Ox tongues

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Ox tongues
Common ox tongue (Anchusa officinalis)

Common ox tongue ( Anchusa officinalis )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Family : Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae)
Subfamily : Boraginoideae
Tribe : Boragineae
Genre : Ox tongues
Scientific name
Anchusa
L.

The plant genus violets ( Anchusa ), named after the bovine tongue-like leaves, belongs to the family of Borage Family (Boraginaceae). The 30 to 50 species are mainly native to the Mediterranean area. Species also occur in the rest of Europe, western Asia, North and South Africa.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Anchusa species grow as annual, biennial or herbaceous plants . The roots and subterranean sprouts contain alkannin (also called anchusin), a red to violet dye also found in other predatory plants ( alkanna , echium , lithospermum , onosma ). The hair is usually rough or seldom soft. The alternate leaves are simple.

Generative characteristics

The terminal, zymous inflorescences contain bracts . The hermaphroditic, five-fold flowers are radial symmetry to slightly zygomorphic . The five sepals are fused in the lower third or at the base; they are sometimes somewhat enlarged when the fruit is ripe. The blue to purple or yellow petals are fused at the base to form a straight to curved tube; the pharyngeal appendages are scaly or papillary and short hairy. The five wheel-shaped to bell-shaped protruding corolla lobes are equal or unequal. There is only one circle with five stamens ; they are fused with the corolla tube on their half or below and they do not protrude beyond the crown. The stamens are short and the anthers are ovate-elongated. Two carpels are a top permanent ovary fused; it is divided into four bays by false partitions. The stylus does not protrude beyond the crown and ends in a heady, two-part scar.

There are Klaus fruits formed seeded in four disintegrate nutty Klausen. The clauses are straight, kidney-shaped or obliquely egg-shaped and have a reticulated surface; the scar at the base or near it and has an annular, thickened and hardened edge.

The basic chromosome number is x = 8, but in Anchusa thessala only x = 6.

Subgenus Anchusa : Anchusa calcarea
Subgenus Anchusa : Anchusa crispa
Subgenus Anchusa : Anchusa sardoa
Subgenus Anchusa : Anchusa undulata subsp. undulata
Subgenus Buglossum : Italian ox tongue ( Anchusa azurea )
Subgenus Buglossum : Anchusa strigosa
Subgenus Buglossoides : Egyptian ox tongue ( Anchusa aegyptiaca )

Systematics

The genus Anchusa s. l. is monophyletic according to molecular genetic studies ; for this it was necessary to split off some smaller genera ( Gastrocotyle , Phyllocara ) or to separate some species into other existing genera. Those in the genus Anchusa s. st. The remaining species are divided into five sub-genera, the division of which is also advocated because they are paraphyletic . This classification is based primarily on fruit characteristics. The subspecies listed for some species were often listed as species in older literature. There are around 30 to 50 species of Anchusa in total :

Subgenera with species remaining in the genus Anchusa

  • Anchusa subgenus Anchusa : This subgenus includes biennial or perennial plants. The pharyngeal appendages are curved inwards. The Klausen fruits are transversely ovate and have a lateral, blunt beak.
  • Anchusa subgenus Buglossum (Gaertn.) Guşul. : This subgenus includes perennials. The pharyngeal appendages are erect and are covered with club-shaped trichomes. The Klausen fruits are upright, oblong, very large and rounded at the tip.
  • Anchusa subgenus Buglossellum Guşul. : This subgenus includes annual plants. The pharyngeal appendages are curved inwards. The Klausen fruits are almost upright or transversely ovate and have a lateral, blunt beak.
    • Anchusa pusilla Guşul.
    • Anchusa stylosa M.Bieb. : The home is Southeastern Europe and Turkey; with the subspecies:
      • Anchusa stylosa subsp. spruneri (Boiss.) Selvi & Bigazzi (Syn .: Anchusa spruneri Boiss. )
      • Anchusa stylosa subsp. stylosa
    • Anchusa thessala Boiss. & Spruner : The home is Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey.
  • Anchusa subgenus Limbata Chamb. & RRMill : This subgenus includes biennial plants. The coronet is greatly shortened, the pharyngeal appendages are erect. The Klausen fruits are transversely ovate and have a lateral, blunt beak. With the only kind:
  • Without assignment to a sub-genus:

Species that have been placed in other genera in more recent work

The following species are now assigned to other genera:

See also

swell

  • Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Anchusa. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 358 (English, online ).
  • Yasin J. Nasir: Anchusa In: SI Ali (ed.), Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of Pakistan 191: Boraginaceae. National Herbarium, Islamabad et al. 1989, p. 78, online.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Carl: The German plant and animal names: Interpretation and linguistic order. Heidelberg 1957 (reprint Heidelberg and Wiesbaden 1995), p. 64 f.
  2. ^ Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 3: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (3) (Pirolaceae - Verbenaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1966, ISBN 3-489-76020-4 , pp. 2197–2202 (unchanged reprint of the 1st edition from 1927 with addendum).
  3. ↑ a b c d Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Anchusa. In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 358 (English). , online.
  4. ↑ a b c d e A. O. Chater: Anchusa. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 106 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Federico Selvi, Massimo Bigazzi: Revision of the genus Anchusa (Boraginaceae-Boragineae) in Greece. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 142, No. 2, 2003, pp. 431-454, doi : 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2003.00206.x .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Benito Valdés: Anchusa. In: Santiago Castroviejo, C. Andrés, M. Arista, MP Fernández Piedra, MJ Gallego, PL Ortiz, C. Romero Zarco, FJ Salgueiro, S. Silvestre, Alejandro Quintanar (eds.): Flora Ibérica. Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. XI. Gentianaceae - Boraginaceae . Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid 2012, ISBN 978-84-00-09415-7 , p. 349–363 ( PDF file; 300 kB ).
  7. ↑ a b c d e Hartmut H. Hilger, Federico Selvi, A. Papini, Massimo Bigazzi: Molecular Systematics of Boraginaceae Tribe Boragineae Based on ITS1 and trnL Sequences, with Special Reference to Anchusa sl In: Annals of Botany. Volume 94, No. 2, 2004, pp. 201-212, doi : 10.1093 / aob / mch132 .
  8. ↑ Werner Greuter , Hervé-Maurice Burdet , Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 1: Pteridophyta (ed. 2), Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones (Acanthaceae - Cneoraceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1984, ISBN 2-8277-0151-0 . , Entry for Anchusa .
  9. ^ Anchusa in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  10. ↑ a b Federico Selvi, Massimo Bigazzi: Anchusa L. and allied genera (Boraginaceae) in Italy. In: Plant Biosystems. Volume 132, No. 2, 1998, pp. 113-142, DOI: 10.1080 / 11263504.1998.10654198 .
  11. ↑ a b Hartmut H. Hilger, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, Massimo Bigazzi, Elisabeth Långström, Elke Zippel, Nadja Diane, Maximilian Weigend: The Euro + Med treatment of Boraginaceae in Willdenowia 34 - a response. In: Willdenowia. Volume 35, No. 1, 2005, pp. 43-48, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.35.35101 .
  12. ↑ a b c Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria (ed.): African Plants Database (version 3.3). Search mask . Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h Benito Valdés: Boraginaceae. Anchusa . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
  14. ↑ a b c G. Bacchetta, A. Coppi, C. Pontecorvo, Federico Selvi: Systematics, phylogenetic relationships and conservation of the taxa of Anchusa (Boraginaceae) endemic to Sardinia (Italy). In: Systematics and Biodiversity. Volume 6, No. 2, 2008, pp. 161-174. doi : 10.1017 / S1477200008002673
  15. ↑ a b Benito Valdés: Anchusa. In: Benito Valdés Castrillón, Moh Rejdali, Ahmed Achhal El Kadmiri, Stephen Leonard Jury, Josep María Montserrat-Martí: Catalog des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des cles d'identification. Checklist of vascular plants of N Morocco. Volume 2, CSIC, Madrid et al. 2002, ISBN 84-00-08073-4 , pp. 495-496, online .
  16. ↑ a b c Harald Riedl: Anchusa. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger (Ed.): Flora Iranica 48: Boraginaceae. Academ. Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1967, pp. 232–239.
  17. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  18. ^ A b Massimo Bigazzi, Hayri Duman, Federico Selvi: Anchusa limbata Boiss. & Hero. (Boraginaceae): contribution to the knowledge of an enigmatic species from SW Turkey. In: Candollea. Volume 58, No. 2, 2003, pp. 339-349.
  19. ↑ Peter Hadland Davis, Arthur Huber-Morath, DF Chamberlain et al .: Materials for a Flora of Turkey XXXIV: Boraginaceae, Gentianaceae, Solanaceae. In: Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh. Volume 35, No. 3, 1977, pp. 297-314 (online) ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bhle-dev-1.nhm.ac.uk
  20. ↑ Massimo Bigazzi, Hartmut H. Hilger, Federico Selvi: Evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA for the placement of Anchusa macedonica in the genus Gastrocotyle (Boraginaceae). In: Webbia. Volume 57, No. 2, 2002, pp. 173-180.

Web links

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