2K4 filin
2K4 Filin is the name of one of the first tactical missile complexes developed in what was then the Soviet Union . The weapon system was developed from 1955 to 1957. The system was tried out in the Soviet Army in 1958, but it was not used in the troops. As early as 1960, the missile complex was removed from the armament of the Soviet Army.
Designations
The Soviet operational principles differentiated between strategic, operational and tactical missiles for surface-to- surface missiles. Missile systems of strategic importance were summarized in the Strategic Missile Forces. Units equipped with operational-tactical missile complexes with ranges of several hundred kilometers were assigned to the armies or army corps (military districts in peacetime). Tactical missile complexes were assigned to the motorized rifle and tank divisions. They were used to combat targets in the division's area of responsibility and had a range of up to 120 km. According to its purpose and tactical-technical data, the 2K1 system is called a tactical missile complex (тактический ракетный комплекс). In Western parlance, the term battlefield short-range missile or Battlefield Short Range Ballistic Missile (BSRBM) is used for such weapon systems .
The GRAY index of the weapon system is 2K4 , Filin is the common name. The Air Standardization Coordinating Committee (ASCC) awarded the both the system and the missile named Frog-1 .
development
By the late 1940s, both the US and the Soviet Union had nuclear weapons. These weapons were relatively large and heavy, so that only strategic bombers were available to carry these weapons. However, these were not suitable for combating tactical targets on the battlefield. However, technological advances led to the expectation of the construction of nuclear warheads weighing only a few hundred kilograms. This made the use of tactical nuclear weapons possible. In the USA, the 280 mm howitzer T-131 was put into service in 1952 . The gun was suitable for firing grenades with nuclear warheads. The following year began the commissioning of the MGR-1 Honest John battlefield missile , which could fire unguided solid-fuel rockets with nuclear warheads. In the Soviet Union, preparatory work for the development of nuclear-capable tactical missiles was carried out from 1948 to 1951 in the Scientific Research Institute No. 1 (НИИ-1) (since 1967 Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering ) under the leadership of NP Masurov (Н.П.Мазуров), but only when it was commissioned the Honest John , the work went on more vigorously.
The nuclear warheads available in the USSR at that time had a diameter of approximately 800 mm. These warheads were too big and too heavy to be fired with conventional guns . Only rockets could therefore be used as carriers. Overall, the weapon system had to have a high level of tactical mobility and the missile had to be ready for use within a few minutes, which is why only solid rockets were considered. The inertial navigation systems available at the time had an accuracy of 500 to 1000 m at distances of around 30 km - this was the assumed operational range. However, this value could also be achieved more easily with unguided missiles. A radio remote control appeared problematic as it would have made the system susceptible to interference. The Shanicle (Short Range Navigation Vehicle) control system used in the MGM-1 Matador was much more accurate, but required a number of ground-based microwave transmitters that generated a radio network for displaying distance and azimuth, on the basis of which the Matador navigated. However, this radio network could not be set up over opposing territory, so that inertial navigation had to be used again. With a battlefield missile where most of the trajectory was over enemy territory, this system was not useful.
In 1953, the Artillery Headquarters (Главное артиллерийское управление МО, ГАУ) issued the task of developing a tactical missile with a range of 50 km. The weapon system was developed in the NII-1 under the leadership of NP Masurow. During the same period, the institute also worked on the development of the 2K1 Mars tactical missile complex . The rocket's propellant was developed at the Scientific Research Institute No. 125 (NIИ-125) in Lyubertsy . (The design office operates today as Федеральный Центр Двойных Технологий Союз .) The development of the warhead began in 1955 in the design office KB-11 (КБ-11), today Federal Research Institute of Experimental Physics (Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной физики) in Sarov . While the nuclear components of the warhead were developed in KB-11, the design office KB-25 КБ-25) took over the development of the remaining components. The basis of the development was the free-falling atomic bomb RDS-4 . Testing began in 1955, and from 1957 the rockets were tested together with the launch vehicle 2P4. The special design office SKB-2 (СКБ 2) of the Kirov plant in Leningrad was in charge of the development of the launch pad . The launch vehicle was manufactured in the Kirov factory. A total of 36 launch ramps were built, 10 of them in 1957, the rest in the following year.
During testing with a nuclear warhead, the igniter's altimeter malfunctioned. The warhead did not fire at the intended height, which resulted in radioactive contamination of the area outside the firing range. With the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on August 17, 1958, the introduction of the troop service was refrained from and the system for storage was provided instead. As early as 1960, however, the Council of Ministers decided to remove the system from the armament of the Soviet Army. At this point, the 2K6 Luna tactical missile complex was ready for action. With this weapon system, a comparable effect could be achieved in the target with a significantly greater range, and the system was also smaller and lighter and thus more mobile.
construction
Structure of the weapon system
The weapon system consists of:
- the 3R2 (3Р2), 3R3 (3Р3) and 3R4 (3Р4) missiles
- the launch pad 2P4 Tjulpan (2П4 Тюльпан )
- the car slewing crane K-104 (К-104)
The weapon system also includes:
- the mobile technical base PRTB-1 Step (ПТРБ Степь )
- various pieces of equipment and exercise equipment
3R2 missile
The 3R2 rocket is a single-stage, unguided, spin-stabilized solid rocket . The missile consists of the engine and the warhead. The warhead is in the front part of the rocket, with the engine behind it. There are six guide surfaces at the rear of the rocket.
The engine has two combustion chambers . The nozzles of the front combustion chamber are inclined to the longitudinal axis of the rocket in order to keep the exhaust gas jet away from the fuselage of the rocket. The nozzles also have a slight incline in relation to the course level. This causes the rocket to rotate around its longitudinal axis, which stabilizes the flight. Both chambers are ignited at the same time when the rocket is launched. The rocket motor works on the first 1,700 m of the flight path, the burnout time is 4.8 s. NMF-2 (НМФ-2) is used as fuel. The missile has a range of 20,000-25,700 m. At this range, the hit accuracy is 1000 m.
The missile is unguided. Their range can only be changed by inclining the launch rail of the launch ramp. The course angle is determined before the start with the direction of the start ramp. The maximum speed reached is 686 m / s.
The missile's warhead has a diameter of 850 mm and a weight of 1180 to 1200 kg and is therefore significantly larger than the diameter of the engine. Its explosive power is given as an equivalent of 10 kT TNT .
3R3 rocket
This missile is equipped with a conventional fragmentation warhead weighing 500 kg.
3R4 missile
This rocket is said to be a version of the 3R1 Sowa rocket of the 2K1 Mars complex , which was adapted for the 2K4 system.
Missile technical data
| 3R2 | 3R3 | 3R4 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| length | 10,354-10,378 mm | ||
| diameter | 612 mm | ||
| span | 1259-1263 mm | ||
| Weight | 4430-4940 kg | ||
| Warhead | |||
| Type warhead | nuclear | Splinterblast | nuclear |
| Diameter GK | 850 mm | ||
| Weight GK | 1180-1200 kg | 500 kg | 565 kg |
Start ramp 2P4
The launch vehicle was developed from the ISU-152 self-propelled gun . The running gear, power transmission and engine were carried over practically unchanged.
The drive has six rollers and three support rollers on each side. The rollers are torsion-sprung , but have no shock absorbers. The drive wheel is at the rear, the idler at the front. The chains are 650 mm wide, the ground pressure is 0.67 kg / cm.
The vehicle is driven by the 12-cylinder - four cycle - V diesel engine W-2IS . The engine develops 520 hp at 2000 revolutions per minute. The motor drives via the main multi-plate dry clutch , the four-speed transmission with eight forward gears and two reverse gears to and from there are two two-stage planetary transmission with multi-plate clutches and two double side countershaft driven the drive wheels. The vehicle is controlled with the help of brake bands in the planetary gear. On the road, a speed of 30 km / h is reached when loaded and 41.7 km / h when unloaded.
In the front part was the cabin for operating the weapon system. This design was also taken over from the ISU-152, but increased and, in contrast to the ISU-152, had large viewing windows and doors instead of hatches. In the front of the cabin are the places for the driver and commanders, in the back the devices for launching the rocket. The artillery section with the vertically pivoting starter rail is located on the rear part of the hull. The starting rail is raised or lowered hydraulically. It supports the rocket's engine, but not the warhead. The rocket is held on the launch rail by two long, semicircular brackets; the upper one can be opened for loading and unloading. During the march, the warhead is protected from damage by a tubular steel grid structure. When the rocket is launched, the launch pad is supported by the crawler tracks and two support plates at the rear. The backing pads can be raised and lowered hydraulically.
A time of 30 minutes is specified for the launch of the rocket from the marching position, and a time of 60 minutes for reloading the launch pad.
| 2P4 | |
|---|---|
| length | 9330 mm |
| width | 3070 mm |
| height | 3000 mm |
| Weight | 40 t |
| Range | 300-350 km |
| speed | 30 km / h / 41.7 km / h |
| Ground pressure | 0.67 kg / cm |
Car slewing crane K-104
The K-104 car slewing crane is used to load and unload the launch pad. It is built on the chassis of the JaAZ-210 truck and has a load capacity of 10 t. The car slewing crane is necessary because the launch ramp does not have its own handling equipment and there is no transport and loading vehicle in the complex.
Mobile technical base PRTB-1 Step
The mobile technical base PRTB-1 Step (2U659) is used to transport nuclear warheads and the carrier equipment as well as to assemble the warheads. The system, which was introduced in 1959, was developed for the 2K1 Mars , 2K4 Filin , 2K6 Luna , 2K10 Ladoga and 3M1 Onega missile complexes . Together with the 2K4 Filin system:
- the vehicle for mounting the warheads 2U656 (2У656)
- the transport vehicle 2U662 (2У662) for transporting the warheads
- the transport vehicle 2U663 (2У663) for transporting the engines or the mounted rockets
- various auxiliary vehicles
Vehicles 2U661 and 2U662 were built on the chassis of the ZIL-157 truck .
The 2U663 transport vehicle is a semitrailer, consisting of the ZIL-157W semitrailer tractor and a single-axle semitrailer with a driven axle. Up to two rockets or engines can be transported on the trailer. The vehicle has no handling facilities. The nuclear warheads of the missiles being transported can be heated.
| 2U663 | |
|---|---|
| length | 14,882mm |
| width | 2340 mm |
| height | 2950 mm |
| Load capacity | 4.6 t |
Tactical-technical data
The weapon system corresponds to the technological level of the mid-1950s. Conceptually, it is no different from the other tactical missiles developed in the USSR and the USA during this period, in all cases they are unguided solid-fuel missiles. In terms of performance data, it is comparable to the American MGR-1A Honest John . Since the 2K6 Luna system had a higher range and better accuracy in the target with the same effect, the introduction into the troop service was stopped and the further development was discontinued.
| 2K1 Mars | 2K4 filin | 2K6 Luna | MGR-1A Honest John | MGR-3 Little John | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USSR | USSR | USSR | United States | United States | |
| drive | Solid rocket | Solid rocket | Solid rocket | Solid rocket | Solid rocket |
| Steering method | unguided | unguided | unguided | unguided | unguided |
| Commissioning | 1958 | 1958 | 1961 | 1954 | 1961 |
| Range | 17.5 km | 25.7 km | 45.0 km | 24.8 km | 18.2 km |
| Warhead | 10 kt | 10 kt | 50 kt | 5-40 kt | 1–10 kt |
| CEP | 770 m | 1000 m | 900 m | - | - |
commitment
The weapon system was the first tactical missile system manufactured in the Soviet Union that could fire missiles with nuclear warheads. In 1957, ten 2P4 launch vehicles were manufactured in the Kirov plant, and another 26 in the following year. On August 17, 1958, a decision by the Council of Ministers of the USSR was decided not to take the system into service and to store the existing launch vehicles and missiles. As early as February 1960, the Council of Ministers decided to eliminate the 2K4 Filin system in connection with the introduction of the 2K6 Luna tactical missile complex .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d А.Ф. Рябец: Первые отечественные подвижные средства хранения и стыковки СБЧ (Russian)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Александр Борисович Широкорад: Атомный таран XX века (Russian)
- ↑ loaded, street
- ↑ unloaded, street
Web links
literature
- Александр Борисович Широкорад : Атомный таран XX века , Издательский дом Вече, Москва 2005, ISBN 5-9533-0664-4 (Russian).
- Александр Борисович Широкорад: "Отечественные минометы и реактивная артиллерия". Минск, Харвест, 2000 г.
- А. Ф. Рябец: Первые отечественные подвижные средства хранения и стыковки СБЧ . техника и вооружение, №11 / 2009 (Russian).