Tupi–Guarani languages: Difference between revisions
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{{redirect|Tupi–Guarani|the indigenous people of Brazil|Tupí people|indigenous peoples of South America|Guaraní people}} |
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{{Short description|Subfamily of the Tupian languages, indigenous to South America}} |
{{Short description|Subfamily of the Tupian languages, indigenous to South America}} |
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{{Expand Portuguese|Línguas tupi-guaranis|date=November 2020}} |
{{Expand Portuguese|Línguas tupi-guaranis|date=November 2020}} |
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'''Tupi–Guarani''' (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];{{Audio|Br-TupiGuarani.ogg|pronunciation}}. |
'''Tupi–Guarani''' (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];{{Audio|Br-TupiGuarani.ogg|pronunciation}}) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the [[Tupian languages]] of [[South America]]. It consists of about fifty languages, including [[Guarani language|Guarani]] and [[Old Tupi]]. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of [[Paraguay]]. |
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The words ''[[petunia]], [[jaguar]], [[piranha]], [[ipecac]], [[tapioca]], [[jacaranda]], [[anhinga]], [[carioca]]'', and ''[[capoeira]]'' are of Tupi–Guarani origin.{{Citation needed|reason=This is a serious claim to make, as it implies that the Guarani Languages have contributed to major cultural aspects of Brazil. There must be a source of this information|date=April 2018}} |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní: |
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní: |
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{{tree list}} |
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⚫ | |||
* '''Tupí–Guaraní''' |
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*'''[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]''' (Group II): [[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]**, [[Sirionó language|Sirionó]] (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**) |
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⚫ | |||
*'''[[Tupí languages|Tupí]]''' (Group III): [[Tupi language|Old Tupi]] (lingua franca dialect: [[Tupí Austral]]), Tupinambá (dialects: [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], {{a.k.a.}} [[Língua Geral]] as lingua franca, and [[Potiguara language|Potiguára]]), [[Cocama language|Cocama]]–[[Omagua language|Omagua]]*, [[Tupiniquim language|Tupinikin]]** |
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*'''[[ |
** '''[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]''' (Group II): [[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]**, [[Sirionó language|Sirionó]] (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**) |
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*'''[[ |
** '''[[Tupí languages|Tupí]]''' (Group III): [[Tupi language|Old Tupi]] (lingua franca dialect: [[Tupí Austral]]), Tupinambá (dialects: [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], {{a.k.a.}} [[Língua Geral]] as lingua franca, and [[Potiguara language|Potiguára]]), [[Cocama language|Cocama]]–[[Omagua language|Omagua]]*, [[Tupiniquim language|Tupinikin]]** |
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** '''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''' (Group IV): [[Akwáwa language|Akwáwa]] (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), [[Avá-Canoeiro language|Avá-Canoeiro]], [[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]], [[Tenetehára language|Tenetehára]] (dialects: [[Guajajara]], Tembé), [[Turiwára language|Turiwára]] |
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⚫ | |||
*'''[[ |
** '''[[Kawahíb language|Kawahíb]]''' (Group VI): [[Apiacá language|Apiacá]], [[Kawahíb language|Kawahíb]] (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), [[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kawahib language|Karipúna]], ?[[Uru-Pa-In language|Uru-Pa-In]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | *'''[[Northern Tupi–Guaraní languages|Northern Tupi–Guaraní]]''' (Group VIIIb): [[Anambé of Ehrenreich]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]], [[Guajá language|Guajá]], [[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Zo'é language|Zo'é]], [[Takunyapé language|Takunyapé]], [[Kaapor language|Urubú–Kaapor]], [[Wayampipukú language|Wayampipukú]] |
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** '''[[Xingu languages|Xingu]]''' (Group VIIIa): [[Anambé language|Anambé]] (of Cairarí), [[Amanayé language|Amanayé]], [[Xingú Asuriní language|Xingú Asuriní]], [[Araweté language|Araweté]], [[Aurá language|Aurá]], [[Ararandewara language|Ararandewara]] |
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⚫ | ** '''[[Northern Tupi–Guaraní languages|Northern Tupi–Guaraní]]''' (Group VIIIb): [[Anambé of Ehrenreich]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]], [[Guajá language|Guajá]], [[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Zo'é language|Zo'é]], [[Takunyapé language|Takunyapé]], [[Kaapor language|Urubú–Kaapor]], [[Wayampipukú language|Wayampipukú]] |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a [[mixed language]], and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani. |
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a [[mixed language]], and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani. |
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===Michael, et al. (2015)=== |
===Michael, et al. (2015)=== |
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Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages. |
Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages. |
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⚫ | |||
{{tree list}} |
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⚫ | |||
*''' |
*'''Tupí-Guaraní''' |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
**'''Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní''' |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
***[[ |
****[[Guajá language|Guajá]] (280 speakers) |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
***(branch) |
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⚫ | |||
****{{tree list/branching}} |
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****[[Xingu Asurini language|Xingú Asurini]] (120 speakers) |
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⚫ | |||
***(branch) |
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****[[ |
*****[[Xingu Asurini language|Xingú Asurini]] (120 speakers) |
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****{{tree list/branching}} |
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****[[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]] (560 speakers) |
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*****[[Akwáwa language|Tocantins Asuriní]], [[Parakana language|Parakanã]] (700-1,500 speakers) |
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**'''Peripheral''' |
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***[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]] (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers) |
*****[[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]] (560 speakers) |
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***'''Peripheral''' |
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****[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]] (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers) |
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***[[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kagwahiva language|Parintintin]] (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers) |
****[[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kagwahiva language|Parintintin]] (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers) |
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***'''Diasporic''' |
****'''Diasporic''' |
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****[[Tenetehára language|Tembé]] (13,000 speakers) |
*****[[Tenetehára language|Tembé]] (13,000 speakers) |
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*****{{tree list/branching}} |
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****(Diasporic core branch) |
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*****'''[[Tupi languages|Tupi]]''' |
******'''[[Tupi languages|Tupi]]''' |
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******[[Omagua language|Omagua]], [[Cocama language|Kokama]] (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers) |
*******[[Omagua language|Omagua]], [[Cocama language|Kokama]] (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers) |
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******[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers) |
*******[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers) |
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*****'''Southern''' |
******'''Southern''' |
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******[[Sirionó language|Sirionó]], [[Yuki language (Bolivia)|Yuki]] (500 speakers) |
*******[[Sirionó language|Sirionó]], [[Yuki language (Bolivia)|Yuki]] (500 speakers) |
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******[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]] |
*******[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]] {{extinct}} (Guarayu 5,900 speakers) |
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******'''[[Guarani languages|Guaranian]]''' |
*******'''[[Guarani languages|Guaranian]]''' |
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*******[[Aché language|Aché]] (910 speakers) |
********[[Aché language|Aché]] (910 speakers) |
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*******[[Mbya language|Mbyá]] |
********[[Mbya language|Mbyá]] |
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*******[[Guarani language|Paraguay Guaraní]] (4.85 million speakers) |
********[[Guarani language|Paraguay Guaraní]] (4.85 million speakers) |
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******* |
********{{tree list/branching}} |
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********[[Xeta language|Xetá]] |
*********[[Xeta language|Xetá]] {{extinct}}, [[Kaiwá language|Kaiowá]], [[Ava Guarani language|Ñandeva]] (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers) |
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********[[Tapiete]], [[Eastern Bolivian Guaraní|Chiriguano]] (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers) |
*********[[Tapiete]], [[Eastern Bolivian Guaraní|Chiriguano]] (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers) |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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O'Hagan et al. (2014,<ref>O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503193131/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.</ref><ref name="OHagan-Chousou-Polydouri-2019">{{cite journal|last1=O’Hagan|first1=Zachary|last2=Chousou-Polydouri|first2=Natalia|last3=Michael|first3=Lev|title=Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland|journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas|volume=19|year=2019|pages=e019018|issn=2177-7160|doi=10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]] and [[Xingu River]]s, just to the south of [[Marajó]] Island in eastern [[Pará]] State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the [[Amazon River]], Proto-[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/[[Araguaia River]] towards the [[Paraná River]] basin. |
O'Hagan et al. (2014,<ref>O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503193131/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.</ref><ref name="OHagan-Chousou-Polydouri-2019">{{cite journal|last1=O’Hagan|first1=Zachary|last2=Chousou-Polydouri|first2=Natalia|last3=Michael|first3=Lev|title=Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland|journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas|volume=19|year=2019|pages=e019018|issn=2177-7160|doi=10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]] and [[Xingu River]]s, just to the south of [[Marajó]] Island in eastern [[Pará]] State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the [[Amazon River]], Proto-[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/[[Araguaia River]] towards the [[Paraná River]] basin. |
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Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref> |
Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref> |
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( |
({{extinct}} = extinct) |
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{{tree list}} |
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;Tupi-Guarani branch |
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*'''Kamayura''': ''[[Kamayura language|Kamayura]]'' |
*'''Tupí-Guaraní''' |
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**'''Kamayura''': ''[[Kamayura language|Kamayura]]'' |
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*'''Kaapor-Ava''' |
**'''Kaapor-Ava''' |
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**Ava-Canoeiro: ''[[Ava-Canoeiro language|Ava-Canoeiro]]'' |
***Ava-Canoeiro: ''[[Ava-Canoeiro language|Ava-Canoeiro]]'' |
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**[[Northern Tupi–Guarani languages|Kaapor]]: ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]'' |
