoshitoshi's Cartoons)". Chikanobu and Yoshitoshi Woodblock Prints. Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery, Scripps College. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
^ Tsukioka, Yoshitoshi (1886), Urashima no ko Ryugujō yori kikoku no zu 浦嶋之子歸國従龍宮城之圖, Yoshitoshi manga, Kobayashi Tetsujirō^[12]
^ ^a ^b Kataoka, Maayuki (May–October 1886), "Bric à Brac. Urashima: A Japanese Rip van Winkle", The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, 32 (n.s. 10), London: F. Warne & Co.: 329–331
^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 85–91 = Kataoka tr. (1886) "Urashima: A Japanese Rip Van Winkle".
^ Chamberlain (1886) (unpaginated)
^ ^a ^b ^c Makino (2011), p. 129.
^ Satomi (2001), p. 100.
^ Miyao (2009), pp. 35, 161.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shimozawa (1980), p. 33.
^ Mori et al. (1920–1921): The palace is "in the sea 海の中"にあり(p. 8), and the turtle offers Urashima a piggyback ride, and "entered further and further into the water ずんずん水の中へ入って" (p. 10).
^ Chamberlain (1886).
^ Miyao (2009).
^ Utagawa Kunimasa IV, 1848-192 (1880-12-10). Otogibanashi Urashima monogatari お伽噺浦島物かたり. Miyata Kōsuke. doi:10.11501/1167994.
^ Urashima ichidaiki 浦島弌代記. Shimamura Yoshimatsu. August 1883. doi:10.11501/1169941.
^ Satō, Shintarō (ed., illustr.) (June 1885). Otogibanashi Urashima-mono ga tari お伽噺浦島物がたり [Fairy Tale Urashima Story]. 佐藤新太郎. doi:10.11501/1919514.
^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 84–85. A critical text based on the A,^[24] B,^[25] C^[26] printed editions of 1880, 1883, and 1885 (these are woodblock-printed in hentaigana of the Edo Period). The latest C text is the base text. Updated based on a b c d e f g texts.^[10]
^ Brauns (1885), pp. 60–61 and Lang (1897), p. 26
^ Hayashi (2009), p. 82 Much of Kataoka's translation is suspected to be his own invention by Hayashi, a specialist on Urashima research.
^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 76–77 Hayashi actually uses much harsher language. He says Kataoka engaged in tōyō meaning "plagiarism", as was his habit or predilection, being an art dealer turned swindler.
^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 77–78 and appended transcription of Kataoka.
^ ^a ^b Yoshida, Shin'ichi [in Japanese] (2008-10-26), 戦中期「講談社の絵本」 (PDF), pp. 18–19
^ Hayashi (2013), pp. 20–21.
^ Ozaki (1903), pp. 35–36.
^ "Sadanami Sanjin [sic.]", Ozaki (1903), p. v
^ Miura (1989), pp. 42–45.
^ Davis, F. Hadland (1912). "XVII. Legends of the Sea. "Legend of Urashima"". Myths and Legends of Japan. Evelyn Paul (illustr.). New York: T.Y. Crowell Co. pp. 324–328.
^ McKeon (1996), p. 205.
^ Cranston, Edwin A. (1998), A Waka Anthlogy: Volume 1, The Gem-Glistening Cup, Stanford University Press, pp. 144–148, ISBN 9780804731577
^ Hayakawa (2018), pp. 41–42.
^ McKeon (1996), pp. 83–84.
^ Hayakawa (2018), p. 42.
^ Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1890), Things Japanese: Being Notes on Various Subjects Connected with Japan, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited, p. 147
^ ^a ^b James 1886.
^ Miyao (2009), p. 191.
^ George H. Kerr, Okinawa: History of an Island People (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1958), 36.
^ Yamamoto, Daiki (6 March 2010). "Sea serpents' arrival puzzling, or portentous?". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Masanobu Kagawa, curator at Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of History: "Jinjahime introduces herself as a servant of Ryūgū-jō and it probably originated from the oarfish. 神社姫は自ら竜宮城からの使いと名乗っており、深海魚のリュウグウノツカイが原型だろう。" quoted in Maruyama, Jun'ichi (3 September 2020). "〈Ima ni tsunagaru Nihonshi〉Higōhō no shippaisaku 'amabie' wa, naze 180 nengo ni fukkatsu shitanoka" 〈今につながる日本史〉非合法の失敗作「アマビエ」は、なぜ180年後に復活したのか.; blog version of column Maruyama (3 September 2020), "Higōhō no shippaisaku... korona taisan de kyakkō no amabie ni igai na kako 非合法の失敗作…コロナ退散で脚光のアマビエに意外な過去", Yomiuri Shimbun Online
^ Meyer, Matthew. "Jinja hime". Yokai.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Ando, Kenji [in Japanese] (2020-03-17). "Amabie no shōtai wa ryūgūnotsukai? Shingata korona de dairyū" アマビエの正体はリュウグウノツカイ？. Huffington Post.
^ Tsunemitsu, Tōru [in Japanese] (March 2012b), "Ryūkōbyō to yogenjū" 流行病と予言獣 [Epidemic and Prophet Beasts], Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History [Report on Investigation and Research Activity], 174: 200 (English abstract)
^ "竜宮城の雰囲気を踏襲しながら、ますます便利で快適に片瀬江ノ島駅の改良工事を実施します [Carrying out improvements on Katase-Enoshima Station more conveniently and comfortably while following the feeling of Ryūgū-jō]" (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese). Odakyu. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "The Legend of Ryūjin". KCP International. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "Ryugu Shrine". Japan RAIL & TRAVEL. KOTSU SHIMBUNSHA. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "Ryugu Shrine". KYUSHU x TOKYO. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "Palace of the Dragon King Shrine: Ryugu Jinja". IKIDANE NIPPON. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "Ryugu Shrine (龍宮神社)". KAGOSHIMA Visitors' GUIDE. Kagoshima Internationalization Council. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "Ryugu Shrine". Japan Travel. NAVITIME JAPAN. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

Bibliography[edit]

Brauns, David [in German], ed. (1885), "Uraschimataro", Japanische Märchen und Sagen (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Friedrich, pp. 59–68
Chamberlain, B. H. (1886), The Fisher-boy Urashima, Japanese Fairy Tale Series 8, Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.), T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha; alt copy @ Library of Congress
Hayakawa, Yoshie (March 2018), "Meiji nenkan no 'Urashima' tachi: shōsetsu to gikyoku to jidōbungaku" 明治年間の「浦島」たち―「小説」と「戯曲」と「児童文学」, Eco-philosophy, 12: 39–47, doi:10.34428/00009813
Hayashi, Kōhei (2001), "Urashima densetsu ni okeru gazō no mondai" 浦島伝説における画像の諸問題 [Various issues on images in the Urashima legend], Proceedings of the International Conference on Japanese Literature, 24: 41, 43–45, 54
Hayashi, Kōhei (September 2009), "Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki 'Urashima Tarō' no honkoku to kaidai" 片岡政行英訳『うらしま』覚書 [A Note on English Version Urashima Translated by Masayuki Kataoka] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (4): 73–94, ndljp:4265673, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-26
Hayashi, Kōhei (2013), "Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki 'Urashima Tarō' no honkoku to kaidai" オックスフォード大学蔵絵巻「浦島太郎」の翻刻と解題 [The Tale of Urashima in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (27): 1–31
Hayashi, Kōhei (2019), "Ehon 'Urashima Tarō' no tenkai: Kindai ni okeru Urashima densetsu no hasssei to hensen" 絵本『浦島太郎』の展開―近代における浦島伝説の発生と変遷― [The Picture Book “URASHIMA TARO” and Its Development] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (34): 23–104
James, T. H. (1886). The Princes Fire-flash & Fire-fade. Japanese Fairy Tale Series. Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.). T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha.
Lang, Andrew, ed. (1897). "Uraschimataro and the Turtle". The Pink Fairy Book. Longmans, Green. pp. 25–32. Project Gutenberg text
McKeon, Midori Yamamoto (1996), The Urashima Legend: Changing Gender Representations in a Japanese Tale, University of California, Berkeley
Makino, Yoko (牧野陽子) (2011), "Unasaka no fūkei:Hān to Chenbaren sorezore no Urashima densetsu (1)" 海界の風景〜ハーンとチェンバレンそれぞれの浦島伝説〜（一） ["Past the bounds of Ocean" : The Legend of Urashima as told by L. Hearn and B. S. Chamberlain (1)], Seijo University Economic Papers (in Japanese), 191: 138–116
Miura, Sukeyuki [in Japanese] (1989), Urashima Tarō no bungakushi: Renai shōsetsu no hassei 浦島太郎の文学史: 恋愛小説の発生, Goryū shoin, ISBN 4906010369
Miyao, Yoshio [in Japanese], ed. (2009). "Urashima". Taiyaku nihon mukashibanashishū 対訳日本昔噺集 [Japanese Fairy Tale Series] (in English and Japanese). Vol. 2. Translated by Chamberlain, Basil Hall. Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.). Sairyūsha. pp. 25ff, 301ff. ISBN 9784779113710.
Mori, Rintarō; Suzuki, Miekichi; Matsumura, Takeo [in Japanese]; Mabuchi, Reiyū, eds. (1920–1921). "Urashima Tarō" 浦島太郞. Nihon densetsu: Hyōjun otogi bunko 日本伝説 : 標準於伽文庫. Vol. 1. Hamada Josen 浜田如洗 et al. (illustr.). Baifūkan. pp. 1–30. doi:10.11501/1716320.
Ozaki, Yei Theodora (1903). "The Story of Urashima Taro, the Fisher Lad". Japanese Fairy Tales. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 26–43.
Satomi, Shigemi (2001), "Hān no Urashima densetsu ni taisuru ninshiki :washinton āvingu no sakuhin wo kijiku ni" ハーンの浦島伝説に対する認識―ワシントン.アーヴィングの作品を基軸に― [Hearn's conception of Urashima Legend: with Washington Irving's works as base], Hikaku bungaku, the Journal of Comparative Literature of JCLA (in Japanese), 44: 99–111
Shimozawa, Kiyoko (1980), "Urashima setsuwa no hensen" 浦島説話の変遷 [Transition of Urashima narrative], Nara University of Education. Kokubun: kenkyū to kyōiku, 4: 27–37, hdl:10105/10481

