ʿAin Zubaida

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Reconstructed course of the two water pipes ʿAin ʿArafāt and ʿAin Hunain , which together form the ʿAin-Zubaida system.

ʿAin Zubaida ( Arabic عين زبيدة) is the name commonly used today for the two historical aqueducts ʿAin ʿArafāt and ʿAin Hunain , which supplied Mecca with water until the middle of the 20th century. While the Ayn'Arafāt water from the Wādī approach led Na'mān while the 'Arafāt flowed through plane that Ayn Hunain of the town drew its water from a number of sources close to al-Scharā'i'. The two lines are called ʿAin Zubaida because it is believed that they were laid in the 9th century by Zubaida bint Jafar , the wife of the Abbasid caliph Hārūn ar-Rashīd . However, the only aqueduct that is documented by contemporary sources is that it was built by Zubaida, the ʿAyn al-Muschāsh . The name ʿAin Zubaida was first used in the late 17th century and initially referred to the ʿAin-ʿArafāt line. In order to maintain this line, the inAin-Zubaida Commission was founded in the late 19th century, which was composed of international members and collected donations for the necessary construction work in the various Islamic countries. Since the ʿAin-Zubaida commission also carried out repairs to the ʿAin-Hunain pipeline, the name ʿAin Zubaida acquired a second meaning over time as a collective term for both water pipelines. In the 1950s, responsibility for the ʿAin-Zubaida system was transferred to the ʿAin-Zubaida administration, which replaced the old sewers with pressure pipelines in the 1970s . During the 1980s, the water supply in Mecca was increasingly converted to water from seawater desalination plants . Investigations carried out in the early 2000s on the reactivation of the ʿAin-Zubaida system have not yet led to any results.

Concept history

“ʿAin Zubaida” as a name for the ʿAin ʿArafāt

The name ʿAin Zubaida is documented for the first time in the Meccan chronicle Manāʾiḥ al-karam fī aḫbār Makka wa-l-bait wa-wulāt al-ḥaram by ʿAlī as-Sinjārī (d. 1713). The author quotes here the Meccan historian Qutb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī (d. 1582) with the statement that in the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil the ʿAin ʿArafa had been repaired and this line was the ʿAin Zubaida. As-Sinjari quotes the earlier author in a falsifying way - Qutb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī does not identify the line at the relevant point as ʿAin Zubaida, but as ʿAyn al-Muschāsh - but the one used by as- Sinjārī was delighted Name ʿAin Zubaida as a name for the ʿAin ʿArafāt in the subsequent period of increasing popularity.

The first official document in which the name ʿAin Zubaida is used to denote the ʿAin ʿArafāt is an Ottoman-Turkish document from 1796, in which the costs of repairing damage caused by a flood in March 1794 are accounted for the ducts and inspection shafts of the line and various other facilities in their vicinity. The ʿAin ʿArafāt is mentioned in the document as “the water of ʿArafāt called ʿAin Zubaida” ( ʿAyn-ı Zübeyde taʿbīr olunan Māʾ-i ʿArafāt ). The name ʿAin Zubaida appears even earlier in an Ottoman document from 1763. It reports that the sherif of Mecca Musāʿid wrote in a letter that the canals of the ʿAin Zubaida pipeline leading to Mecca had been cleaned up had taken place shortly before, no longer supplied water. The Mutasarrif of Jeddah ʿAlī Pasha is instructed in the letter to go to the starting point of the line eight hours away, to expose its canals and to check whether its water can be combined with the ʿAin ʿArafāt. The fact that the nebenAin ʿArafāt is mentioned as a separate line in addition to the ʿAin Zubaida in the document indicates that at that time the name ʿAin Zubaida was not yet understood as a synonym for ʿAin ʿArafāt, at least from the Ottoman side.

The ʿAin-Zubaida line according to Ibrāhīm Rifʿat Bāšā (1925), above the course from Karā'berg to Muzdalifa , below the course from Muzdalifa to Mecca

In the second half of the 19th century, however, ʿAin Zubaida had almost completely replaced the old name ʿAin ʿArafāt in official usage. The Ottoman scholar Eyüb Sabrī Paşa (d. 1890), who wrote a comprehensive work on the history of Mecca in 1884, gives the following explanation of this name change: Although the actual name of the pipe is as tasty as the water from Taksim in Istanbul be, ʿAin ʿArafāt, but was called ʿAin Zubaida because it was the exquisite work ( es̱er-i bergüzīde ) of Zubaida’s efforts. Eyüp Sabrī describes the course of the ʿAin-Zubaida leadership as follows: from Wādī Naʿmān it led to the ʿArafāt coffee house ( Arafāt Kahvesi ), from there to the Jabal ar-Rahma in the ʿArafāt level, from there via Hūma, Hāsira, the new one Bāzān basin over the ʿĀbidīya bridge to Muzdalifa and from there to the Bi'r-Zubaida well at the end of the area of ​​Mafjar. The Bi'r Zubaida fountain was the last station of the line before Mecca.

