Abdulla Qodiriy

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Qodiriy on an Uzbek 125 Soʻm stamp from 2004

Abdulla Qodiriy ( Uzbek - Cyrillic Абдулла Қодирий ; Russian Абдулла Кадыри Abdulla Kadyri ; also Abdullah Qadiri ; nom de plume Julqunboy ; * probably on April 10, 1894 in Tashkent ; † October 4, 1938 in the same place and Soviet Uzbek writer.) Qodiriy, who was influenced by the reform movement of Jadidism at the beginning of his writing activity , went down as the first Uzbek novelist in Central Asian literary history before he fell victim to the Stalinist purges in 1938 .

Life

Abdulla Qodiriy gave different information about the year of his birth, according to a defense from 1926 - besides the memories of his son "the most important source" for his life circumstances - he was born in Tashkent, then General Government of Turkestan , in 1894 . His father was already over 70 years old at the time of his birth; Abdulla Qodiriy grew up as the middle of the three children from his father's fourth marriage who did not die as infants. The modest family situation did not allow Qodiriy to attend elementary school until he was nine to ten years old; when he was twelve he worked for a merchant who sent him to a Russian school so that he could use his knowledge of Russian to help him deal with the Russian administration. After two years, Qodiriy left this merchant, from then on supported his father and brother with gardening and at the bazaar, but was still able to graduate from school in 1912. He wrote his first poems around 1913. After graduating from school, he worked for a cloth merchant, whose daughter he married in 1914. From this marriage Qodiriys have two sons and three daughters. While working for his father-in-law, Qodiriy came into contact with Tatar newspapers and began writing articles himself. Around this time Qodiriy also wrote some short stories and in 1915 his only drama, Baxtsiz kuyov ("The Hapless Bridegroom"). Between 1915 and 1917 he studied Islamic sciences at the Abulqosim Madrasa in Tashkent , where he also learned Arabic and Persian.

After Nicholas II was overthrown in 1917, Qodiriy volunteered for the People's Militia, a short time later he began to work for the provisions committee in the old town of Tashkent. From the beginning of 1919 he worked as a journalist on this committee for their newspaper and also wrote various articles that were published in various newspapers. From 1923 he was a member of the editorial board of the newly created humorous magazine Mushtum ("Faust"). In 1924 Qodiriy went to Moscow for a year , where he completed further training at the Bryusov Literature Institute , but continued to write for Uzbek newspapers during this time. His first novel Oʻtkan kunlar ("Past Days") was published in a corrected version in book form in 1926, after Qodiriy had published it in serial form from 1922 onwards.

In 1926, Qodiriy was arrested for the article Yigʻindi gaplar ("A Bunch of Words") published in Mushtum magazine and tried for insulting high-ranking personalities, reactionary attitudes and nationalism. Qodiriy, who had defended himself, was sentenced to two years' imprisonment but was released that year at the instigation of Yo'ldosh Oxunboboyev . Qodiriy's work in the press was almost completely over after the trial, instead his writing focused on larger prose works. His second novel, Mehrobdan chayon (“The Scorpion from the Prayer Niche ”), appeared in 1929 after Akmal Ikromov , then general secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR , had given his approval. Qodiriys main source of income at that time was manual peasant work, among other things he translated a textbook from the Tatar and Russian works of Chekhov and Gogol into Uzbek and took part in the work on a Russian-Uzbek dictionary.

In 1932 Qodiriy was asked to work in the newly founded Uzbek Writers' Union. Qodiriy responded and in May of the same year was already part of the Uzbek delegation that traveled to Moscow for a meeting. Around this time Fayzulla Xoʻjayev asked him about a work on the collectivization of agriculture and life in the kolkhozes , which Qodiriy and Obid Ketmon ("Obid, the Hoe") brought out in 1935 in the style of socialist realism . According to the memories of his son Habibulla, his father was collecting material for another novel from 1929 onwards, which was to be called Amir Umarxonning kanizi ("The slave of the Emir Umar-Chan") and how his first two novels were to become a historical novel . No manuscript has survived from this work. In 1934 Qodiriy fulfilled an order for a book exhibition on the occasion of a writers' congress in Gorky Park to collect old manuscripts.

In 1937 in particular, Qodiriy was exposed to attacks in the press that he was an opponent of the regime, a member of a counter-revolutionary organization working with Trotskyists , and close ties to Xoʻjayev and Ikromov. He was arrested on December 31, 1937 and then interrogated for months. Qodiriy was a victim of the Great Terror : under torture, he admitted to having been a nationalist until 1932, but admitted that he had improved himself and did not accept the accusations made against him. A sham court sentenced him to death by shooting in Tashkent on October 5, 1938, but according to archival documents, this “sentence” had been carried out the day before.

Reception and appreciation

Qodiriy's works were banned after his death. After the XX. At the CPSU party congress in 1956, however, Qodiriy was rehabilitated and a little later his works were published again in censored form. The information about his death did not come to the public until 1989 through an article by the historian Ruben Safarov based on archival documents of the Uzbek State Security Committee. Qodiriy's novels have been curriculum in schools in Uzbekistan since the 1960s. In Uzbekistan, which has only recently become independent, a state award for the arts was named after Abdulla Qodiriy; he himself was awarded the highest state prize for the arts, named after ʿAli Schir Nawāʾi , in 1991 by the Uzbek President Islom Karimov , and the Order of Independence in 1994 for his outstanding contribution to the development of Uzbek literature. Today, a street, a park and a metro station in Qodiriy's hometown of Tashkent bear his name.

Qodiriys works were partly translated into several languages ​​during his lifetime and partly after his rehabilitation, including Azerbaijani, Russian and English as well as Oʻtkan kunlar 1968 into German under the title “The Lovers of Tashkent”. Qodiriys historical novels have been filmed several times: Oʻtkan kunlar appeared in Uzbekfilm in 1969 (German title: Past Days ) and in 1973 the film Pobeg is tmy based on the novel Mehrobdan chayon - both films were directed by Yoʻldosh Aʼzamov . A second film adaptation of Oʻtkan kunlar appeared in 1997, and in 1998 a 15-part television series based on Mehrobdan chayon . The Devil's Dance (the Uzbek original published in 2016), a novel by the British-Uzbek writer Hamid Ismailov , is about Qodiriy's lost novel Amir Umarxonning kanizi and his last phase of life in prison.

Qodiriy is widely recognized in particular for his achievements in creating an Uzbek literary language. With the aim of writing texts that are understandable for broad strata, he orientated himself on the language of the people, brought the living language to paper, and managed on the one hand to create very lively characters and on the other hand to standardize Uzbek prose for generations. Oʻtkan kunlar is regarded as the founding document of Uzbek prose, Qodiriy as the founding father of Uzbek-language prose fiction and "the first great writer of Uzbek literature at all". Qodiriy's importance for Soviet literature beyond the Uzbek-speaking area is also emphasized: In 1967, the Kazakh Muchtar Äuesow described Qodiriy as “the most outstanding master of artistic prose in all of Soviet Turkish-language literature of the 1920s”. Oʻtkan Kunlar has been described as "one of the fundamental works of historical fiction for the entire Soviet Union". In addition to various anecdotes that have come down to us, the high number of copies of several thousand copies for the time testify to the author's popularity.

Qodiriy drew influences on his work from both the Russian-European region and traditional Central Asian genres. Thus, in Qodiriys pre-revolutionary poetic works, classical Chagataic poetry forms can be found. Qodiriy's commitment to satire follows both the regional zeitgeist and a literary tradition. A characteristic art form for the period of Jadidism in Turkestan was didactic theater, to which Baxtsiz kuyov can also be assigned. The short story Juvonboz (“The Pederast”, 1915) is clearly reformist in content, whereas other short stories from the same year have a higher artistic claim. His turn to the historical novel is based on his knowledge of foreign-language literature, in particular the writings of Jurdschī Zaidān .

Criticism made of Qodiriy was particularly ideological. Qodiriy defended himself against the accusation of being reactionary with the words: "Whoever said something against me or will say something, I am an avid student of Lenin and Marx because I am enthusiastic about Lenin and have been inspired by Marx." Contemporaries like Mixail Sheverdin and Sotti Husayn accused Qodiriy's historical novels of failing to represent the lower classes of society, of being an idealized description of the rising merchant class, and of having a romantic, nationalistic essence. Olim Sharafiddinov and Jumaniyoz Sharipov panned Obid Ketmon as anti-Soviet. It was also criticized that Qodiriy did not emphasize the class struggle enough.

Qodiriy’s novels are now recognized as a major achievement in Uzbek socialist literature. In a study of Qodiriy's novels, Sigrid Kleinmichel sketched how his contemporaries critically examined his work, and that “that first wave of literary criticism” after Qodiriy's rehabilitation was treated with polemics. For example, Sotti Husayn emphasized Qodiriy's descent from the petty bourgeoisie, the second phase of Uzbek literary criticism focuses on Qodiriy's origins from the poorer strata of the population and tries to show that socialist realism is already emerging in his historical novels.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . P. 210
  2. ↑ Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. pp. 403f, 408
  3. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . P. 207f
  4. ↑ Baymirza Hayit: Two outstanding figures in modern Uzbek literature: Qadiri and Cholpan . In: Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society , Volume 52: 1, 1965. p. 49
  5. ↑ Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. pp. 404f
  6. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . P. 208f
  7. ↑ Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. pp. 405f
  8. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . Pp. 209-211
  9. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . Pp. 211-214
  10. ↑ a b Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. pp. 406f
  11. ^ Adeeb Khalid: Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR . Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 2015, ISBN 9780801454097 . P. 386
  12. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . P. 17
  13. ↑ Abdulla Qodiriy (1894–1938) , from saviya.uz, accessed on November 23, 2018
  14. ↑ a b Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. p. 410
  15. ↑ Past days , on zweiausendeins.de, accessed on November 23, 2018
  16. ↑ Побег из тьмы (1973) , from kino-teatr.ru, accessed on November 23, 2018
  17. ↑ Минувшие дни , on art.niv.ru, accessed on November 23, 2018
  18. ↑ Минувшие дни. Узбекфильм. 1969 & Побег из тьмы (1973) & Абдулла Кадыри и узбекский кинематограф , on greylib.align.ru, accessed on November 23, 2018
  19. ↑ Jane Shilling: Hamid Ismailov's new novel blurs the boundaries between life and poetry , on newstatesman.com, accessed November 23, 2018
  20. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . P. 236
  21. ^ Adeeb Khalid: Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR . Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 2015, ISBN 9780801454097 . P. 187
  22. ^ Adeeb Khalid: Conflict and Authority among Central Asian Muslims in the Era of the Russian Revolution . In: Franziska Davies, Martin Schulze Wessel, Michael Brenner (eds.): Jews and Muslims in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 9783647310282 . P. 136
  23. ↑ Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. P. 408
  24. ↑ Johannes Benzing : An Islamic Legal Case in an Uzbek Historical Novel . In: Die Welt des Islams , Volume 15: 1/4, 1974. p. 39
  25. ↑ Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. P. 409
  26. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . Pp. 201-209
  27. ↑ Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. pp. 407-410
  28. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . P. 47, 95ff
  29. ↑ K. Hitchins: Jadidism . In: Encyclopaedia Iranica, XIV / 4, pp. 339-346
  30. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . P. 221f
  31. ↑ Aziz Merhan: Abdulla Qodiriy (1894-1938). The pioneer of Uzbek novel art and his works . In: Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi , Volume 17, 2007. P. 405
  32. ^ Adeeb Khalid: Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR . Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 2015, ISBN 9780801454097 . P. 337
  33. ^ Adeeb Khalid: Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR . Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 2015, ISBN 9780801454097 . P. 383
  34. ↑ Baymirza Hayit: Two outstanding figures in modern Uzbek literature: Qadiri and Cholpan . In: Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society , Volume 52: 1, 1965. p. 50
  35. ^ Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6316-9 . Pp. 217-223
personal data
SURNAME Qodiriy, Abdulla
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Qadiri, Abdullah; Қодирий, Абдулла (Cyrillic-Uzbek); Кадыри, Абдулла (Russian); Julqunboy (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Uzbek and Soviet writer
DATE OF BIRTH uncertain: April 10, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Tashkent
DATE OF DEATH October 4, 1938
Place of death Tashkent