[5] Tango hudoki or Tango fudoki. Cf. Urashima Tarō#Tango Fudoki

[21] Ozaki's translation, p. 30, says the palace is also called "Rin Gin", but this seems to be an insertion or substitution where the Japanese text only says "Ryūgū".

[26] The emeralds would be suigyoku (翠玉) and rubies are kōgyoku (紅玉) in Japanese.^[23]

[32] The researcher Hayashi apparently assumes "crystal" the mineral, but it can also be manufactured glass, of course. And glass (Japanese: hari) does feature in the Dragon Palace in some old narratives or play scripts.

[38] The standard text is the Shibukawa text, which is given by Yoshida.^[32] The Bodleian picture scroll text has also been transcribed by Hayashi.^[33]

[39] Makino remarks that certain minor details from otogizōshi are incorporated in Chamberlain's text.

[47] Tango fudoki fragment, 3 years had elapsed at Sento (仙都, "immortal city"), and Urashimako upon return is told 300 years had gone by.^[39]^[40]

[58] The jinjahime is also mentioned in connection with the iconic amabie bearing resemblance to oarfish.^[50]

[nipponica-ryugudensetsu-1] "Ryūgū densetsu" 竜宮伝説. Nipponica (in Japanese). Shogakukan – via Kotobank. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |script-work= ignored (help)

[tagaya-2] Tagaya, Yuko (2011), Grafetstätter, Andrea; Hartmann, Sieglinde; Ogier, James Michael (eds.), "Far Eastern Islands and Their Myths: Japan", Islands and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History: Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007, Peter Lang, p. 103, ISBN 9783631611654

[miura1992-3] Miura, Sukeyuki [in Japanese] (October 1992), "Ryūgūjō: Urashima Tarō to Hōraisan gensō" 竜宮城―浦島太郎と蓬莱山幻想, Rekishi Tokuhon, 37 (19). web version

[FOOTNOTEMiyao200934-4] Miyao (2009), p. 34

[FOOTNOTEHayashi200141–43-6] Hayashi (2001), pp. 41–43.

[FOOTNOTEHayashi200144-7] Hayashi (2001), p. 44.

[8] Hayashi (2001). Rigorously speaking, Hayashi stated that there are depictions of the turtles being standup ridden,^[5] and many of these feature the Ryūgū shown above the waves.^[6]

[9] Mukashi banashi tonda momotarō (昔噺虚言桃太郎, Tenmei 2/1782) by Iba Kashō 伊庭可笑; Torii Kiyonaga (illustr.). This is far from standard Urashima narrative since Momotaro substitutes in the role of Urashima, but at fol. 5v, the Mendacious Momotaro with "Momo" printed on his sleeve "rides the turtle 亀にうちのり" to go to Ryūgū (the palace is illustrated as above water), and the Dragon Palace's first daughter named Otome (fol. 6r) subsequently at 竜宮にいき（絵の竜宮は波の上）、竜宮の一人娘の乙女（6葉表）は、fol. 11r stands on the turtle's back, and "in the fashion of a female version of Daruma riding the reed leaf, hurries to the depths of the sea floor 女の葦の葉達磨といふ身振りにて海底深く急ぎ行く" (Hayashi (2001), p. 42).

[FOOTNOTEHayashi200184–85-10] Hayashi (2001), pp. 84–85.

[FOOTNOTEHayashi201929–31-11] Hayashi (2019), pp. 29–31.

[12] Akahon ehon texts, (1880s), critical text based on A B C texts;^[9] and on a b c d e f g texts.^[10]

[yoshitoshi-manga1886-scripps-13] "The Picture of the homecoming of Urashima Taro's son from the dragon's palace (series: Yoshitoshi's Cartoons)". Chikanobu and Yoshitoshi Woodblock Prints. Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery, Scripps College. Retrieved 2022-10-09.

[yoshitoshi-manga1886-14] Tsukioka, Yoshitoshi (1886), Urashima no ko Ryugujō yori kikoku no zu 浦嶋之子歸國従龍宮城之圖, Yoshitoshi manga, Kobayashi Tetsujirō^[12]

[kataoka-tr-15] Kataoka, Maayuki (May–October 1886), "Bric à Brac. Urashima: A Japanese Rip van Winkle", The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, 32 (n.s. 10), London: F. Warne & Co.: 329–331

[hayashi2009-kataoka-tr-16] Hayashi (2009), pp. 85–91 = Kataoka tr. (1886) "Urashima: A Japanese Rip Van Winkle".

[17] Chamberlain (1886) (unpaginated)

[FOOTNOTEMakino2011129-18] Makino (2011), p. 129.

[FOOTNOTESatomi2001100-19] Satomi (2001), p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEMiyao200935,_161-20] Miyao (2009), pp. 35, 161.

[FOOTNOTEShimozawa198033-22] Shimozawa (1980), p. 33.

[23] Mori et al. (1920–1921): The palace is "in the sea 海の中"にあり(p. 8), and the turtle offers Urashima a piggyback ride, and "entered further and further into the water ずんずん水の中へ入って" (p. 10).

[FOOTNOTEChamberlain1886-24] Chamberlain (1886).

[FOOTNOTEMiyao2009-25] Miyao (2009).

[urashima-monogatari1880-27] Utagawa Kunimasa IV, 1848-192 (1880-12-10). Otogibanashi Urashima monogatari お伽噺浦島物かたり. Miyata Kōsuke. doi:10.11501/1167994.

[urashima-ichidaiki1883-28] Urashima ichidaiki 浦島弌代記. Shimamura Yoshimatsu. August 1883. doi:10.11501/1169941.

[urashima-monogatari1885-29] Satō, Shintarō (ed., illustr.) (June 1885). Otogibanashi Urashima-mono ga tari お伽噺浦島物がたり [Fairy Tale Urashima Story]. 佐藤新太郎. doi:10.11501/1919514.

[30] Hayashi (2009), pp. 84–85. A critical text based on the A,^[24] B,^[25] C^[26] printed editions of 1880, 1883, and 1885 (these are woodblock-printed in hentaigana of the Edo Period). The latest C text is the base text. Updated based on a b c d e f g texts.^[10]

[31] Brauns (1885), pp. 60–61 and Lang (1897), p. 26

[33] Hayashi (2009), p. 82 Much of Kataoka's translation is suspected to be his own invention by Hayashi, a specialist on Urashima research.

[34] Hayashi (2009), pp. 76–77 Hayashi actually uses much harsher language. He says Kataoka engaged in tōyō meaning "plagiarism", as was his habit or predilection, being an art dealer turned swindler.

[35] Hayashi (2009), pp. 77–78 and appended transcription of Kataoka.

[yoshida-36] Yoshida, Shin'ichi [in Japanese] (2008-10-26), 戦中期「講談社の絵本」 (PDF), pp. 18–19

[FOOTNOTEHayashi201320–21-37] Hayashi (2013), pp. 20–21.

[FOOTNOTEOzaki190335–36-40] Ozaki (1903), pp. 35–36.

[41] "Sadanami Sanjin [sic.]", Ozaki (1903), p. v

[FOOTNOTEMiura198942–45-42] Miura (1989), pp. 42–45.

[davis-tr-43] Davis, F. Hadland (1912). "XVII. Legends of the Sea. "Legend of Urashima"". Myths and Legends of Japan. Evelyn Paul (illustr.). New York: T.Y. Crowell Co. pp. 324–328.

[FOOTNOTEMcKeon1996205-44] McKeon (1996), p. 205.

[cranston-45] Cranston, Edwin A. (1998), A Waka Anthlogy: Volume 1, The Gem-Glistening Cup, Stanford University Press, pp. 144–148, ISBN 9780804731577

[FOOTNOTEHayakawa201841–42-46] Hayakawa (2018), pp. 41–42.