In the second half of the 20th century, the name ʿAin Zubaida was still used by some authors as a synonym for the ʿAin ʿArafāt. This explains, for example, the Meccan local historian'Ātiq ibn Ghaith al-Biladi in his published 1980 book about the historical and archaeological sites of Mecca that the starting point of Ayn Zubaida was the Wādī Na'mān and from there the 'Arafāt passing plane that'Urana- Cross the valley towards al-Chatm and then descend to Minā and Mecca. This corresponds almost exactly to the course of the ʿAin ʿArafāt.

“ʿAin Zubaida” as a generic term for ʿAin ʿArafāt and ʿAin Hunain

In the course of time, the name ʿAin Zubaida received a second further meaning by becoming a collective name for both lines ʿAin ʿArafāt and ʿAin Hunain. This development was already apparent in the 19th century when the ʿAin Zubaida commission divided the ʿAin Zubaida into two parts. The outer part comprised the canals from Wādī Naʿmān to the Zubaida well ( Biʾr Zubaida ) near Mecca, the inner part the system of pipes in Mecca itself, which also included nine cisterns . All inflows that supplied the inner part of the ʿAin Zubaida with water could thus be interpreted as part of the ʿAin-Zubaida system. Eyüp Sabrī himself reports that as early as 1846/47 an Indian pilgrim named Elmās Āghā strengthened the water flow of the ʿAin Zubaida by exposing a new spring called ʿAin az-Zaʿfarān and feeding its water to the ʿAin-Zubaida pipeline. The ʿAin az-Zaʿfarān actually belongs to the tributaries of the ʿAin Hunain. In addition, Eyüp Sabrī speaks of Hunain as the second source of the ʿAin Zubaida ( Ayn-ı Zübeyde'nin ikinci menbaʿı ). This shows that he regarded the ʿAin Hunain network as part of the ʿAin Zubaida.

Section of the ʿAin-Hunain line on König-Faisal-Strasse

The expansion of the name ʿAin Zubaida to the ʿAin Hunain also had something to do with the fact that this line was also historically traced back to Zubaida. Eyüb Sabrī's contemporary, the Ottoman officer Suleyman Şefik Söylemezoğlu, who wrote a geographic work on the Hejaz for Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1890 , treated the history of both water pipes under the heading ʿAin Zubaida, with the focus on the dieAin Hunain. The name ʿAin Zubaida also appears as a summarizing name for both water pipes in the end of 1957 drafted al-Ḫulāṣa al-mufīda ʿan ʿAin Zubaida ("The useful outline of the ʿAin Zubaida") by Muhammad Nūr Qamar ʿAlī, the then head of the water distribution authority in Mecca. In this summary, which is contained in the book at-Tārīḫ al-qawīm li-Makka wa-bait Allāh al-karīm ("The solid story for Mecca and the noble house of God") by Muhammad Tāhir al-Kurdī (d. 1980) The history of both lines from their construction up to the 20th century was recorded. He even refers to the ʿAin Hunain as the "original ʿAin Zubaida" ( ʿAin Zubaida al-aṣlīya ).

In view of the fact that the ʿAin Hunain was in fact the older line to the water supply to Mecca, individual western authors such as Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje even went so far as to not use the name ʿAin Zubaida as a collective name for both lines, but merely as a synonym for the ʿAin Hunain to consider, whereby they emphasized the continuity to the ʿAyn al-Muschāsh laid out by Zubaida . Eldon Rutter, who visited Mecca in the 1920s, also established a relationship between ʿAin Zubaida and ʿAin Hunain in his description of the holy places of Arabia, but saw no synonyms in them, but explained that the source from which the water of the ʿAin Zubaida come, ʿAin Hunain is called. This information was taken over by RB Winder in the Encyclopaedia of Islam .

A popular misconception

Muhammad Tāhir al-Kurdī reports in his story of Mecca that there was a misconception in his time that the ʿAin Zubaida brought water over the mainland from Baghdad . However, this is only a confusion with the Darb Zubaida pilgrimage route she laid out , which connected Iraq with Mecca and was equipped with wells and basins to collect rainwater.

