Adenia

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Adenia
Adenia pechuelii

Adenia pechuelii

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Passion flower family (Passifloraceae)
Genre : Adenia
Scientific name
Adenia
Forssk.

Adenia is a genus of the family of passifloraceae (Passifloraceae). The botanical name of the genus goes back to the Greek word aden for 'gland' and refers to the almost always present glands on the leaves of the plants.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Adenia species grow as herbaceous, more or less woody, perennial climbing plants with tendrils appearing from the leaf axils or sometimes as upright herbs or small shrubs, usually without tendrils. In doing so, they often form a rhizome or a tuber or a swollen main trunk ( caudex ), which is sometimes covered with thorns or thorns or can also be bald or tomentose. The leaves are simple and have entire margins, lobed, divided in the shape of a hand or improperly assembled and provided with none, one or two nectar glands. The glands are at the base of the blade , at or near the tip of the petiole. The tiny stipules are triangular or kidney-shaped.

Generative characteristics

The axillary inflorescences are racemose, with the middle or the first three flowers often being replaced by tendrils. The tiny bracts and bracts are triangular or sub-shaped. The unisexual, hermaphroditic or with both characteristics trained flowers are bell-shaped or urn-shaped to tubular or funnel-shaped. They are always bald and usually greenish to yellowish in color. The flower cup is saucer-shaped, cup-shaped or tubular. The 4 to 6, but mostly 5 brick-like, persistent sepals are free or are partially fused into a, sometimes long, calyx tube. The 4 to 6, but mostly 5, fringed or slotted petals are also free-standing, enclosed by the calyx and sometimes also fused with the calyx tube. The secondary crown can be ring-shaped, consisting of 5 cap-shaped segments, a slotted edge, membrane-like, consisting of hair-like extensions, or it can be completely absent. Usually it is provided with 5 membrane-like partitions opposite the petals. These connect the flower cup with the stamen tube and thus form 5 compartments. The 5 tongue- or belt-shaped nectar scales are attached to or near the base of the flower cup and alternate with the petals or are absent.

male flowers
The 4 to 6, but mostly 6 stamens are set differently on the flower cup. The stamens are free or partially fused together to form a tube. The elongated to linear anthers are basifix and often provided with attached tips. You have 2 counters that open to the sides.
female flowers
They are usually smaller than the male flowers and also have smaller petals. The staminodes are more or less sub-shaped. The short-stalked or almost sedentary ovary is positioned upper constant, spherical to elongated and bald. 3 to rarely 5 placentas are formed with numerous ovules. The sometimes very short, 3 to less often 5 styles are free or are partially fused. The mostly spherical scar can be slit, feathery or densely woolly and warty.

The more or less berry-like, rarely also somewhat woody fruits are 3 to 5 flapper capsules with a leathery or fleshy pericarp . They are greenish to yellow or bright red in color. The more or less compressed seeds are provided with a crusty, pitted testa and usually covered by a membrane-like to fleshy, sometimes juicy aril .

distribution

The species of the genus are distributed in tropical and southern Africa , in Madagascar , India , Sri Lanka , Malesia and in northern Australia .

Systematics

The genus was established in 1775 by Peter Forsskål . The type species is Adenia venenata . As synonyms for the genus are Modecca Lam. , Kolbia P.Beauv. , Blepharanthes Sm. , Paschanthus Burch. , Erythrocarpos M. Roem. , Microblepharis M. Roem. , Clemanthus Klotzsch , Machadoa Welw. ex Benth. & Hook. f. , Keramanthus Hook. f. , Ophiocaulon Hook. f. , Jaeggia Schinz and Echinothammus Engl .