[FOOTNOTEMcKeon199683–84-48] McKeon (1996), pp. 83–84.

[FOOTNOTEHayakawa201842-49] Hayakawa (2018), p. 42.

[chamberlain1890-50] Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1890), Things Japanese: Being Notes on Various Subjects Connected with Japan, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited, p. 147

[FOOTNOTEJames1886-51] James 1886.

[FOOTNOTEMiyao2009191-52] Miyao (2009), p. 191.

[53] George H. Kerr, Okinawa: History of an Island People (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1958), 36.

[54] Yamamoto, Daiki (6 March 2010). "Sea serpents' arrival puzzling, or portentous?". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

[kagawa-apud-maruyama-55] Masanobu Kagawa, curator at Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of History: "Jinjahime introduces herself as a servant of Ryūgū-jō and it probably originated from the oarfish. 神社姫は自ら竜宮城からの使いと名乗っており、深海魚のリュウグウノツカイが原型だろう。" quoted in Maruyama, Jun'ichi (3 September 2020). "〈Ima ni tsunagaru Nihonshi〉Higōhō no shippaisaku 'amabie' wa, naze 180 nengo ni fukkatsu shitanoka" 〈今につながる日本史〉非合法の失敗作「アマビエ」は、なぜ180年後に復活したのか.; blog version of column Maruyama (3 September 2020), "Higōhō no shippaisaku... korona taisan de kyakkō no amabie ni igai na kako 非合法の失敗作…コロナ退散で脚光のアマビエに意外な過去", Yomiuri Shimbun Online

[meyer-webart-56] Meyer, Matthew. "Jinja hime". Yokai.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

[huffpost20200317-57] Ando, Kenji [in Japanese] (2020-03-17). "Amabie no shōtai wa ryūgūnotsukai? Shingata korona de dairyū" アマビエの正体はリュウグウノツカイ？. Huffington Post.

[tsunemitsu2012b-59] Tsunemitsu, Tōru [in Japanese] (March 2012b), "Ryūkōbyō to yogenjū" 流行病と予言獣 [Epidemic and Prophet Beasts], Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History [Report on Investigation and Research Activity], 174: 200 (English abstract)

[60] "竜宮城の雰囲気を踏襲しながら、ますます便利で快適に片瀬江ノ島駅の改良工事を実施します [Carrying out improvements on Katase-Enoshima Station more conveniently and comfortably while following the feeling of Ryūgū-jō]" (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese). Odakyu. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

[61] "The Legend of Ryūjin". KCP International. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

[62] "Ryugu Shrine". Japan RAIL & TRAVEL. KOTSU SHIMBUNSHA. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

[63] "Ryugu Shrine". KYUSHU x TOKYO. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

[64] "Palace of the Dragon King Shrine: Ryugu Jinja". IKIDANE NIPPON. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

[65] "Ryugu Shrine (龍宮神社)". KAGOSHIMA Visitors' GUIDE. Kagoshima Internationalization Council. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

[66] "Ryugu Shrine". Japan Travel. NAVITIME JAPAN. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

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+{{Short description|Undersea palace of Ryūjin in Japanese folklore}}
 {{redirect-distinguish|Dragon Palace|Dragon Palace Temple|Dragon Throne{{!}}Palace of the Dragon Throne}}
+{{nihongo|'''Ryūgū-jō'''|竜宮城, 龍宮城|extra={{lit}} "Dragon palace castle"}} or {{nihongo|'''Ryūgū'''|竜宮, 龍宮|extra={{lit}} "Dragon palace"}} is the supernatural undersea palace of [[Ryūjin]] or Dragon God in Japanese tradition.
-{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
+It is best known as the place in fairytale where [[Urashima Tarō]] was invited after saving a turtle, where he was entertained by the Dragon God's princess [[Oto-hime]] and his minions, but when Urashima returned back to land after what he thought was a few days away, centuries had passed.
-[[Image:KataseEnoshimaStation.jpg|thumb|[[Katase-Enoshima Station]]]]
+== Overview ==
-In [[Japanese folklore]], {{nihongo|'''Ryūgū-jō'''|竜宮城, 龍宮城||"Dragon palace castle"}} is the undersea palace of [[Ryūjin]], the dragon [[kami]] of the sea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sykes |first1=Egerton |editor1-last=Kendall |editor1-first=Alan |title=Who's Who in Non-Classical Mythology |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc. |location=New York |page=166}}</ref> [[Oto-hime|Princess Otohime]], her maidens, and Ryūjin's vassals reside in the palace, as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=F. Hadland |title=Myths and Legends of Japan |date=1912 |publisher=George G. Harrap & Company |location=London |page=325 |url=https://www.globalgreyebooks.com/content/books/ebooks/myths-and-legends-of-japan.pdf#page=375 |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412091341/https://www.globalgreyebooks.com/content/books/ebooks/myths-and-legends-of-japan.pdf#page=375 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Ryūgū or Ryūgū-jō is the fabulous mythical residence of the [[Ryūjin]] (Dragon God) or Sea God, or the princess [[Otohime]].<ref name="nipponica-ryugudensetsu"/> It is also equated with the "'''fish-scale palace'''" (''iroko no goto tsukureru miya'')" which was the Sea God [[Watatsumi]]'s palace mentioned in the ''[[Kojiki]]'' (8th century).<!--魚鱗(いろこ)のごと造れる宮室(みや)、それ綿津見(わたつみ)の神の宮--><ref name="nipponica-ryugudensetsu"/>
+The Ryūgū is well-known as the supernatural place in the fisherman's fairytale [[Urashima Tarō]],<ref name="nipponica-ryugudensetsu"/> and most Japanese now consider it to be a place which supposed to lie under the sea.<ref name="tagaya"/><ref name="miura1992"/> Actually, Ryūgū that appears in other narratives and fairytales (''otogi banashi'') had been considered to be underwater for a long time,<ref name="miura1992"/> but in the particular case of the Urashima legend, its Dragon Palace was not firmly considered to be underwater until quite late in the modern period.<ref name="miura1992"/>
-== General description ==
-Ryūgū-jō is described in [[Urashima Tarō]] as located a several-day swim beneath the sea. A marvelous gate appears before it. Different versions describe the palace made of gold, crystal, coral, and pearl with sloping roofs that can be seen over the gate. The large hall within is illuminated by fish scales. A garden surrounds the palace, each of the four sides corresponding to a different season: [[sakura]] in bloom to the east (spring), buzzing [[cicadas]] to the south (summer), multi-colored maple leaves to the west (autumn), and snow-covered ground to the north (winter).<ref>{{cite web |editor-last1=Lang |editor-first1=Andrew |title=The Pink Fairy Book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5615/5615-h/5615-h.htm#link2H_4_0006 |website=Project Gutenberg |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=12 April 2020 |location=Urbana, Illinois |date=17 December 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215025718/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5615/5615-h/5615-h.htm#link2H_4_0006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ozaki |first1=Yei Theodora |title=The Story of Urashima Taro, the Fisher Lad |url=https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/72/japanese-fairy-tales/4881/the-story-of-urashima-taro-the-fisher-lad/ |website=Lit2Go |publisher=Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=1908 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412091338/https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/72/japanese-fairy-tales/4881/the-story-of-urashima-taro-the-fisher-lad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One account has three days spent within Ryūgū-jō equal to three hundred years above the surface whereas another version has three Ryūgū-jō years as seven hundred surface years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urashima Taro: What's the Moral of this Japanese Folk Legend? |url=https://jpninfo.com/40842 |website=Japan Info |publisher=Japan Info |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=29 January 2016 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412091333/https://jpninfo.com/40842 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+== Urashima ==
-[[File:Urashima Taro handscroll from Bodleian Library 5.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Urashima Tarō|Urashima]] and [[Oto-hime|Otohime]] in the Autumn side of the undersea palace, watching deer. Japanese watercolor from late 16th or early 17th century]][[File:Urashima Taro handscroll from Bodleian Library 6.jpg|thumbnail|left|The Winter side of the palace, with a light snow on the garden]]
+{{main|Urashima Tarō}}
+=== Afloat or undersea ===
-Ryūgū Shrine derives its name from Ryūgū-jō. Located on [[Cape Nagasakibana, Kagoshima|Cape Nagasakibana]] (also known as Cape Ryūgū)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine |url=https://japanrailandtravel.com/interests/culture-history/shrines-temples/ryugu-shrine/ |website=Japan RAIL & TRAVEL |date=24 September 2019 |publisher=KOTSU SHIMBUNSHA |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193359/https://japanrailandtravel.com/interests/culture-history/shrines-temples/ryugu-shrine/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine |url=https://www.kyushuandtokyo.org/spot_60/ |website=KYUSHU x TOKYO |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193357/https://www.kyushuandtokyo.org/spot_60/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in southern [[Kagoshima]], it is said to be where Urashima Tarō traveled to Ryūgū-jō.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palace of the Dragon King Shrine: Ryugu Jinja |url=https://ikidane-nippon.com/en/interest/palace-of-the-dragon-king-shrine-ryugu-jinja |website=IKIDANE NIPPON |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193357/https://ikidane-nippon.com/en/interest/palace-of-the-dragon-king-shrine-ryugu-jinja |url-status=live }}</ref> Locals honor Ryūjin and turtles as protectors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine (龍宮神社) |url=http://kic-update.com/en/travel/ryugu-shrine-%E9%BE%8D%E5%AE%AE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE/ |website=KAGOSHIMA Visitors' GUIDE |publisher=Kagoshima Internationalization Council |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219225915/http://kic-update.com/en/travel/ryugu-shrine-%E9%BE%8D%E5%AE%AE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine |url=https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/guide/NTJtrv0622-en/ |website=Japan Travel |publisher=NAVITIME JAPAN |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193358/https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/guide/NTJtrv0622-en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In most familiar versions of the ''Urashima'' legend nowadays in Japan, the Ryūgū lies undersea,<ref name="tagaya"/>{{sfnp|Miyao|2009|p=34|ps=<!--この海底に龍宮城があるという見方が、いまは大半を占めている。-->}} but in early and ''otogizoshi versions'',{{efn|''Tango hudoki'' or ''Tango fudoki''. Cf. [[Urashima Tarō#Tango Fudoki]]}} the fisherman traveled to Hōrai ([[Mount Penglai]], the Elysium in Chinese tradition), a floating island.<ref name="tagaya"/> During the Edo era, pictorial depiction of Ryūgū above the waves remained fairly conventional.{{Refn|{{harvp|Hayashi|2001}}. Rigorously speaking, Hayashi stated that there are depictions of the turtles being [[trick riding|standup ridden]],{{sfnp|Hayashi|2001|pp=41–43}} and many of these feature the Ryūgū shown above the waves.{{sfnp|Hayashi|2001|p=44}}}} A work may illustrate Ryūgū above water, yet describe it textually as underwater, as in a burlesque ''[[gesaku]]'' work of [[1782]].{{Refn|{{nihongo|Mukashi banashi tonda momotarō|昔噺虚言桃太郎||[[Tenmei]] 2/1782}} by Iba Kashō 伊庭可笑; [[Torii Kiyonaga]] (illustr.). This is far from standard Urashima narrative since Momotaro substitutes in the role of Urashima, but at [https://kotenseki.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/100053446/viewer/9 fol. 5v], the Mendacious Momotaro with "Momo" printed on his sleeve "rides the turtle 亀にうちのり" to go to Ryūgū (the palace is illustrated as above water), and the Dragon Palace's first daughter named Otome (fol. 6r) subsequently at
+竜宮にいき（絵の竜宮は波の上）、竜宮の一人娘の乙女（6葉表）は、[https://kotenseki.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/100053446/viewer/14 fol. 11r] stands on the turtle's back, and "in the fashion of a female version of Daruma riding the reed leaf, hurries to the depths of the sea floor 女の葦の葉[[達磨]]といふ身振りにて海底深く急ぎ行く" ({{harvp|Hayashi|2001|p=42}}).}}
+In the Meiji era, {{interlanguage link|akahon ehon|ja|赤本 (少年向け本)|lt=''akahon ehon''}} or "redbook picture books" of the 1880s,{{Refn|''Akahon ehon'' texts, (1880s), critical text based on A B C texts;{{sfnp|Hayashi|2001|pp=84–85}} and on a b c d e f g texts.{{sfnp|Hayashi|2019|pp=29–31}}}} as well as [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]]'s (1886) print are examples of Ryūgū illustrated above water, but they are lacking in textual detail on whether it is a sunken city or not.{{Refn|name="yoshitoshi-manga1886"|{{citation|last=Tsukioka |first=Yoshitoshi |author-link=Tsukioka Yoshitoshi |title=Urashima no ko Ryugujō yori kikoku no zu |script-title=ja:浦嶋之子歸國従龍宮城之圖 |series=Yoshitoshi manga |date=1886 |publisher=Kobayashi Tetsujirō}}<ref name="yoshitoshi-manga1886-scripps"/>}} The ''akahon'' illustrations were appropriated by Masayuki Kataoka's English translation (1886), which describes the Dragon Palace as visible "far below" the water, to which the man carried by the reptile "descended".<ref name="kataoka-tr"/><ref name="hayashi2009-kataoka-tr"/>
-== Local lore ==
+Ryūgū was described as a "Dragon Palace beyond the blue sea", in [[Basil Hall Chamberlain]]'s translation (1886). Here the "Dragon Palace" is illustrated as a complex of buildings atop an island, with fishes clad in kimono walking about the sandy shore.<ref>{{harvp|Chamberlain|1886}} (unpaginated)</ref> Chamberlain had freely substituted more ancient text material into his retelling of the ''Urashima'' fairytale.{{sfnp|Makino|2011|p=129}}{{sfnp|Satomi|2001|p=100}} Chamberlain also interchangeably uses "Sea God's Palace", probably with the archaic god-name Watatsumi in mind.{{sfnp|Miyao|2009|pp=35, 161}}{{efn|Ozaki's translation, p. 30, says the palace is also called "Rin Gin", but this seems to be an insertion or substitution where the Japanese text only says "Ryūgū".<!--Toki ni Urashima-san! Anata wa Ryūgū wo goran ni natta koto ga gozaimasuka? 時に浦島さん!貴郎は龍宮を御覧に成た事がございますか?-->}}
+Eventually, the Dragon Palace undersea became the standard in modern tellings of the Urashima tale.{{sfnp|Shimozawa|1980|p=33}} A canonical example by the Taisho Era, according to one researcher, was the edition by Mori Rintarō (novelist [[Mori Ōgai]]) and others, published 1920–1921, whose illustration shows Urashima and the turtle peeing underneath at the palace.<ref>{{harvp|Mori|Suzuki|Matsumura|Mabuchi |1920–1921}}: The palace is "in the sea 海の中"にあり(p. 8), and the turtle offers Urashima a piggyback ride, and "entered further and further into the water ずんずん水の中へ入って" (p. 10).</ref>
+=== Palace architecture ===
+"The walls of the Palace were of coral, the trees had emeralds for leaves and rubies for berries" (Chamberlain),{{sfnp|Chamberlain|1886}}{{efn|The emeralds would be {{nihongo|''suigyoku''|翠玉}} and rubies are {{nihongo|''kōgyoku''|紅玉}} in Japanese.{{sfnp|Miyao|2009|}}}} roughly coincides with the inner chambers being fashioned with {{nihongo|''sangoju kin no tagui''|珊樹樹金の類|extra={{lit}} 'treelike coral, gold, and the like'}} according to Meiji Era ''akahon ehon'' ("red book" editions).{{Refn|{{harvp|Hayashi|2009|pp=84–85}}. A critical text based on the A,<ref name="urashima-monogatari1880"/> B,<ref name="urashima-ichidaiki1883"/> C<ref name="urashima-monogatari1885"/> printed editions of 1880, 1883, and 1885 (these are woodblock-printed in ''[[hentaigana]]'' of the Edo Period). The latest C text is the base text. Updated based on a b c d e f g texts.{{sfnp|Hayashi|2019|pp=29–31}}}}
+The use of materials such as pearl or crystal on the exterior is given in Brauns' translation (Englished by Lang), alongside the interior hall being illuminated by fish scales.<ref>{{harvp|Brauns|1885|pp=60–61}} and {{harvp|Lang|1897|p=26}}</ref>
+Masayuki Kataoka's English translation (1886)<ref name="kataoka-tr"/> describes a Dragon's Palace with a crystal dome, which a researcher considers a novel, unfamiliar feature.{{efn|The researcher Hayashi apparently assumes "crystal" the mineral, but it can also be manufactured glass, of course. And glass (Japanese: ''hari'') does feature in the Dragon Palace in some old narratives or play scripts.}}<ref>{{harvp|Hayashi|2009|p=82}} Much of Kataoka's translation is suspected to be his own invention by Hayashi, a specialist on Urashima research.</ref> Kataoka's translation, upon comparison, differed greatly from the text of the ''akahon'' picture books, though he had blatantly appropriated and reworked their illustrations.<ref>{{harvp|Hayashi|2009|pp=76–77}} Hayashi actually uses much harsher language. He says Kataoka engaged in ''tōyō'' meaning "plagiarism", as was his habit or predilection, being an art dealer turned swindler.</ref> Here, there is a long distance from the gatekeeper to the palace proper, and Urashima is guided by a pretty glass ball that rolls of is own accord.<ref>{{harvp|Hayashi|2009|pp=77–78}} and appended transcription of Kataoka.</ref>