***[[Northern Tupi–Guarani languages|Kaapor]]: ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Aura language|Aura]]''; ''[[Guaja language|Guaja]]''; ''[[Takuñape language|Takuñape]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Urubu-Kaapor language|Urubu-Kaapor]]'' |
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*'''[[Xingu languages|Akwawa-Arawete]]''' |
**'''[[Xingu languages|Akwawa-Arawete]]''' |
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**Akwawa-Tapirape |
***Akwawa-Tapirape |
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***Akwawa: ''[[Asurini do Tocantins language|Asurini do Tocantins]]''; ''[[Parakanã language|Parakanã]]''; ''[[Surui language|Surui]]'' (Tupi-Guarani) |
****Akwawa: ''[[Asurini do Tocantins language|Asurini do Tocantins]]''; ''[[Parakanã language|Parakanã]]''; ''[[Surui language|Surui]]'' (Tupi-Guarani) |
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***Tapirape: ''[[Tapirape language|Tapirape]]'' |
****Tapirape: ''[[Tapirape language|Tapirape]]'' |
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**Arawete-Asurini |
***Arawete-Asurini |
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***Arawete: ''[[Amanaye language|Amanaye]]'' |
****Arawete: ''[[Amanaye language|Amanaye]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]''; ''[[Ararandewara language|Ararandewara]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Arawete language|Arawete]]'' |
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***Asurini do Xingu: ''[[Asurini do Xingu language|Asurini do Xingu]]'' |
****Asurini do Xingu: ''[[Asurini do Xingu language|Asurini do Xingu]]'' |
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*'''Nuclear Tupi-Guarani''' |
**'''Nuclear Tupi-Guarani''' |
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**'''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''': ''[[Guajajara language|Guajajara]]''; ''[[Tembe language|Tembe]]''; ''[[Turiwara language|Turiwara]]'' |
***'''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''': ''[[Guajajara language|Guajajara]]''; ''[[Tembe language|Tembe]]''; ''[[Turiwara language|Turiwara]]'' {{extinct}} |
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**'''[[Kawahib language|Kawahib-Kayabi]]''' |
***'''[[Kawahib language|Kawahib-Kayabi]]''' |
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***Apiaka: ''[[Apiaka language|Apiaka]]'' |
****Apiaka: ''[[Apiaka language|Apiaka]]'' |
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***Juma: ''[[Juma language|Juma]]'' |
****Juma: ''[[Juma language|Juma]]'' |
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***Kayabi: ''[[Kayabi language|Kayabi]]'' |
****Kayabi: ''[[Kayabi language|Kayabi]]'' |
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***Kawahib: ''[[Amondawa language|Amondawa]]''; ''[[Nheengatu language|Karipuna]]'' (Tupi); ''[[Parintintin language|Parintintin]]''; ''[[Piripkura language|Piripkura]]''; ''[[Tukumanfed language|Tukumanfed]]'' |
****Kawahib: ''[[Amondawa language|Amondawa]]''; ''[[Nheengatu language|Karipuna]]'' (Tupi); ''[[Parintintin language|Parintintin]]''; ''[[Piripkura language|Piripkura]]''; ''[[Tukumanfed language|Tukumanfed]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Uruewauwau language|Uruewauwau]]''; ''[[Wirafed language|Wirafed]]'' |
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**'''Diasporic Tupi-Guarani''' |
***'''Diasporic Tupi-Guarani''' |
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***Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono |
****Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono |
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****[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]: ''[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]]''; ''[[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]'' |
*****[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]: ''[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]]''; ''[[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]'' |
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****Siriono: ''[[Siriono language|Siriono]]''; ''[[Jora language|Jora]]'' |
*****Siriono: ''[[Siriono language|Siriono]]''; ''[[Jora language|Jora]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Yuki language|Yuki]]'' |
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****[[Guarani languages|Guarani]] |
*****[[Guarani languages|Guarani]] |
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*****Ache: ''[[Ache language|Ache]]'' |
******Ache: ''[[Ache language|Ache]]'' |
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*****Guarani: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani, Classical]]'' |
******Guarani: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani, Classical]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Chiriguano language|Chiriguano]]''; ''[[Chiripa language|Chiripa]]'' |
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*****Central: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Paraguaio]]'' |
******Central: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Paraguaio]]'' |
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*****Western: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Boliviano]]''; ''[[Tapiete language|Tapiete]]'' |
******Western: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Boliviano]]''; ''[[Tapiete language|Tapiete]]'' |
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*****Eastern: ''[[Kayowa language|Kayowa]]''; ''[[Mbya language|Mbya]]''; ''[[Ñandeva language|Ñandeva]]''; ''[[Pai Tavytera language|Pai Tavytera]]''; ''[[Sheta language|Sheta]]'' |
******Eastern: ''[[Kayowa language|Kayowa]]''; ''[[Mbya language|Mbya]]''; ''[[Ñandeva language|Ñandeva]]''; ''[[Pai Tavytera language|Pai Tavytera]]''; ''[[Sheta language|Sheta]]'' |
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***[[Tupi languages|Tupinamba-Kokama]] |
****[[Tupi languages|Tupinamba-Kokama]] |
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****Kokama-Omagua: ''[[Kokama language|Kokama]]''; ''[[Kokamilla language|Kokamilla]]''; ''[[Omagua language|Omagua]]'' |
*****Kokama-Omagua: ''[[Kokama language|Kokama]]''; ''[[Kokamilla language|Kokamilla]]''; ''[[Omagua language|Omagua]]'' |
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****Tupi: ''[[Tupi language|Tupi]]'' |
*****Tupi: ''[[Tupi language|Tupi]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Tupi Austral language|Tupi Austral]]'' {{extinct}} |
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****Tupinamba: ''[[Nhengatu language|Nhengatu]]''; ''[[Tupinamba language|Tupinamba]]'' |