Based on the position of the leaf glands, the morphology of the inflorescences and the construction of the flowers, the genus of WJ de Wilde is divided into six sections:

  • Section Microblepharis (Wight & Arn.) Engl .:
    Mostly climbing plants, often with a caudex or subterranean tubers, one, two or rarely 4 glands at the base of the leaf blade, the inflorescences are in the leaf axils or on short shoots, the dioecious plants have unisexual ones Flowers, the flower cup is about as long as it is wide, the sepals and petals are free, the corolla is formed like a membrane or consists of filaments or hair, it is seldom missing, the stamens attach to the base of the flower cup, the nectar scales are often present , the scar stands on free stylus arms; 10 species in East and South Africa, one species in Madagascar, 5 species in Southeast Asia.
  • Section Adenia :
    Climbing plants, mostly caudex-forming or with tubers, with one or two glands at the base of the leaf blade, the inflorescences are in leaf axils or mostly on short shoots, the dioecious plants have unisexual flowers, the flower cup is much longer than it is wide, the calyx- and petals are free, the corolla is membrane-like or made up of threads or it is absent, the stamens start at different points in the flower cup, the nectar scales are present or absent, the stigma is on free stylus arms or rarely on a single long stylus; 3 species in East Africa, 20 species in Madagascar.
  • Section Blepharanthes (Wight & Arn.) Engl .:
    Small to large, sometimes caudex-forming or tubers growing climbing plants or upright herbs with tubers with no, one or two glands at the base of the leaf blade with the exception of the Adenia lobata group, standing there the glands on the auricles, the dioecious or polygamous plants have unisexual or hermaphrodite flowers, the stalked or almost sessile inflorescences are in the leaf axils, the flower cup can be flat to very long, the sepals are partially fused into a calyx, the corolla consists made of threads or hair, they are seldom missing, the stamens start at the base of the flower cup, the nectar scales are present, the stigma stands on free stylus arms; 34 species in Africa, 2 species in South Asia.
Adenia lobata
  • Section Erythrocarpos (M. Roem.) De Wilde :
    Non-succulent, large lianas with two glands on auricles at the base of the leaf blade, the inflorescences are in leaf axils, the dioecious or rarely monoecious plants have unisexual flowers, the sepals are very often one fused into a narrow tube, the petals almost always fused with the calyx tube, the secondary corolla is missing, the stamens attach to the base of the flower cup, the nectar scales are missing, the stigma is on free arms of the style or is almost seated, the ripe fruits are in contrast to the other sections often colored red; 7 species in Southeast Asia and Malaysia.
  • Section Paschanthus (Burch.) Harms :
    Small, tuber-forming climbing plants with two glands at the base of the leaf blade, the inflorescences are in leaf axils and have polygamous flowers, the sepals are partly fused to form a narrow tube, the petals are fused with the calyx tube, which The corolla is missing, the stamens are attached to the side of the flower tube, the nectar scales are missing, the stigma stands on free arms of the style; 1 species in South and South West Africa.
  • Section Ophiocaulon (Hook. F.) Harms :
    Large climbing plants, which sometimes form tubers with a gland at the base of the leaf blade on a spatulate appendage of the midrib, the inflorescences are in leaf axils on special flower-bearing stems, the dioecious plants have unisexual flowers, the Flat flower cup is saucer-shaped, the sepals and petals are mostly free, the secondary crown is missing or consists of 5 fleshy caps or is designed as a fleshy rim, rarely as two rims, the stamens attach to the base of the flower cup, the anthers are more or less inclined inwards, in contrast to the other sections, where they are just developed, the scales of nectar are almost sedentary: 12 species in Africa.

A selection of the types:

swell

  • WJ de Wilde: Adenia . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon . tape 2 dicotyledons (dicotyledons). Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3915-4 , p. 359-374 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Peter Forsskål: Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica . Copenhagen 1775, p. 77 (online) .

further reading

  • David J. Hearn: Adenia (Passifloraceae) and Its Adaptive Radiation: Phylogeny and Growth form Diversification . In: Systematic Botany . Volume 31, Number 4, 2006, pp. 805-821, doi: 10.1600 / 036364406779695933 .
  • David J. Hearn: Novelties in Adenia (Passifloraceae): Four new species, a new combination, a vegetative key, and diagnostic characters for known Madagascan species . In: Brittonia . Volume 59, number 4, 2007, pp. 308-327, doi : 10.1663 / 0007-196X (2007) 59 [308: NIAPFN] 2.0.CO; 2 .
  • David J. Hearn: Developmental patterns in anatomy are shared among separate evolutionary origins of stem succulent and storage root-bearing growth habits in Adenia (Passifloraceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 96, number 11, 2009, pp. 1941-1956, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.0800203 .

Web links

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