Tupi–Guarani languages: Difference between revisions
m Reverted edits by 2601:883:C380:A020:E0F5:ED08:1915:352C (talk) (HG) (3.4.12) |
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Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní: |
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní: |
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{{tree list}} |
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⚫ | |||
* '''Tupí–Guaraní''' |
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*'''[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]''' (Group II): [[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]**, [[Sirionó language|Sirionó]] (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**) |
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⚫ | |||
*'''[[Tupí languages|Tupí]]''' (Group III): [[Tupi language|Old Tupi]] (lingua franca dialect: [[Tupí Austral]]), Tupinambá (dialects: [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], {{a.k.a.}} [[Língua Geral]] as lingua franca, and [[Potiguara language|Potiguára]]), [[Cocama language|Cocama]]–[[Omagua language|Omagua]]*, [[Tupiniquim language|Tupinikin]]** |
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*'''[[ |
** '''[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]''' (Group II): [[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]**, [[Sirionó language|Sirionó]] (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**) |
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*'''[[ |
** '''[[Tupí languages|Tupí]]''' (Group III): [[Tupi language|Old Tupi]] (lingua franca dialect: [[Tupí Austral]]), Tupinambá (dialects: [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], {{a.k.a.}} [[Língua Geral]] as lingua franca, and [[Potiguara language|Potiguára]]), [[Cocama language|Cocama]]–[[Omagua language|Omagua]]*, [[Tupiniquim language|Tupinikin]]** |
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** '''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''' (Group IV): [[Akwáwa language|Akwáwa]] (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), [[Avá-Canoeiro language|Avá-Canoeiro]], [[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]], [[Tenetehára language|Tenetehára]] (dialects: [[Guajajara]], Tembé), [[Turiwára language|Turiwára]] |
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⚫ | |||
*'''[[ |
** '''[[Kawahíb language|Kawahíb]]''' (Group VI): [[Apiacá language|Apiacá]], [[Kawahíb language|Kawahíb]] (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), [[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kawahib language|Karipúna]], ?[[Uru-Pa-In language|Uru-Pa-In]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | *'''[[Northern Tupi–Guaraní languages|Northern Tupi–Guaraní]]''' (Group VIIIb): [[Anambé of Ehrenreich]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]], [[Guajá language|Guajá]], [[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Zo'é language|Zo'é]], [[Takunyapé language|Takunyapé]], [[Kaapor language|Urubú–Kaapor]], [[Wayampipukú language|Wayampipukú]] |
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** '''[[Xingu languages|Xingu]]''' (Group VIIIa): [[Anambé language|Anambé]] (of Cairarí), [[Amanayé language|Amanayé]], [[Xingú Asuriní language|Xingú Asuriní]], [[Araweté language|Araweté]], [[Aurá language|Aurá]], [[Ararandewara language|Ararandewara]] |
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⚫ | ** '''[[Northern Tupi–Guaraní languages|Northern Tupi–Guaraní]]''' (Group VIIIb): [[Anambé of Ehrenreich]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]], [[Guajá language|Guajá]], [[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Zo'é language|Zo'é]], [[Takunyapé language|Takunyapé]], [[Kaapor language|Urubú–Kaapor]], [[Wayampipukú language|Wayampipukú]] |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a [[mixed language]], and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani. |
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a [[mixed language]], and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani. |
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===Michael, et al. (2015)=== |
===Michael, et al. (2015)=== |
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Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages. |
Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages. |
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⚫ | |||
{{tree list}} |
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⚫ | |||
*''' |
*'''Tupí-Guaraní''' |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
**'''Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní''' |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
***[[ |
****[[Guajá language|Guajá]] (280 speakers) |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
***(branch) |
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⚫ | |||
****{{tree list/branching}} |
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****[[Xingu Asurini language|Xingú Asurini]] (120 speakers) |
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***(branch) |
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****[[ |
*****[[Xingu Asurini language|Xingú Asurini]] (120 speakers) |
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****{{tree list/branching}} |
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****[[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]] (560 speakers) |
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*****[[Akwáwa language|Tocantins Asuriní]], [[Parakana language|Parakanã]] (700-1,500 speakers) |
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**'''Peripheral''' |
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***[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]] (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers) |
*****[[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]] (560 speakers) |
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***'''Peripheral''' |
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****[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]] (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers) |
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***[[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kagwahiva language|Parintintin]] (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers) |
****[[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kagwahiva language|Parintintin]] (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers) |
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***'''Diasporic''' |
****'''Diasporic''' |
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****[[Tenetehára language|Tembé]] (13,000 speakers) |
*****[[Tenetehára language|Tembé]] (13,000 speakers) |
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*****{{tree list/branching}} |
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****(Diasporic core branch) |
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*****'''[[Tupi languages|Tupi]]''' |
******'''[[Tupi languages|Tupi]]''' |
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******[[Omagua language|Omagua]], [[Cocama language|Kokama]] (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers) |
*******[[Omagua language|Omagua]], [[Cocama language|Kokama]] (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers) |
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******[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers) |
*******[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers) |
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*****'''Southern''' |
******'''Southern''' |
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******[[Sirionó language|Sirionó]], [[Yuki language (Bolivia)|Yuki]] (500 speakers) |
*******[[Sirionó language|Sirionó]], [[Yuki language (Bolivia)|Yuki]] (500 speakers) |
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******[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]] |
*******[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]] {{extinct}} (Guarayu 5,900 speakers) |
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******'''[[Guarani languages|Guaranian]]''' |
*******'''[[Guarani languages|Guaranian]]''' |
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*******[[Aché language|Aché]] (910 speakers) |
********[[Aché language|Aché]] (910 speakers) |
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*******[[Mbya language|Mbyá]] |
********[[Mbya language|Mbyá]] |
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*******[[Guarani language|Paraguay Guaraní]] (4.85 million speakers) |
********[[Guarani language|Paraguay Guaraní]] (4.85 million speakers) |
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******* |
********{{tree list/branching}} |
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********[[Xeta language|Xetá]] |
*********[[Xeta language|Xetá]] {{extinct}}, [[Kaiwá language|Kaiowá]], [[Ava Guarani language|Ñandeva]] (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers) |
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********[[Tapiete]], [[Eastern Bolivian Guaraní|Chiriguano]] (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers) |
*********[[Tapiete]], [[Eastern Bolivian Guaraní|Chiriguano]] (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers) |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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O'Hagan et al. (2014,<ref>O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503193131/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.</ref><ref name="OHagan-Chousou-Polydouri-2019">{{cite journal|last1=O’Hagan|first1=Zachary|last2=Chousou-Polydouri|first2=Natalia|last3=Michael|first3=Lev|title=Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland|journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas|volume=19|year=2019|pages=e019018|issn=2177-7160|doi=10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]] and [[Xingu River]]s, just to the south of [[Marajó]] Island in eastern [[Pará]] State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the [[Amazon River]], Proto-[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/[[Araguaia River]] towards the [[Paraná River]] basin. |
O'Hagan et al. (2014,<ref>O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503193131/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.</ref><ref name="OHagan-Chousou-Polydouri-2019">{{cite journal|last1=O’Hagan|first1=Zachary|last2=Chousou-Polydouri|first2=Natalia|last3=Michael|first3=Lev|title=Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland|journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas|volume=19|year=2019|pages=e019018|issn=2177-7160|doi=10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]] and [[Xingu River]]s, just to the south of [[Marajó]] Island in eastern [[Pará]] State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the [[Amazon River]], Proto-[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/[[Araguaia River]] towards the [[Paraná River]] basin. |
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Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref> |
Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref> |
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( |
({{extinct}} = extinct) |
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{{tree list}} |
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;Tupi-Guarani branch |
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*'''Kamayura''': ''[[Kamayura language|Kamayura]]'' |
*'''Tupí-Guaraní''' |
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**'''Kamayura''': ''[[Kamayura language|Kamayura]]'' |
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*'''Kaapor-Ava''' |
**'''Kaapor-Ava''' |
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**Ava-Canoeiro: ''[[Ava-Canoeiro language|Ava-Canoeiro]]'' |
***Ava-Canoeiro: ''[[Ava-Canoeiro language|Ava-Canoeiro]]'' |
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**[[Northern Tupi–Guarani languages|Kaapor]]: ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]'' |
***[[Northern Tupi–Guarani languages|Kaapor]]: ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Aura language|Aura]]''; ''[[Guaja language|Guaja]]''; ''[[Takuñape language|Takuñape]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Urubu-Kaapor language|Urubu-Kaapor]]'' |
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*'''[[Xingu languages|Akwawa-Arawete]]''' |
**'''[[Xingu languages|Akwawa-Arawete]]''' |
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**Akwawa-Tapirape |
***Akwawa-Tapirape |
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***Akwawa: ''[[Asurini do Tocantins language|Asurini do Tocantins]]''; ''[[Parakanã language|Parakanã]]''; ''[[Surui language|Surui]]'' (Tupi-Guarani) |
****Akwawa: ''[[Asurini do Tocantins language|Asurini do Tocantins]]''; ''[[Parakanã language|Parakanã]]''; ''[[Surui language|Surui]]'' (Tupi-Guarani) |
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***Tapirape: ''[[Tapirape language|Tapirape]]'' |
****Tapirape: ''[[Tapirape language|Tapirape]]'' |
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**Arawete-Asurini |
***Arawete-Asurini |
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***Arawete: ''[[Amanaye language|Amanaye]]'' |
****Arawete: ''[[Amanaye language|Amanaye]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]''; ''[[Ararandewara language|Ararandewara]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Arawete language|Arawete]]'' |
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***Asurini do Xingu: ''[[Asurini do Xingu language|Asurini do Xingu]]'' |
****Asurini do Xingu: ''[[Asurini do Xingu language|Asurini do Xingu]]'' |
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*'''Nuclear Tupi-Guarani''' |
**'''Nuclear Tupi-Guarani''' |
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**'''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''': ''[[Guajajara language|Guajajara]]''; ''[[Tembe language|Tembe]]''; ''[[Turiwara language|Turiwara]]'' |
***'''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''': ''[[Guajajara language|Guajajara]]''; ''[[Tembe language|Tembe]]''; ''[[Turiwara language|Turiwara]]'' {{extinct}} |
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**'''[[Kawahib language|Kawahib-Kayabi]]''' |
***'''[[Kawahib language|Kawahib-Kayabi]]''' |
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***Apiaka: ''[[Apiaka language|Apiaka]]'' |
****Apiaka: ''[[Apiaka language|Apiaka]]'' |
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***Juma: ''[[Juma language|Juma]]'' |
****Juma: ''[[Juma language|Juma]]'' |
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***Kayabi: ''[[Kayabi language|Kayabi]]'' |
****Kayabi: ''[[Kayabi language|Kayabi]]'' |
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***Kawahib: ''[[Amondawa language|Amondawa]]''; ''[[Nheengatu language|Karipuna]]'' (Tupi); ''[[Parintintin language|Parintintin]]''; ''[[Piripkura language|Piripkura]]''; ''[[Tukumanfed language|Tukumanfed]]'' |
****Kawahib: ''[[Amondawa language|Amondawa]]''; ''[[Nheengatu language|Karipuna]]'' (Tupi); ''[[Parintintin language|Parintintin]]''; ''[[Piripkura language|Piripkura]]''; ''[[Tukumanfed language|Tukumanfed]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Uruewauwau language|Uruewauwau]]''; ''[[Wirafed language|Wirafed]]'' |
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**'''Diasporic Tupi-Guarani''' |
***'''Diasporic Tupi-Guarani''' |
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***Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono |
****Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono |
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****[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]: ''[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]]''; ''[[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]'' |
*****[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]: ''[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]]''; ''[[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]'' |
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****Siriono: ''[[Siriono language|Siriono]]''; ''[[Jora language|Jora]]'' |
*****Siriono: ''[[Siriono language|Siriono]]''; ''[[Jora language|Jora]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Yuki language|Yuki]]'' |
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****[[Guarani languages|Guarani]] |
*****[[Guarani languages|Guarani]] |
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*****Ache: ''[[Ache language|Ache]]'' |
******Ache: ''[[Ache language|Ache]]'' |
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*****Guarani: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani, Classical]]'' |
******Guarani: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani, Classical]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Chiriguano language|Chiriguano]]''; ''[[Chiripa language|Chiripa]]'' |
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*****Central: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Paraguaio]]'' |
******Central: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Paraguaio]]'' |
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*****Western: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Boliviano]]''; ''[[Tapiete language|Tapiete]]'' |
******Western: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Boliviano]]''; ''[[Tapiete language|Tapiete]]'' |
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*****Eastern: ''[[Kayowa language|Kayowa]]''; ''[[Mbya language|Mbya]]''; ''[[Ñandeva language|Ñandeva]]''; ''[[Pai Tavytera language|Pai Tavytera]]''; ''[[Sheta language|Sheta]]'' |
******Eastern: ''[[Kayowa language|Kayowa]]''; ''[[Mbya language|Mbya]]''; ''[[Ñandeva language|Ñandeva]]''; ''[[Pai Tavytera language|Pai Tavytera]]''; ''[[Sheta language|Sheta]]'' |
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***[[Tupi languages|Tupinamba-Kokama]] |
****[[Tupi languages|Tupinamba-Kokama]] |
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****Kokama-Omagua: ''[[Kokama language|Kokama]]''; ''[[Kokamilla language|Kokamilla]]''; ''[[Omagua language|Omagua]]'' |
*****Kokama-Omagua: ''[[Kokama language|Kokama]]''; ''[[Kokamilla language|Kokamilla]]''; ''[[Omagua language|Omagua]]'' |
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****Tupi: ''[[Tupi language|Tupi]]'' |
*****Tupi: ''[[Tupi language|Tupi]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Tupi Austral language|Tupi Austral]]'' {{extinct}} |
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****Tupinamba: ''[[Nhengatu language|Nhengatu]]''; ''[[Tupinamba language|Tupinamba]]'' |
*****Tupinamba: ''[[Nhengatu language|Nhengatu]]''; ''[[Tupinamba language|Tupinamba]]'' {{extinct}} |
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****Wayampi: ''[[Emerillon language|Emerillon]]''; ''[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]]''; ''[[Zo'e language|Zo'e]]'' |
*****Wayampi: ''[[Emerillon language|Emerillon]]''; ''[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]]''; ''[[Zo'e language|Zo'e]]'' |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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===Ferraz and Reichert (2021)=== |
===Ferraz and Reichert (2021)=== |
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The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).<ref name="Ferraz-2021">{{cite journal |last=Ferraz Gerardi |first=Fabrício |last2=Reichert |first2=Stanislav |title=The Tupí-Guaraní language family |journal=Diachronica |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=2021 |issn=0176-4225 |doi=10.1075/dia.18032.fer |pages=151–188}}</ref><ref>Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. [[Zenodo]]. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.4094642}}</ref> |
The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).<ref name="Ferraz-2021">{{cite journal |last=Ferraz Gerardi |first=Fabrício |last2=Reichert |first2=Stanislav |title=The Tupí-Guaraní language family |journal=Diachronica |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=2021 |issn=0176-4225 |doi=10.1075/dia.18032.fer |pages=151–188}}</ref><ref>Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. [[Zenodo]]. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.4094642}}</ref> |
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{{tree list}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
*Guajá–Tenetehara |
**Guajá–Tenetehara |
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**Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara |
***Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara |
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*Guaraní |
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⚫ | |||
**Warazu |
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** |
***Warazu |
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***Xetá |
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**Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano |
***Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano |
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**Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá |
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** |
***Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá |
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***Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki |
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*Tupi |
**Tupi |
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**Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor) |
***Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor) |
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*Northern |
**Northern |
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**Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté |
***Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté |
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**Avá–Wayampí? |
***Avá–Wayampí? |
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***Avá-Canoeiro |
****Avá-Canoeiro |
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***Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí |
****Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí |
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*Central |
**Central |
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**Asurini Xingu |
***Asurini Xingu |
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**Akwawa–Tapirapé |
***Akwawa–Tapirapé |
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***Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini |
****Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini |
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**Kawahib |
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*** |
***Kawahib |
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***Parintintin, Tenharim |
****Kayabi |
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****Parintintin, Tenharim |
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***Amondava, Urueuwauwau |
****Amondava, Urueuwauwau |
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{{tree list/end}} |
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==Varieties== |
==Varieties== |
Revision as of 16:21, 5 January 2024
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (November 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Tupi–Guarani | |
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Geographic distribution | Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru |
Linguistic classification | Tupian
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | tupi1276 |
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey) |
Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi.
) is the most widely distributed subfamily of theThe words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.[citation needed]
Classification
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:
- Tupí–Guaraní
- Guaraní (Group I)
- Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)
- Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, a.k.a. Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
- Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
- Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
- Kamayurá (Group VII)
- Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
- Northern Tupi–Guaraní (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú
*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.
Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):[1]
Group PTG final consonants PTG *tʃ PTG *pw PTG *pj PTG *j 1 lost *tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero *pw > kw, k *pj > tʃ, ʃ 2 lost *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw > kw, k *pj preserved 3 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw preserved *pj preserved 4 preserved (with some modifications) *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw *pj > tʃ, ts *j > tʃ, ts, s, z 5 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > ɸ *pj > s *j > dʒ 6 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká);
*pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb)*pj preserved *j preserved 7 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > hw, h *pj > ts *j preserved 8 partially lost *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > kw *pj > s *j preserved
Michael, et al. (2015)
Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.
- Tupí-Guaraní
- Kamaiurá (600 speakers)
- Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
- Northern
- Guajá (280 speakers)
- Ka'ápor (800 speakers)
- Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers)
- Central
-
- Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)
- Xingú Asurini (120 speakers)
-
- Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã (700-1,500 speakers)
- Tapirapé (560 speakers)
-
- Peripheral
- Northern
O'Hagan et al. (2014,[2][3] 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.
Jolkesky (2016)
Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):[4]
(† = extinct)
- Tupí-Guaraní
- Kamayura: Kamayura
- Kaapor-Ava
- Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro
- Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
- Akwawa-Arawete
- Akwawa-Tapirape
- Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani)
- Tapirape: Tapirape
- Arawete-Asurini
- Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete
- Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu
- Akwawa-Tapirape
- Nuclear Tupi-Guarani
- Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
- Kawahib-Kayabi
- Apiaka: Apiaka
- Juma: Juma
- Kayabi: Kayabi
- Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
- Diasporic Tupi-Guarani
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
- Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
- Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
- Guarani
- Ache: Ache
- Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
- Central: Guarani Paraguaio
- Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
- Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
- Tupinamba-Kokama
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
Ferraz and Reichert (2021)
The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).[5][6]
- Tupí-Guaraní
- Guajá–Tenetehara
- Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
- Guaraní
- Warazu
- Xetá
- Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
- Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
- Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
- Tupi
- Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
- Northern
- Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
- Avá–Wayampí?
- Avá-Canoeiro
- Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
- Central
- Asurini Xingu
- Akwawa–Tapirapé
- Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
- Kawahib
- Kayabi
- Parintintin, Tenharim
- Amondava, Urueuwauwau
- Guajá–Tenetehara
Varieties
Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[7]
Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
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Proto-language
Proto-Tupi–Guarani | |
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Reconstruction of | Tupi–Guarani languages |
Reconstructed ancestors |
Schleicher (1998)
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):[8]
Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998)
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Lemle (1971)
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):[9]
Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971)
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See also
- Tupí people (Tupinambá)
- Guaraní people
- Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language
References
- ^ Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.
- ^ O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.
- ^ O’Hagan, Zachary; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia; Michael, Lev (2019). "Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 19: e019018. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791. ISSN 2177-7160.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício; Reichert, Stanislav (2021). "The Tupí-Guaraní language family". Diachronica. 38 (2). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 151–188. doi:10.1075/dia.18032.fer. ISSN 0176-4225.
- ^ Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4094642
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.
- ^ Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi studies I, 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.
Bibliography
- Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193–221.
- O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland. LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791.
- Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). "Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12358.
Further reading
- Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: Diachronica. Available online: 1 February 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer]