Agathis dammara
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Consisted of agathis dammara in the Indonesian province of West Java |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Agathis dammara | ||||||||||||
| ( Lamb. ) Poir. |
Agathis dammara is a species ofthe Araucaria family (Araucariaceae). It is native to Indonesia and the Philippines, and possibly Vietnam and New Guinea as well .
description
Agathis dammara grows as an evergreen tree that can reach heights of growth of up to 60 meters and diameters of up to 1.8 meters at chest height . Mature trees have a long, unbranched trunk that ends in a tall and wide canopy of large, stiff branches. The finely varnished or slightly scaly and with numerous resin bubbles to rough and flaking trunk bark is colored from gray to red-gray and light brown to black. Epiphytes can grow in the bark .
The thick, leathery leaves, which are almost opposite to each other on the branches, are light to dark green in color. The leaves of young trees are 7 to 13 centimeters long and 3 to 3.5 centimeters wide and lanceolate in shape and have a pointed tip. Older trees have leaves that are 4 to 8 centimeters long and 1.5 to 3 centimeters wide and have an elongated oval shape with a rounded tip. In both old and young trees, however, the leaves are very variable and a wide variety of leaf shapes and colors can appear on the same tree.
The individual male cones stand on a sturdy stem and are initially cylindrical in shape with a length of 1.2 to 2 centimeters and a thickness of 0.6 to 0.8 centimeters. At flowering time, they are dark brown in color and are 3 to 4 inches long and around 1 centimeter thick. The spherical to egg-shaped female cones are 5.5 to 12 inches long and 5 to 7.8 inches thick. They consist of approximately triangular shaped cone scales. The approximately egg-shaped seeds are up to 1.5 centimeters long. They have two wings, the longer wing is up to 1.3 inches long.
Distribution and location
The natural range of Agathis dammara includes parts of Indonesia and the Philippines and possibly also some locations in Vietnam and on the island of New Guinea . In Indonesia, the species occurs on Borneo , Java , Sulawesi , Sumatra and the Moluccas . The reports of occurrences in Vietnam and New Guinea could be due to possible confusion with other species of the genus Agathis .
Agathis dammara thrives at altitudes of 200 to 2500 meters. This species grows in rainforests, especially on shallow, rocky soils that developed on limestone as well as on podsolized sandy soils. Mixed stands are mainly formed with beech and wing fruit plants .
Agathis dammara is classified as "endangered" in the IUCN Red List . The main reasons given are the overexploitation of the stock to extract wood and resin and the destruction of the natural sites. In the Philippines it is forbidden to fell Agathis dammara , but illegal felling is common. The total stock is considered to be in decline.
use
The high quality wood from Agathis dammara is used. In the past, copal was also extracted from trees. More recently, plantations have been created for this purpose.
Systematics
Agathis dammara is assigned to the Agathis section within the genus of the Kauri trees ( Agathis ) .
It was first described as Pinus dammara in 1803 by Aylmer Bourke Lambert in A Description of the Genus Pinus , Volume 1, page 61. Louis Claude Marie Richard and Achille Richard transferred the species in 1826 to Commentatio botanica de Conifereis et Cycadeis , page 83 as Agathis dammara to the genus Agathis . The same combination had already been made in 1823 by Jean Louis Marie Poiret in Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck , Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Botanique, vol. 6: p. 711 (1823). Synonyms for Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Poir. are Agathis alba (Rumph. ex Hassk.) Foxw. , Agathis celebica Warburg , Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. , Agathis philippensis Warb. and Dammara alba Rumph. ex Hassk.
swell
- Christopher J. Earle: Agathis dammara. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed January 17, 2014 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Christopher J. Earle: Agathis dammara. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed January 17, 2014 (English).
- ↑ a b agathis dammara in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: A. Farjon, 2009. Accessed January 17, 2014.
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Agathis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 16, 2019.
- ↑ Agathis dammara at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 17, 2014.