+=== Four seasons on four sides ===
+A notable feature of the Dragon Palace according to the "feudal" (''[[otogizōshi]]'') versions is the view to the "four seasons on four sides",{{sfnp|Shimozawa|1980|p=33}}{{sfnp|Makino|2011|p=129}}{{efn|The standard text is the Shibukawa text, which is given by Yoshida.<ref name="yoshida"/> The Bodleian picture scroll text has also been transcribed by Hayashi.{{sfnp|Hayashi|2013|pp=20–21}}}} though this has been eschewed in Chamberlain's translation.{{efn|Makino remarks that certain minor details from ''otogizōshi'' are incorporated in Chamberlain's text.}}{{sfnp|Makino|2011|p=129}}
+However, the view to the four seasons is incorporated in Mrs. Ozaki's translation: [[cherry blossom]] in bloom to the east (spring), buzzing [[cicadas]] to the south (summer), multi-colored maple leaves to the west (autumn), and snow-covered ground to the north (winter).{{sfnp|Ozaki|1903|pp=35–36}} This is presumably based on a text edited by {{interlanguage link|Iwaya Sazanami|ja|巖谷小波}},<ref>"Sadanami Sanjin [sic.]", {{harvp|Ozaki|1903|p=v}}</ref> probably the text of ''Nihon mukashibanashi'' (1896),{{sfnp|Miura|1989|pp=42–45}} which corresponds roughly with a version from the ''Otogizōshi''.<ref name="yoshida"/> The four seasons also figure in [[Frederick Hadland Davis|F. Hadland Davis]]'s synopsis (1912).<ref name="davis-tr"/> The usual bird which sings in spring is the [[bush warbler]], not actually a nightingale. More precise translations from the ''otogizōshi'' text are given elsewhere.{{sfnp|McKeon|1996|p=205}}
+{{multiple image |total_width=800 |align=center
+|image1=Urashima Taro handscroll from Bodleian Library 3.jpg|caption1=The Spring side of the palace, cherry blossoms on the trees
+|image2=Urashima Taro handscroll from Bodleian Library 4.jpg|caption2=The Summer side of the palace, [[Urashima Tarō|Urashima]] and [[Oto-hime|Otohime]] walking on a bridge
+|image3=Urashima Taro handscroll from Bodleian Library 5.jpg|caption3=The Autumn side of the palace, [[Urashima Tarō|Urashima]] and [[Oto-hime|Otohime]] watching deer
+|image4=Urashima Taro handscroll from Bodleian Library 6.jpg|caption4=The Winter side of the palace, with a light snow on the garden
+|footer=Japanese watercolor from late 16th or early 17th century}}
+=== Passage of time ===
+Whether in the ancient (Nara Period),{{efn|''Tango fudoki'' fragment, 3 years had elapsed at {{Nihongo|Sento|仙都||"immortal city"}}, and Urashimako upon return is told 300 years had gone by.<ref name="cranston"/>{{sfnp|Hayakawa|2018|pp=41–42}}}} feudal period or standard modern versions of ''Urashima'', he believes he has spent 3 years at the otherworld or Dragon Palace,{{sfnp|Shimozawa|1980|p=33}} but more than 300 years had elapsed in the ancient and standard modern versions (700 years in the feudal period versions).<!--Nara ehon etc.-->{{sfnp|Shimozawa |1980|p=33}} The ''[[Mizukagami]]'' (1195) gives a more precise reckoning; Urashima supposedly returned in the 2nd year of Tenchō (825 AD), 347 years later. This matches the claim in ''Nihon shoki'' that he disappeared in the year of Yuraku 22, conventionally assigned the year 478. But it also means he did not come back until a century after the ''Nihon shoki'' was written.{{sfnp|McKeon|1996|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Hayakawa|2018|p=42}}<!--prob. after Miura-->
+== Hoderi and Hoori ==
+In the mythology concerning the two princes [[Hoderi]] ("Fire Flash") and [[Hoori]] ("Fire Fade") in the ''Kojiki'', the latter younger brother adventures to the Sea God's palace and emerges triumphant, and sires the line of emperors.<ref name="chamberlain1890"/> The story has been often retold as fairytale, e.g. as "The Princes Fire-flash & Fire-fade".{{sfn|James|1886}}
+The Sea-God's palace, a "palace built like fishes' scales",{{sfn|James|1886}}<!--p. [8], first page with no pic on opposite side--> is interpreted to be a metaphor for a silver-colored structure.{{sfnp|Miyao|2009|p=191}}
+== Local lore ==
 In the [[Ryukyuan religion]], Ryūgū-jō ([[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]: ''Ruuguu'') is the source of fire for all family and village hearths.<ref>George H. Kerr, ''Okinawa: History of an Island People'' (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1958), 36.</ref>
 == Ryūgū-no-tsukai and Jinjahime ==
+The Japanese name for the deep-sea dwelling [[giant oarfish]] is {{nihongo|''ryūgū-no-tsukai''|リュウグウノツカイ|extra=}}, literally {{lit}} "messenger/servant of Ryūgū" or "Messenger from the Sea God's Palace".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yamamoto |first1=Daiki |title=Sea serpents' arrival puzzling, or portentous? |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/06/news/sea-serpents-arrival-puzzling-or-portentous/#.XpNXrpp7mL_ |website=The Japan Times |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=6 March 2010 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128045023/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/06/news/sea-serpents-arrival-puzzling-or-portentous/#.XpNXrpp7mL_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+This real species of fish may have been the origins of the mythical {{interlanguage link|jinjahime|ja|神社姫|lt=''jinjahime''}}, which also claimed to be a "messenger/servant of Ryūgū".<ref name="kagawa-apud-maruyama"/><ref name="meyer-webart"/>{{efn|The ''jinjahime'' is also mentioned in connection with the iconic ''[[amabie]]'' bearing resemblance to oarfish.<ref name="huffpost20200317"/>}} This {{nihongo||神社姫|extra={{lit}} 'shrine princess'}}, was a type of the so-called "prophet beast" (''yogenjū'') during the [[Edo period]], which prophesied bountiful harvest followed by [[epidemic]].<ref name="tsunemitsu2012b"/>
-The Japanese name for the deep-sea dwelling [[giant oarfish]] is {{nihongo|''ryūgū-no-tsukai''|リュウグウノツカイ|extra=}}, literally lit. "messenger/servant of Ryūgū" or "Messenger from the Sea God’s Palace".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yamamoto |first1=Daiki |title=Sea serpents' arrival puzzling, or portentous? |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/06/news/sea-serpents-arrival-puzzling-or-portentous/#.XpNXrpp7mL_ |website=The Japan Times |publisher=The Japan Times |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=6 March 2010 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128045023/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/06/news/sea-serpents-arrival-puzzling-or-portentous/#.XpNXrpp7mL_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-This real species of fish may have been the origins of the mythical {{illm|jinjahime|ja|神社姫|lt=''jinjahime''}}, which also claimed to be a "messenger/servant of Ryūgū".<ref name="kagawa-apud-maruyama"/><ref name="meyer-webart"/>{{Refn|The ''jinjahime'' is also mentioned in connection with the iconic ''[[ababie]]'' bearing resemblance to oarfish, ''Huffington Post''.<ref name="huffpost20200317"/>}} This {{nihongo||神社姫|extra=lit. 'shrine princess'}}, was a type of the so-called "prophet beast" (''yogenjū'') during the [[Edo period]], which prophesied bountiful harvest followed by [[epidemic]].<ref name="tsunemitsu2012b"/>
 == Monuments ==
+[[Image:KataseEnoshimaStation.jpg|thumb|[[Katase-Enoshima Station]]]]
-The [[Katase-Enoshima Station]] in [[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] is a structure built to resemble Ryūgū-jō, as a mock-up.<ref>{{cite press release |date=12 December 2017 |title=竜宮城の雰囲気を踏襲しながら、ますます便利で快適に片瀬江ノ島駅の改良工事を実施します [Carrying out improvements on Katase-Enoshima Station more conveniently and comfortably while following the feeling of Ryūgū-jō] |url=http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8728_6535650_.pdf |language=ja |publisher=Odakyu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212132101/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8728_6535650_.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend of Ryūjin |url=https://www.kcpinternational.com/2014/06/the-legend-of-ryujin/ |website=KCP International |publisher=KCP International |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=23 June 2014 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412182436/https://www.kcpinternational.com/2014/06/the-legend-of-ryujin/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[Katase-Enoshima Station]] in [[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] is a structure built to resemble Ryūgū-jō, as a mock-up.<ref>{{cite press release |date=12 December 2017 |title=竜宮城の雰囲気を踏襲しながら、ますます便利で快適に片瀬江ノ島駅の改良工事を実施します [Carrying out improvements on Katase-Enoshima Station more conveniently and comfortably while following the feeling of Ryūgū-jō] |url=http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8728_6535650_.pdf |language=ja |publisher=Odakyu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212132101/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8728_6535650_.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend of Ryūjin |url=https://www.kcpinternational.com/2014/06/the-legend-of-ryujin/ |website=KCP International |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=23 June 2014 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412182436/https://www.kcpinternational.com/2014/06/the-legend-of-ryujin/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Ryūgū Shrine derives its name from Ryūgū-jō. Located on [[Cape Nagasakibana, Kagoshima|Cape Nagasakibana]] (also known as Cape Ryūgū)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine |url=https://japanrailandtravel.com/interests/culture-history/shrines-temples/ryugu-shrine/ |website=Japan RAIL & TRAVEL |date=24 September 2019 |publisher=KOTSU SHIMBUNSHA |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193359/https://japanrailandtravel.com/interests/culture-history/shrines-temples/ryugu-shrine/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine |url=https://www.kyushuandtokyo.org/spot_60/ |website=KYUSHU x TOKYO |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193357/https://www.kyushuandtokyo.org/spot_60/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in southern [[Kagoshima]], it is said to be where Urashima Tarō traveled to Ryūgū-jō.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palace of the Dragon King Shrine: Ryugu Jinja |url=https://ikidane-nippon.com/en/interest/palace-of-the-dragon-king-shrine-ryugu-jinja |website=IKIDANE NIPPON |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193357/https://ikidane-nippon.com/en/interest/palace-of-the-dragon-king-shrine-ryugu-jinja |url-status=live }}</ref> Locals honor Ryūjin and turtles as protectors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine (龍宮神社) |url=http://kic-update.com/en/travel/ryugu-shrine-%E9%BE%8D%E5%AE%AE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE/ |website=KAGOSHIMA Visitors' GUIDE |publisher=Kagoshima Internationalization Council |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219225915/http://kic-update.com/en/travel/ryugu-shrine-%E9%BE%8D%E5%AE%AE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ryugu Shrine |url=https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/guide/NTJtrv0622-en/ |website=Japan Travel |publisher=NAVITIME JAPAN |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412193358/https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/guide/NTJtrv0622-en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise]]
+== See also ==
-*[[Eglė the Queen of Serpents]]
+* [[The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise]]
-*[[162173 Ryugu]], an asteroid named after Ryūgū-jō
+* [[Eglė the Queen of Serpents]]
+* [[The Wife from the Dragon Palace]]
+* [[162173 Ryugu]], an asteroid named after Ryūgū-jō
+* [[Geology of Triton#Walled plains|Ryugu Planitia]], a smooth plain on [[Triton (moon)|Triton]]
+== Explanatory notes ==
+{{notelist}}
-==References==
+== References ==
 {{reflist|30em|refs=
-<ref name="huffpost20200317">{{cite news|last=Ando |first=Kenji |author-link=:ja:安藤健二 |title=Amabie no shōtai wa ryūgūnotsukai? Shingata korona de dairyū |script-title=ja:アマビエの正体はリュウグウノツカイ？ <!--新型コロナで大流行の妖怪で推測する声: オオジカオリさん「災いを予言するという点から似ているなと思いました」-->|journal=Huffpost |date=2020-03-17 |publisher= |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/entry/amabie-ryugu_jp_5e704a7cc5b60fb69ddcf7db}}</ref>
+<ref name="chamberlain1890">{{citation|last=Chamberlain |first=Basil Hall |author-link=Basil Hall Chamberlain |title=Things Japanese: Being Notes on Various Subjects Connected with Japan |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited |date=1890 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZULf10kGFwC&pg=PA147 |page=147}}</ref>
-<ref name="kagawa-apud-maruyama">Masanobu Kagawa, curator at [[Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of History]]<!--香川雅信（兵庫県立歴史博物館学芸員）-->: "Jinjahime introduces herself as a servant of Ryūgū-jō and it probably originated from the oarfish. 神社姫は自ら竜宮城からの使いと名乗っており、深海魚のリュウグウノツカイが原型だろう。<!--アマビコは古代中国から伝わる『猩々しょうじょう』を連想させる-->" quoted in {{cite blog|last=Maruyama |first=Jun'ichi |author-link=<!--丸山淳一--> |title=〈Ima ni tsunagaru Nihonshi〉Higōhō no shippaisaku 'amabie' wa, naze 180 nengo ni fukkatsu shitanoka |script-title=ja:〈今につながる日本史〉非合法の失敗作「アマビエ」は、なぜ180年後に復活したのか|work= |date=3 September 2020|url=https://note.com/maruyomi4049/n/n5cea87a31c84}}; blog version of column Maruyama (3 September 2020), "[https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/column/japanesehistory/20200831-OYT8T50124/?=tile ''Higōhō no shippaisaku... korona taisan de kyakkō no amabie ni igai na kako'' 非合法の失敗作…コロナ退散で脚光のアマビエに意外な過去]", Yomiuri Shimbun Online<!--読売新聞オンライン--></ref>
+<ref name="cranston">{{citation|last=Cranston |first=Edwin A. |title=A Waka Anthlogy: Volume 1, The Gem-Glistening Cup |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqWjwalbmx4C&pg=PA144　|pages=144–148 |isbn=<!--0804731578, -->9780804731577}}</ref>
+<ref name="davis-tr">{{cite book|last=Davis |first=F. Hadland |author-link=F. Hadland Davis |others=[[Evelyn Paul]] (illustr.) |chapter=XVII. Legends of the Sea. "Legend of Urashima" |title=Myths and Legends of Japan |location=New York |publisher=T.Y. Crowell Co. |date=1912 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mythslegendsofja00davirich/page/324/ |pages=324–328}}</ref>
+<ref name="hayashi2009-kataoka-tr">{{harvp|Hayashi|2009|pp=85–91}} {{=}} Kataoka tr. (1886) "Urashima: A Japanese Rip Van Winkle".</ref>
+<ref name="huffpost20200317">{{cite news|last=Ando |first=Kenji |author-link=:ja:安藤健二 |title=Amabie no shōtai wa ryūgūnotsukai? Shingata korona de dairyū |script-title=ja:アマビエの正体はリュウグウノツカイ？ <!--新型コロナで大流行の妖怪で推測する声: オオジカオリさん「災いを予言するという点から似ているなと思いました」-->|work=Huffington Post |date=2020-03-17 |publisher= |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/entry/amabie-ryugu_jp_5e704a7cc5b60fb69ddcf7db}}</ref>
+<ref name="kagawa-apud-maruyama">Masanobu Kagawa, curator at [[Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of History]]<!--香川雅信（兵庫県立歴史博物館学芸員）-->: "Jinjahime introduces herself as a servant of Ryūgū-jō and it probably originated from the oarfish. 神社姫は自ら竜宮城からの使いと名乗っており、深海魚のリュウグウノツカイが原型だろう。<!--アマビコは古代中国から伝わる『猩々しょうじょう』を連想させる-->" quoted in {{cite web |last=Maruyama |first=Jun'ichi |author-link=<!--丸山淳一--> |title=〈Ima ni tsunagaru Nihonshi〉Higōhō no shippaisaku 'amabie' wa, naze 180 nengo ni fukkatsu shitanoka |script-title=ja:〈今につながる日本史〉非合法の失敗作「アマビエ」は、なぜ180年後に復活したのか|date=3 September 2020 |url=https://note.com/maruyomi4049/n/n5cea87a31c84}}; blog version of column Maruyama (3 September 2020), "[https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/column/japanesehistory/20200831-OYT8T50124/?=tile ''Higōhō no shippaisaku... korona taisan de kyakkō no amabie ni igai na kako'' 非合法の失敗作…コロナ退散で脚光のアマビエに意外な過去]", Yomiuri Shimbun Online<!--読売新聞オンライン--></ref>
+<ref name="kataoka-tr">{{citation|last=Kataoka |first=Maayuki |author-link=<!--片岡政行--> |title=Bric à Brac. Urashima: A Japanese Rip van Winkle |journal=The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine |volume=32 (n.s. 10) |date=May–October 1886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9C-gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA329 |pages=329–331 |location=London |publisher=F. Warne & Co.}}</ref>
 <ref name="meyer-webart">{{cite web |last1=Meyer |first1=Matthew |author-link=<!--Matthew Meyer (illustrator)--> |title=Jinja hime |url=http://yokai.com/jinjahime/ |website=Yokai.com |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501181203/http://yokai.com/jinjahime/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+<ref name="miura1992">{{citation|last=Miura |first=Sukeyuki |author-link=:ja:三浦佑之 |title=Ryūgūjō: Urashima Tarō to Hōraisan gensō |script-title=ja:竜宮城―浦島太郎と蓬莱山幻想 |journal=Rekishi Tokuhon<!--歴史読本--> |volume=37 |issue=19<!--〈特集・異界への招待〉--> |date=October 1992 |pages=<!-- – --> |publisher=<!--新人物往来社-->}}. [http://miuras-tiger.la.coocan.jp/ryugu.html web version]</ref>
+<ref name="nipponica-ryugudensetsu">{{cite encyclopedia|last= |first= |author-link=--> |title=Ryūgū densetsu |script-title=ja:竜宮伝説 |encyclopedia=Nipponica |script-work=ja:日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) |publisher=Shogakukan |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AB%9C%E5%AE%AE%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC-1607081 |date= |via=Kotobank |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="tagaya">{{citation|last=Tagaya |first=Yuko |author-link=<!--Yuko Tagaya--> |title=Far Eastern Islands and Their Myths: Japan |editor1-last=Grafetstätter |editor1-first=Andrea |editor1-link=<!--Andrea Grafetstätter--> |editor2-last=Hartmann|editor2-first=Sieglinde |editor2-link=Sieglinde Hartmann|editor3-last=Ogier |editor3-first=James Michael |editor3-link=<!--James Michael Ogier--> |work=Islands and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History: Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007 |location= |publisher=Peter Lang |date= 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfdLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |pages=103<!--91–112--> |isbn=<!--363161165X, -->9783631611654 }}</ref>
 <ref name="tsunemitsu2012b">{{citation|last=Tsunemitsu |first=Tōru |author-link=:ja:常光徹 |title=Ryūkōbyō to yogenjū |script-title=ja:流行病と予言獣 |trans-title=Epidemic and Prophet Beasts |journal=Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History [Report on Investigation and Research Activity]<!--国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告--> |volume=174 |date=March 2012b |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q8gstsJOWgC&q=jinjahime |page=200<!--183–200--->}} (English abstract)</ref>
+<ref name="urashima-monogatari1880">{{cite book |author-link=Utagawa Kunisada III |author=Utagawa Kunimasa IV<!--歌川国政 (4代目)--> |author-mask=Utagawa Kunimasa IV, 1848-192 |others=<!--竹内栄久 (画) Takeuchi, Eikyū, real name of Utagaw Kunisada III --> |date=1880-12-10<!--明治13年12月10日--> |url={{NDLDC|1167994|format=url}} |title=Otogibanashi Urashima monogatari |script-title=ja:お伽噺浦島物かた り |publisher=Miyata Kōsuke<!--宮田幸助--> |pages=<!--unpaginated--> |doi=10.11501/1167994}}</ref>
+<ref name="urashima-ichidaiki1883">{{cite book |url={{NDLDC|1169941|format=url}} |title=Urashima ichidaiki |script-title=ja:浦島弌代記 |publisher=Shimamura Yoshimatsu<!--島村吉松--> |year=August 1883<!--明治16年8月--> |pages=<!--unpaginated--> |doi=10.11501/1169941 }}</ref>
+<ref name="urashima-monogatari1885">{{cite book |author-link=<!--佐藤新太郎--> |last=Satō |first=Shintarō |author-mask=Satō, Shintarō (ed., illustr.) |year=June 1885<!--明治18年6月日--> |url={{NDLDC|1919514|format=url}} |title=Otogibanashi Urashima-mono ga tari |script-title=ja:お伽噺 浦島物がたり |trans-title=Fairy Tale Urashima Story |publisher=佐藤新太郎<!--サトウ シンタロウ--> |pages=<!--unpaginated--> |doi=10.11501/1919514}}</ref>
+<ref name="yoshida">{{citation|last=Yoshida |first=Shin'ichi |author-link=:ja:吉田新一<!--children's lit scholar--> |title=戦中期「講談社の絵本」 |date=2008-10-26 |url=https://www.kodomo.go.jp/anv10th/archive/event/pdf/20081026.pdf |pages=18–19}}</ref>
+<ref name="yoshitoshi-manga1886-scripps">{{cite web|url=https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cyw/id/357/ |author= |title=The Picture of the homecoming of Urashima Taro's son from the dragon's palace (series: Yoshitoshi's Cartoons) |work=Chikanobu and Yoshitoshi Woodblock Prints |publisher=Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery, Scripps College |date=<!--s.d.--> |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>
 }}
+=== Bibliography ===
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{citation|editor-last=Brauns |editor-first=David |editor-link=:de:David August Brauns |title=Uraschimataro |work=Japanische Märchen und Sagen |place=Leipzig |publisher=Wilhelm Friedrich |year=1885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3TEiotn1QEC&pg=PA59 |pages=59–68|language=de}}
+* {{citation|last=Chamberlain |first=B. H. |author-link=Basil Hall Chamberlain |others=[[Kobayashi Eitaku]] (illustr.)<!--unattributed in the printed book--> |title=The Fisher-boy Urashima |publisher=T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha<!--[[:ja:長谷川武次郎]], 弘文社--> |year=1886 |series=Japanese Fairy Tale Series 8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/fisherboyurashim00chamiala}}; [https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667139/ alt copy] @ Library of Congress
+* {{citation|last=Hayakawa |first=Yoshie |author-link=<!--早川芳枝--> |title=Meiji nenkan no 'Urashima' tachi: shōsetsu to gikyoku to jidōbungaku |script-title=ja:明治年間の「浦島」たち―「小説」と「戯曲」と「児童文学」 |journal=Eco-philosophy<!--エコ・フィロソフィ研究--> |volume=12 |date=March 2018 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.34428/00009813 |url=https://toyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=10121&item_no=1&attribute_id=22&file_no=1}}
+* {{citation|last=Hayashi |first=Kōhei |author-link=<!--林晃平 (学者)--> |title=Urashima densetsu ni okeru gazō no mondai |script-title=ja:浦島伝説における画像の諸問題 |trans-title=Various issues on images in the Urashima legend |journal=Proceedings of the International Conference on Japanese Literature<!--国際日本文学研究集会会議録--> |volume=24 |year=2001 |pages=41, 43–45, 54<!--33–54 --> |url=https://kokubunken.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2633&file_id=22&file_no=1}}
+* {{citation |author-link=<!--林晃平 (学者)--> |last=Hayashi |first=Kōhei |date=September 2009 |url=http://www.t-komazawa.ac.jp/university/bulletin/pdf/kiyou04.pdf |title=Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki 'Urashima Tarō' no honkoku to kaidai |script-title=ja:片岡政行英訳『うらしま』覚書 |trans-title=A Note on English Version ''Urashima'' Translated by Masayuki Kataoka |journal=Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University<!--苫小牧駒澤大学紀要--> |number=4 |pages=73–94 |id={{NDLPID|4265673}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226110056/http://www.t-komazawa.ac.jp/university/bulletin/pdf/kiyou04.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-26}}
+* {{citation|last=Hayashi |first=Kōhei |author-link=<!--林晃平 (学者)--> |title=Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki 'Urashima Tarō' no honkoku to kaidai |script-title=ja:オックスフォード大学蔵絵巻「浦島太郎」の翻刻と解題 |trans-title=The Tale of Urashima in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford |journal=Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University<!--苫小牧駒澤大学紀要--> |number=27 |year=2013 |url=http://www.t-komazawa.ac.jp/university/bulletin/pdf/kiyou27.pdf |pages=1–31}}
+* {{citation|last=Hayashi |first=Kōhei |author-link=<!--林晃平 (学者)--> |year=2019 |title=Ehon 'Urashima Tarō' no tenkai: Kindai ni okeru Urashima densetsu no hasssei to hensen |script-title=ja:絵本『浦島太郎』の展開―近代における浦島伝説の発生と変遷―|trans-title=The Picture Book “URASHIMA TARO” and Its Development |journal=Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University<!--苫小牧駒澤大学紀要--> |number=34 |pages=23–104 |url=https://hokuyo.ac.jp/relays/download/33/76/310/1846/?file=/files/libs/1846/202004101018058868.pdf}}
+* {{cite book|last=James |first=T. H. |author-link=<!--Kate James--> |others=[[Kobayashi Eitaku]] (illustr.) |title=The Princes Fire-flash & Fire-fade |publisher=T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha<!--[[:ja:長谷川武次郎]], 弘文社--> |year=1886<!--1885–1889--> |series=Japanese Fairy Tale Series |url=https://archive.org/details/princesfireflash00jameiala}}
+* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lang |editor-first1=Andrew |editor-link=Andrew Lang |chapter=Uraschimataro and the Turtle |title=The Pink Fairy Book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2Fc21lekscC&pg=PA25 |publisher=Longmans, Green |date=1897 |pages=25–32 }} [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5615/5615-h/5615-h.htm#link2H_4_0006 Project Gutenberg text]
+* {{citation|last=McKeon |first=Midori Yamamoto |author-link=<!--Midori Yamamoto McKeon--> |title=The Urashima Legend: Changing Gender Representations in a Japanese Tale |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQxNAQAAMAAJ}}
+* {{citation|last=Makino |first=Yoko (牧野陽子) |title=Unasaka no fūkei:Hān to Chenbaren sorezore no Urashima densetsu (1) |script-title=ja:海界の風景〜ハーンとチェンバレンそれぞれの浦島伝説〜（一）|trans-title="Past the bounds of Ocean" : The Legend of Urashima as told by L. Hearn and B. S. Chamberlain (1)|journal=Seijo University Economic Papers <!--成城大學經濟研究--> |volume=191 |year=2011 |pages=138–116 |url=https://seijo.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2282&file_id=18&file_no=1|language=ja}}
+* {{citation|last=Miura |first=Sukeyuki |author-link=:ja:三浦佑之 |title=Urashima Tarō no bungakushi: Renai shōsetsu no hassei|script-title=ja:浦島太郎の文学史: 恋愛小説の発生 |publisher=Goryū shoin<!--五柳書院--> |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRzUAAAAMAAJ |isbn=4906010369}}
+* {{cite book|editor-last=Miyao |editor-first=Yoshio |editor-link=:ja:宮尾與男 |translator-last=Chamberlain |translator-first=Basil Hall |translator-link=Basil Hall Chamberlain |others=Kobayashi Eitaku<!--小林永濯 1843-1890--> (illustr.) |chapter=Urashima |title=Taiyaku nihon mukashibanashishū |script-title=ja:対訳日本昔噺集 |trans-title=Japanese Fairy Tale Series |volume=2 |publisher=Sairyūsha<!--彩流社--> |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT80AQAAIAAJ |pages=25ff, 301ff |isbn=<!--4779113717, -->9784779113710|language=en, ja}}
+* {{cite book |editor1-link=Mori Ōgai |editor1-last=Mori |editor1-first=Rintarō |editor2-link=Miekichi Suzuki<!--鈴木三重吉--> |editor2-last=Suzuki |editor2-first=Miekichi |editor3-link=:ja:松村武雄 |editor3-last=Matsumura |editor3-first=Takeo |editor4-link=<!--馬淵冷佑--> |editor4-last=Mabuchi |editor4-first=Reiyū |date=1920–1921 |chapter-url={{NDLDC|1716320|format=url}} |chapter=Urashima Tarō |script-chapter=ja:浦島太郞 |title=Nihon densetsu: Hyōjun otogi bunko |script-title=ja:日本伝説 : 標準於伽文庫 |volume=1<!--上巻--> |others=Hamada Josen 浜田如洗 et al. (illustr.) |publisher=Baifūkan<!--培風館--> |pages=1–30 |doi=10.11501/1716320}}
+* {{cite book|last=Ozaki|first=Yei Theodora |author-link=Yei Theodora Ozaki |chapter=The Story of Urashima Taro, the Fisher Lad |title=Japanese Fairy Tales |location=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. |date=1903 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_RyPbadxJgC&pg=PA26 |pages=26–43 }}
+* {{citation|last=Satomi |first=Shigemi |author-link=<!--里見繁美--> |title=Hān no Urashima densetsu ni taisuru ninshiki :washinton āvingu no sakuhin wo kijiku ni |script-title=ja:ハーンの浦島伝説に対する認識―ワシントン.アーヴィングの作品を基軸に― |trans-title=Hearn's conception of Urashima Legend: with Washington Irving's works as base |journal=Hikaku bungaku, the Journal of Comparative Literature of JCLA<!--比較文学--> |volume=44 |year=2001 |pages=99–111 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hikaku/44/0/44_99/_article/-char/ja/ |language=ja}}
+* {{citation|last=Shimozawa |first=Kiyoko <!--下澤清子 --> |title=Urashima setsuwa no hensen |script-title=ja:浦島説話の変遷 |trans-title=Transition of Urashima narrative |journal=Nara University of Education. Kokubun: kenkyū to kyōiku <!--奈良教育大学国文 : 研究と教育--> |volume=4 |year=1980 |url=https://nara-edu.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=10422&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21 |pages=27–37 |hdl=10105/10481}}
+{{refend}}
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 {{DEFAULTSORT:Ryugu-Jo}}
 [[Category:Locations in Japanese mythology]]
-{{Japan-myth-stub}}

v t e Japanese mythology
Mythic texts	Kojiki Nihon Shoki Fudoki Kujiki Kogo Shūi Hotsuma Tsutae Nihon Ryōiki Konjaku Monogatarishū Shintōshū Butsuzōzui
Japanese creation myth	Kotoamatsukami (Hitorigami) Ame-no-Minakanushi Kamiyo (Kamiyonanayo) Kuniumi Kamiumi Izanami Izanagi Kagutsuchi Watatsumi
Takamagahara mythology	Amaterasu Susanoo Tsukuyomi Ame-no-Uzume
Izumo mythology	Yamata no Orochi Hare of Inaba Ōkuninushi Kuni-yuzuri Kotoshironushi Takeminakata
Hyūga mythology	Tenson kōrin Ninigi Konohanasakuya-hime Hoderi Hoori Toyotama-hime Ugayafukiaezu
Human age	Emperor Jimmu Tagishimimi Kesshi Hachidai
Mythological locations	Ashihara no Nakatsukuni Amano-Iwato Onogoro Island Ne-no-kuni Ryūgū-jō Sanzu River Takamagahara Tokoyo no kuni Yomi
Mythological weapons	Amenonuhoko Kusanagi no Tsurugi Totsuka-no-Tsurugi Ame-no-ohabari Futsu-no-mitama [ja]
Major Buddhist figures	Amida Nyorai Daruma Five Tathagatas
Seven Lucky Gods	Benzaiten Bishamonten Daikokuten Ebisu Fukurokuju Hotei Jurōjin Kisshōten
Legendary creatures	Dragon Kappa Kitsune Oni Shinshi Tengu Yōkai Yūrei
Other	Shinigami Ryukyuan religion Amamikyu Tenson dynasty Ainu mythology Kamuy Kamuy-huci Hasinaw-uk-kamuy
Shinto deities Japanese deities Sacred objects Japanese religions Glossary of Shinto

v t e Japanese folklore
Folktales	Awa Tanuki Gassen Bunbuku Chagama Hachikazuki Hakuzōsu Hanasaka Jiisan Hyakki Yagyō Issun-bōshi Kachi-kachi Yama Kasa Jizō Kintarō Kobutori Jiisan Kurozuka Momotarō Nezumi no Sumō Oto-hime Saru Kani Gassen Shita-kiri Suzume Taketori Monogatari Tamamo-no-Mae Tawara Tōda Tsuru no Ongaeshi Urashima Tarō Uriko-hime Yamata no Orochi Yotsuya Kaidan
Texts	Konjaku Monogatarishū Otogi-zōshi Uji Shūi Monogatari
Legendary creatures	Abura-akago Abura-sumashi Aka Manto Akaname Akashita Akateko Akuma Amabie Aoandon Amanojaku Amazake-babaa Amefurikozō Ameonna Amikiri Aobōzu Aonyōbō Aosaginohi Ashinagatenaga Ayakashi Azukiarai Bake-kujira Baku Basan Binbōgami Chimimōryō Daidarabotchi Dodomeki Dorotabō [ja] Dragon Enenra Funayūrei Furaribi Fūri Futakuchi-onna Gagoze Gashadokuro Goryō Hanako-san Harionago Hibagon Hiderigami Hinezumi [ja] Hito-gitsune Hitotsume-kozō Hitotsume-nyūdō Hone-onna Hyōsube Ikiryō Ikuchi Inugami Ishinagenjo Isonade Janjanbi Jinmenju Jorōgumo Jubokko Kaibyō Bakeneko Nekomata Kamaitachi Kamikiri Kappa Kasa-obake Kasha Kawauso Keukegen Kijimuna Kinoko Kirin Kitsune Hakuzōsu Kitsunebi Kodama Komainu Konaki-jiji Korpokkur Koromodako Kotobuki Kuchisake-onna Kuda-gitsune Kudan Kyubi Mazoku Mikaribaba Mikoshi-nyūdō Miage-nyūdō Misaki Mizuchi Mokumokuren Momiji Mononoke Mōryō Mujina Namahage Namazu Ningyo Noderabō Noppera-bō Nue Nuppeppō Nurarihyon Nure-onna Nurikabe Nyūdō-bōzu Obake Oboroguruma Oiwa Okiku Okubi Ōmukade Oni Ibaraki-dōji Kijo/Onibaba Kidōmaru Rashōmon no oni Shuten-dōji Onibi Onikuma Onryō Ōnyūdō Osaki Otoroshi Ouni Raijū Rokurokubi Samebito Sankai Satori Sazae-oni Shachihoko Shidaidaka Shikigami Shinigami Shiranui Shirime Shiryō Shōjō Shōkera Shussebora [ja] Sōjōbō Sunekosuri Takaonna Tanuki Danzaburou-danuki Inugami Gyōbu Shibaemon-tanuki Yashima no Hage-tanuki Ten Tengu Tennin Tenome Tesso Tōfu-kozō Tsuchigumo Tsuchinoko Tsukumogami Abumi-guchi Bakezōri Biwa-bokuboku Boroboroton Chōchin'obake Ittan-momen Kasa-obake Koto-furunushi Menreiki Ungaikyō Tsurara-onna Tsurubebi Tsurube-otoshi Ubagabi Ubume Umibōzu Umi zatō Ushi-oni Uwan Waira Wanyūdō Yamabiko Yamajijii Yama-uba Yamawaro Yanari Yobuko Yōkai Yōsei Yosuzume Yuki-onna Yume no seirei Yūrei Zashiki-warashi
Folklorists	Kunio Yanagita Keigo Seki Lafcadio Hearn Shigeru Mizuki Inoue Enryō