*****Tupinamba: ''[[Nhengatu language|Nhengatu]]''; ''[[Tupinamba language|Tupinamba]]'' {{extinct}} |
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****Wayampi: ''[[Emerillon language|Emerillon]]''; ''[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]]''; ''[[Zo'e language|Zo'e]]'' |
*****Wayampi: ''[[Emerillon language|Emerillon]]''; ''[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]]''; ''[[Zo'e language|Zo'e]]'' |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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===Ferraz and Reichert (2021)=== |
===Ferraz and Reichert (2021)=== |
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The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).<ref name="Ferraz-2021">{{cite journal | |
The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).<ref name="Ferraz-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Ferraz Gerardi |first1=Fabrício |last2=Reichert |first2=Stanislav |title=The Tupí-Guaraní language family |journal=Diachronica |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=2021 |issn=0176-4225 |doi=10.1075/dia.18032.fer |pages=151–188|s2cid=228872841 }}</ref><ref>Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. [[Zenodo]]. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.4094642}}</ref> |
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{{tree list}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
*Guajá–Tenetehara |
**Guajá–Tenetehara |
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**Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara |
***Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara |
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*Guaraní |
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⚫ | |||
**Warazu |
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** |
***Warazu |
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***Xetá |
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**Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano |
***Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano |
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**Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá |
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** |
***Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá |
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***Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki |
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*Tupi |
**Tupi |
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**Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor) |
***Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor) |
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*Northern |
**Northern |
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**Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté |
***Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté |
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**Avá–Wayampí? |
***Avá–Wayampí? |
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***Avá-Canoeiro |
****Avá-Canoeiro |
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***Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí |
****Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí |
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*Central |
**Central |
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**Asurini Xingu |
***Asurini Xingu |
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**Akwawa–Tapirapé |
***Akwawa–Tapirapé |
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***Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini |
****Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini |
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**Kawahib |
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*** |
***Kawahib |
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***Parintintin, Tenharim |
****Kayabi |
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****Parintintin, Tenharim |
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***Amondava, Urueuwauwau |
****Amondava, Urueuwauwau |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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==Varieties== |
==Varieties== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Tupí people]] (Tupinambá) |
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* [[Guaraní people]] |
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* [[Ka'apor Sign Language|Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language]] |
* [[Ka'apor Sign Language|Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language]] |
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*Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1331v899 A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní]. ''LIAMES'' 15(2):193–221. |
*Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1331v899 A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní]. ''LIAMES'' 15(2):193–221. |
||
*O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~levmichael/pubs/ohagan_et_al_tg_homeland_submitted.pdf Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland]. ''LIAMES'', Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791}}. |
*O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~levmichael/pubs/ohagan_et_al_tg_homeland_submitted.pdf Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland]. ''LIAMES'', Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791}}. |
||
*{{cite journal |last1=Michael |first1=Lev |first2=Natalia |last2=Chousou-Polydouri |date=2020 |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~levmichael/pubs/michael_chousou-polydouri_SAm_phylo_to_appear.pdf |title=Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages |journal=Language and Linguistics Compass |volume=13 |issue=12 |doi=10.1111/lnc3.12358}} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Michael |first1=Lev |first2=Natalia |last2=Chousou-Polydouri |date=2020 |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~levmichael/pubs/michael_chousou-polydouri_SAm_phylo_to_appear.pdf |title=Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages |journal=Language and Linguistics Compass |volume=13 |issue=12 |doi=10.1111/lnc3.12358|s2cid=210985305 }} |
||
==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
Latest revision as of 07:54, 14 April 2024
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (November 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Tupi–Guarani | |
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Geographic distribution | Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru |
Linguistic classification | Tupian
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | tupi1276 |
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey) |
Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.
) is the most widely distributed subfamily of theThe words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.[citation needed]
Classification[edit]
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)[edit]
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:
- Tupí–Guaraní
- Guaraní (Group I)
- Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)
- Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, a.k.a. Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
- Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
- Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
- Kamayurá (Group VII)
- Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
- Northern Tupi–Guaraní (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú
*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.
Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):[1]
Group PTG final consonants PTG *tʃ PTG *pw PTG *pj PTG *j 1 lost *tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero *pw > kw, k *pj > tʃ, ʃ 2 lost *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw > kw, k *pj preserved 3 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw preserved *pj preserved 4 preserved (with some modifications) *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw *pj > tʃ, ts *j > tʃ, ts, s, z 5 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > ɸ *pj > s *j > dʒ 6 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká);
*pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb)*pj preserved *j preserved 7 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > hw, h *pj > ts *j preserved 8 partially lost *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > kw *pj > s *j preserved
Michael, et al. (2015)[edit]
Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.
- Tupí-Guaraní
- Kamaiurá (600 speakers)
- Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
- Northern
- Guajá (280 speakers)
- Ka'ápor (800 speakers)
- Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers)
- Central
-
- Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)
- Xingú Asurini (120 speakers)
-
- Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã (700-1,500 speakers)
- Tapirapé (560 speakers)
-
- Peripheral
- Northern
O'Hagan et al. (2014,[2][3] 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.
Jolkesky (2016)[edit]
Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):[4]
(† = extinct)
- Tupí-Guaraní
- Kamayura: Kamayura
- Kaapor-Ava
- Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro
- Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
- Akwawa-Arawete
- Akwawa-Tapirape
- Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani)
- Tapirape: Tapirape
- Arawete-Asurini
- Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete
- Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu
- Akwawa-Tapirape
- Nuclear Tupi-Guarani
- Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
- Kawahib-Kayabi
- Apiaka: Apiaka
- Juma: Juma
- Kayabi: Kayabi
- Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
- Diasporic Tupi-Guarani
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
- Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
- Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
- Guarani
- Ache: Ache
- Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
- Central: Guarani Paraguaio
- Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
- Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
- Tupinamba-Kokama
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
Ferraz and Reichert (2021)[edit]
The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).[5][6]
- Tupí-Guaraní
- Guajá–Tenetehara
- Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
- Guaraní
- Warazu
- Xetá
- Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
- Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
- Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
- Tupi
- Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
- Northern
- Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
- Avá–Wayampí?
- Avá-Canoeiro
- Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
- Central
- Asurini Xingu
- Akwawa–Tapirapé
- Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
- Kawahib
- Kayabi
- Parintintin, Tenharim
- Amondava, Urueuwauwau
- Guajá–Tenetehara
Varieties[edit]
Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[7]
Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
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Proto-language[edit]
Proto-Tupi–Guarani | |
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Reconstruction of | Tupi–Guarani languages |
Reconstructed ancestors |
Schleicher (1998)[edit]
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):[8]
Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998)
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Lemle (1971)[edit]
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):[9]
Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971)
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.
- ^ O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.
- ^ O’Hagan, Zachary; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia; Michael, Lev (2019). "Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 19: e019018. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791. ISSN 2177-7160.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício; Reichert, Stanislav (2021). "The Tupí-Guaraní language family". Diachronica. 38 (2). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 151–188. doi:10.1075/dia.18032.fer. ISSN 0176-4225. S2CID 228872841.
- ^ Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4094642
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.
- ^ Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi studies I, 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.
Bibliography[edit]
- Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193–221.
- O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland. LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791.
- Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). "Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12358. S2CID 210985305.
Further reading[edit]
- Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: Diachronica. Available online: 1 February 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer]