Oil sugar

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Porcelain mortar with pestle

Oil sugar or Elaeosacchara (singular: Elaeosaccharum) were powdery mixtures of sugar and volatile oil .

The presentation was done by mixing and rubbing with a pestle in a porcelain mortar . To do this, a small amount of powdered sugar was placed in a porcelain mortar, the essential oil was dripped onto it, another layer of sugar was poured onto it and then the whole thing was mixed thoroughly with a pestle. The remaining amount of sugar was then gradually added with rubbing or mixing.

Since the oil sugars made with essential oils did not have a long shelf life, they had to be made anew with each order. They were mostly used to improve the taste of medicines and to relieve colic .

Elaeosacchara per affrictionem preparations were called, by rubbing of lemon peel , Pomeranzenschalen or vanilla beans with a solid piece of sugar were prepared had until the sugar absorbed a sufficient amount of volatile oil or its outer layer to thick to 2 mm appeared discolored. The colored part of the sugar was then scraped off with a knife. This operation was repeated until the desired amount of oil sugar was collected. These were ground to powder in a warm porcelain mortar.

Occasionally the so-called " wind powder ", a mixture of light magnesium carbonate, fennel oil sugar, aniseed oil sugar and caraway oil sugar, is used in babies to relieve flatulence.

Due to the better processing properties, milk sugar ( lactose ) is now often used instead of sucrose as a basis in medication, for example in homeopathic expulsions and powder mixtures for the manufacture of tablets and capsules. As a by-product of the dairy industry, milk sugar is also cheap. Because of its reducing properties, however, milk sugar is more prone to incompatibilities than sucrose.

Antiquity - early modern times

Fractional distillation furnace . Hieronymus Brunschwig 1512. Title page

The term “oil” seems to have always been related to all flammable liquids and vegetables that cannot be mixed with water; In the past, fatty and essential oils were given the same name. In the 16th century a distinction was made between distilled oils and those obtained in other ways (by pressing or boiling with water) (olea destillata and olea secreta).

In his “Great Distilling Book” from 1512, the Strasbourg surgeon and botanist Hieronymus Brunschwig described the composition and effect of four sugar triturations with distillates obtained from vegetable substances . He called these sugar triturations Manus Christi . The four “Flores cordiales” were selected as herbal substances, called “Flores cardinales” by Brunschwig: rose , borage , ox tongue or violet blossoms . Brunschwig wrote about "oils" in connection with his statements about brick oil . Distillers for the execution of fractional distillations he depicted as devices for the production of brandy. However, these devices were also suitable for separating oils.

In a pharmacopoeia of Conrad Gessner published posthumously by the Zurich doctor Caspar Wolff in 1583 , the presentation and use of the oils were described in more detail.

“What the use or use of oils ſey. The diluted oils have a wide range of uses and uses / as such oils are then heard. But they are also used very comfortably in the body on the white: namely, dissolve ſoltu of the sugar in violas or roses or chambers / or onſt of the same burnt water: then a drop of line or two of the oil / which you want to use / pour on it form alſo little taffeta on it. "

Modern times

In the first Prussian Pharmacopoeia from 1799, oil sugar made from aniseed fruits , cinnamon bark , fennel seeds , peppermints and lemon peel were listed. Even in the first German Pharmacopoeia from 1872 and in the new edition of the 6th German Pharmacopoeia published in 1951 , oil sugar was mentioned - albeit only briefly. In the Austrian pharmacopoeia, oil sugars were still listed in the 2007 edition (ÖAB 2007).

In general, due to its better processability, lactose (milk sugar) is now used instead of sucrose in medication, for example in homeopathic expulsions or powder mixtures for the manufacture of tablets and capsules.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b German Pharmacopoeia . 6th edition 1926, reprint 1951 with incorporated supplements, Decker and Schenck, Hamburg - Berlin - Bonn 1951, p. 201: Elaeosacchara - oil sugar . Essential oil 1 part, medium-fine powdered sugar 50 parts are mixed. Oil sugar must be freshly prepared for delivery.
  2. ^ Hermann Hager , B. Fischer and Carl Hartwich (editors). Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia for the German Empire, Third Edition, Julius Springer - Berlin (Volume I) 1891 p. 562: Elaeosacchara (digitized version )
  3. ↑ DFL of Schlechtendal : Elaeosaccharum . In: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Heinrich Friedrich Link and Joseph Müller (1811–1845) (editors). Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences , Veit et Comp., Berlin (Volume 10) 1834, p. 468: Elaeosaccharum (digitized version )
  4. ^ Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin (Volume I) 1883, p. 346: Mechanica (digitized version)
  5. ^ Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 581-582 (digitized version )
  6. ^ Karl Friedrich Mohr . Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: including translation of the text . According to the sixth edition of the Pharmacopoea borussica. Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig (Volume I) 1848, p. 336: Elaeossaccara. Oil sugar (digitized version )
  7. ↑ Hermann Hager . Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia Germanica . Julius Springer, Berlin (Volume I) 1873, pp. 569-570: Elaeosacchara (digitized) ; (Volume II) 1874, p. 854: Vanilla saccharata (digital copy )
  8. ↑ DAC / NRF , recipe information for fennel, accessed on July 20, 2019.
  9. ↑ Lactose: What is it? , nmi-Portal / Society for Public Health (eV), accessed on May 21, 2020.
  10. ^ R. Voigt: Pharmaceutical technology . 11th edition. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, p. 146 f .
  11. ↑ KH Bauer, K.-H- Frömming, C. Führer: Pharmazeutische Technologie . 2nd Edition. Thieme, Stuttgart 1989, p. 141 ff .
  12. ↑ Hermann Kopp . History of chemistry . Vieweg, Braunschweig (Volume 4) 1847, p. 382 ff .: Fat, oil and compounds obtained from them . (Digitized version) ; P. 391 ff .: volatile oils (digitized version )
  13. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Liber de arte distillandi de compositis. Strasbourg 1512, sheet 151vb (digitized version )
  14. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Liber de arte distillandi de compositis. Strasbourg 1512, sheet 52rb-53va (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Liber de arte distillandi de compositis. Strasbourg 1512, sheet 21r (digitized) ; Sheet 39r (digitized version ) ; Sheet 127v (digitized version ) ; Sheet 159r (digitized version ) ; Sheet 185v (digitized version ) ; Sheet 276v (digitized version )
  16. ↑ Caspar Wolff (editor). The other part of the treasure Euonymi / from all sorts of artificial and valued oils / water / and secret artzneyen ... first collected by Herr Doctor Cunrat Geßner ... , Jakob Nüscheler, Zurich 1583, p. 103: How to distill the oils. (Digitized version)
  17. ↑ Caspar Wolff (editor). The other part of the treasure Euonymi / of all kinds of artificial and evaluating oils / water / and secret Artzneyen ... , Jakob Nüscheler, Zurich 1583, p. 106: What the use or use of oils is . (Digitized version)
  18. ^ Pharmacopoeia Borussica . Cum Gratia et Privilegio Sacrae Regiae Majestatis. Georg Decker, Berlin 1799, pp. 90–91: Elaeosaccharum (digitized version )
  19. ↑ Pharmacopoea Germanica , R. von Decker, Berlin 1872, p. 88: Elaeosacchara (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Pharmacopoeia for the German Empire . Third edition. (Pharmacopoea Germanica, editio III.), R. von Decker, Berlin 1890, p. 84: Elaeosacchara (digitized version )
  21. ↑ OEAB deletion list from October 2, 2007 (PDF), AGES , PharmMed division.
  22. ^ R. Voigt: Pharmaceutical technology . 11th edition. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, p. 146 f .