Abū Ishāq al-Fazārī

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Abū Ishāq al-Fazārī , with full name Ibrāhīm ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hārith, Abū Ishāq al-Fazārī, Arabic إبراهيم بن محمد بن الحارث, أبو إسحاق الفزاري, DMG Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥāriṯ, Abū Isḥāq al-Fazārī (d. around 804) was an Islamic historian , traditionalist and legal scholar of Iraqi origin.

Life

He received his education first in Kufa , where his ancestors, the Banū Fazāra, were resident. He later moved to Baghdad and Damascus . He then settled in Mopsuestia ; settled down at one of the border stations to the Byzantine Empire , where he mainly dealt with the shaping of Islamic alien and martial law ( siyar ) according to the teachings of his master al-Auzāʿī . He also acted as legal advisor to Hārūn ar-Rashīd on matters related to martial law. According to al-Mizzī , he is said to have studied with more than 80 teachers. In Mopsuestia, whose ribat was expanded at the beginning of the 8th century and inhabited by Muslim troops, he always had a large group of students. Still Ibn'Asakir and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani report in their scholarly biographies that he taught the Ribatbewohner them the Sunna ( Muhammad taught) and they ordered to do what is right, and forbidding them what is evil . Not only was he a legal theorist, he was also an active fighter; his participation in a summer campaign in 772 is attested. He, too, like his teacher al-Auzāʿī, is named by Muhammad ibn Saʿd in his class register as one of the scholars who stayed and worked in the Ribats.

Works

His book on legal questions of the law of war and aliens , in which he relied primarily on the teachings of al-Auzāʿī and other representatives of early Fiqh , is in the Qarawiyyin library in five parts under the title Kitāb as-Siyar كتاب السيرreceive. It is not an autograph , but it is a very old copy from the 9th century on parchment . Title variants such asكتاب السير في الأخبار / Kitāb as-siyar fī ʾl-aḫbār  / 'The Sira on News' initially suggests a biography of Muhammad . However, it is one of the oldest surviving legal works in which the legal practice of the Umayyad period in its confrontation with the Dār al-Harb is systematically presented. Of the five mostly very damaged parts, the Moroccan researcher Fārūq Ḥammāda published the best-preserved second part in 1987. From the other parts of the manuscript, he has only put together the legible chapter headings in the appendix.

As far as prophetic biographical traits can be proven in this work by al-Fazari , it is about the war campaigns of Muhammad, questions of the distribution of booty and the treatment of prisoners, which are legally discussed as a prophetic sun or as a legal practice of the first generations.

The book is still in Guadalajara in the middle of the 10th century - Wādī al-Hijāra  /وادي الحجارة / Wādī ʾl-Ḥiǧāra  / 'stony wadi ' - was used as teaching material and came into the possession of the Andalusian scholar Ibn Baschkuwāl (d. 1183) in a way that cannot be reconstructed .

at-Tabarī was available to al-Fazārī's legal work and evaluated it in his book ichtilāf al-fuqahāʾ  /اختلاف الفقهاء / iḫtilāf al-fuqahāʾ  / 'The controversial doctrines of the legal scholars'.

literature

  • Fārūq Ḥammāda (Ed.): Kitāb as-siyar li-šaiḫ al-Islām Abī Isḥāq al-Fazārī . Beirut 1987. pp. 13–86 (introduction)
  • Miklos Muranyi : The Kitāb al-Siyar of Abū Isḥāq al-Fazārī. The Qarawiyyin Library manuscript of Fās. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (JSAI). Vol. 6 (1985), pp. 63ff
  • Fuat Sezgin : History of Arabic Literature . Brill, Leiden, 1967. Vol. 1, p. 292

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Fuat Sezgin: History of Arabic literature . Vol. 1. Brill, Leiden 1967. p. 292. According to the arrangement of the work, al-Fazari should be in the chapter “Fiqh”. 2. Independent law schools. Pp. 516-517 after the section on al-Auzāʿī and not in the chapter “Historiography”, III. Prophet biography.
  2. ^ Cf. William Montgomery Watt : Article Fazāra , in: The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 2, p. 873.
  3. ↑ Arabic: al-Maṣṣīṣa - Yaqut: Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (Ed.): K.Muʿǧam al-buldān . (Geographical Dictionary). Leipzig 1866-1870 p. n. al-Massisa; Vol. 5, p. 144 (Beirut 1955); The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Vol. 6, p. 774
  4. ↑ Fārūq Ḥammāda (1987), 32–33 (introduction)
  5. ↑ Faruq Hammada (1987), pp. 53-56 (introduction); The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 6, p. 774
  6. ↑ a b Miklos Muranyi (1985), p. 69
  7. ↑ Ibn Saad: Biographien ... ( Eduard Sachau ), Vol. VII / 2. 185; S. XLIX (summary in German)
  8. ↑ As in Fuat Sezgin (1967), p. 292, who erroneously cites the work in the chapter "Prophet's Biography".
  9. ↑ For an explanation of Siyar see H. Kruse: Islamische Völkerrechtslehre. 2nd Edition. Bochum 1979. pp. 23-35
  10. ↑ The manuscript was microfilmed by the Arab League as early as 1975: Revue de l'Institut des Manuscrits Arabes. (RIMA), Vol. 22, Fasc. 2. (November 1976), p. 226. No. 320; Miklos Muranyi (1985), p. 63
  11. ↑ Miklos Muranyi (1985), p. 88
  12. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill. Suffer. Vol. 11, p. 16
  13. ↑ On Ibn Baschkuwāl see: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 3, p. 733. For the development of the manuscript see: Fārūq Ḥammāda (1987), p. 72 (introduction) and Miklos Muranyi (1985), p. 71ff; Miklos Muranyi: Fiqh . S. 308. In: Helmut Gätje (Ed.): Grundriß der Arabischen Philologie . Vol. II. Literary Studies. Wiesbaden 1987
  14. ↑ On the references in at-Tabari see Miklos Muranyi (1985), p. 84 and note 63–65
personal data
SURNAME Fazārī, Abū Ishāq al-
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Islamic historian, traditionalist and jurist of Iraqi origin
DATE OF BIRTH 8th century
DATE OF DEATH at 804