The ʿAin-Zubaida Commission

First commission

After more and more damage to the ʿAin ʿArafāt had occurred in the 1870s and the water flow in the pipe had come to a standstill again, the residents of Mecca sent a petition to the High Porte asking for the pipe to be repaired. This responded with a decree that provided for the formation of a commission of notables from Mecca and Jeddah to deal with the cleaning and repair of the ʿAin Zubaida. The commission was formed on the 6th of Muharram in 1296 (= December 31, 1878). The Hanafi mufti of Mecca ʿAbd ar-Rahmān Sirādsch, who had previously reactivated the ʿAin Zaʿfarān at his own expense, was appointed honorary chairman . Supervision of the activities and the treasury of the commission, called the ʿAin Zubaida commission, was taken over by ʿAbd al-Wāhid al-Maimanī, known as al-Hādj Wahdānah.

The prince of Rampur Kalb ʿAlī Chān (r. 1865-1887), who donated an amount of 100,000 rupees for the ʿAin Zubaida.

The commission was initially faced with the task of collecting donations for the repair of the water pipe. She was able to win some donors in Mecca herself. For example, the ruling Sherif Husain Pascha and the Ottoman Vali each donated larger amounts. In addition, the committee members also addressed the Islamic public in other countries, especially in India and Egypt, with newspaper articles. Some members even traveled to India themselves to collect donations there. Among the personalities who were particularly generous were the Prince of Rampur Kalb ʿAlī Chān (r. 1865–1887), who donated an amount of 100,000 rupees, and the Princess of Bhopal Shah Jahan Begum (r. 1868–1901), who donated 20,000 rupees. A total of 600,000 rupees could be collected from the Muslims of India up to November 1880. All in all, by July 1884, the commission had revenues of nearly 12 million piasters .

Shortly after it was constituted, the commission also had engineers and craftsmen come from India, who started building work on the line in the same year, with a total of more than 3,000 workers. First, the 6000 ells long section of the aqueduct from ʿArafāt to Mecca was repaired. The management of the repair work was entrusted to the Ottoman Kaymakam Sādiq Bey. The commission not only took care of the management itself, but also had a number of basins and cisterns repaired and built. In the years 1880/81 alone, she had a total of five larger water basins ( bāzānāt ) built in different parts of Mecca, for which she acquired land specifically.

In 1882, the Ain Zubaida Commission undertook investigations to find out how the water supply for the pilgrims in Minā could be improved. As a result of these investigations, a steam engine was installed with the money of the Prince of Rampur , which pumped the water from the ʿAin-ʿArafa pipe to Minā. In 1883 the section of the aqueduct between ʿArafāt and Wādī Naʿmān was repaired; the chief engineer was again Sādiq Bey. After completing these measures, the ʿAin-Zubaida leadership had the strength of a small stream. The supply of running water in Mecca now exceeded demand: more than half of the water that was drawn into the city flowed into the void. The commission therefore had the pipeline extended to the district of Hārat al-Bāb and built a reserve cistern there. A new district was built in the vicinity in the direction of Sheikh Mahmūd Square.

An Ottoman archive document from 1884 shows that the ʿAin-Zubaida Commission had its own employees, to whom it paid a monthly salary from its income. The Ottoman assistant engineer from Mecca was responsible for overseeing the commission and its servants. He also had to report misconduct on the part of commission workers to the government and used an undercover agent to monitor the daily work of the water carriers and distributors. Another document from 1887 shows that the Ottoman provincial government was in charge of the activities of the inAin-Zubaida Commission and that it was responsible for ensuring that its funds were not misappropriated.

Second commission

After the Sherif government had confiscated part of the commission's assets and misappropriated them, the first ʿAin Zubaida commission ceased its activities and disbanded. Al-Hādj Wahdāna traveled to India for two years. But soon a new commission was founded, headed by the Ottoman Kaymakam Sādiq Bey. This concentrated their efforts mainly on the cleaning of the canals of the ʿAin Hunain. The aforementioned Sheikh ʿAbd al-Qādir Chūqīr was particularly active in this regard.

In 1906, the ʿAin Zubaida Commission turned to the Sublime Porte on behalf of Sherif ʿAlī Bāscha (r. 1905–1908) and asked for donations to be collected in all Ottoman provinces to support the Commission in achieving its goals. The campaign raised £ 46,000 in donations. Further donations came from other Islamic countries. With them the inAin-Zubaida water system was extensively repaired again between 1906 and 1908.

Third commission

Map from 1909 with the course of the ʿAin-Zubaida line in the ʿArafāt plain

After the Sherif Husain ibn ʿAlī had assumed rule at the end of 1908, he had a new ʿAyn-Zubaida commission founded in early 1909. Only scholars and sayyids living in Mecca who were known for their modesty, integrity and wisdom and who had knowledge of other Islamic countries in order to be able to raise aid money could become members. In fact, most of the members of the commission came from abroad. They were distinguished scholars and sayyids from Turkey, India, Southeast Asia and the Emirate of Bukhara . The commission was autonomous in its decision-making, decisions were made by consensus of the majority of its members. The Sherif Husain had a building erected above the Masʿā basin for the commission. The Shafiite Mufti of Mecca ʿAbdallāh Muhammad al-Zawāwī (d. 1924), who was himself a disciple of Rahmatallāh al-Kairānawī, was appointed chairman .

One of the tasks of the commission was to endeavor to increase the amount of water that flows through the pipes from ʿAin Hunain and ʿAin ʿArafa to Mecca, to repair and maintain the pipes and to monitor and approve the work and measures necessary for this to organize. Some members of the commission also corresponded with Muslim organizations abroad to collect donations and funds to carry out the necessary repairs and published articles for newspapers to inform the Muslim public about the poor state of the water supply in Mecca. The commission chairman az-Zawāwī himself published a monograph on the history of the ʿAin Zubaida leadership in 1911, in which he propagated that all Muslims around the world who were serious about their love for the Holy City and the Kaaba have a duty to support themselves financially Engage the water supply of Mecca.

One of the commission's first projects was to repair the damage caused by a flash flood caused by heavy rainfall in January 1910: the KanäleAin ʿArafāt canals had become clogged with debris and 35 inspection shafts had collapsed. The commission had the canals of ʿAin ʿArafāt and ʿAin Hunain as well as the water pipes within Mecca cleaned up by February 1912. In addition, she built a dam in Wādī Naʿmān in 1911, which was supposed to prevent flash floods from entering the canal in the future. She was financially supported by the Sherif Husain. The ʿAin-Zubaida system, however, remained extremely susceptible to microbial contamination . Although smaller side canals and basins in ʿArafāt and Minā had also been repaired, the aqueduct was not a closed system. In a number of places the Bedouins had opened sections of the pipe to draw water.

At the beginning of 1335 (= end of 1916) the ʿAin-Zubaida commission had the ʿAin-ʿArafāt pipeline cleaned and built a number of particularly deep supply shafts in the Wādī Naʿmān for it. They had a depth of 30 meters and were protected against the ingress of water during floods. After various members of the ʿAyn-Zubaida commission had died or had ended their stay in Mecca, Sherif Husain, who had meanwhile been elevated to king, had the inhabitants of Mecca elect new members for the commission in 1922.

Despite the precautions taken, water broke into the canal again during torrential rains on 16 Rabīʿ I 1344 (= 4 October 1925) in Wādī Naʿmān and destroyed three supply shafts, so that the water supply to Mecca was interrupted. The Saudi ruler Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud , who had meanwhile become the overlord of Mecca, had the line repaired at his own expense by the ʿAin-Zubaida Commission. She was able to restore leadership within three months, also drawing on the help of Wahhabi ichwān . The total cost of the repair was £ 2,300. This did not include wages for the Ichwān.

The ʿAin-Zubaida administration

The ʿAin-Zubaida system was so important for the water supply in Mecca that a separate ʿAin-Zubaida administration was set up in the following years. Their budget came from the Saudi government and was subordinate to the Consultative Council ( maǧlis aš-šūrā ). In addition, pilgrims often made pious donations to maintain the system. In order to improve the water supply, the Saudi King ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz had a new water pipe run to Mecca in the early 1950s. It drew its water from a place 35 kilometers northwest of Mecca at the upper end of the Wādī Fātima. The water of this pipe, which was named after the king ʿAyn al-ʿAzīzīya, reached Mecca in August 1952 and was fed into the channel of the ʿAin Zubaida. The ʿAin-Zubaida administration was accordingly later renamed ʿAin-Zubaida-ʿAzīzīya administration.

In 1971/72, 1,278,375 cubic meters of Meccan fresh water came from the ʿAin-Zubaida system, which corresponds to a flow rate of 3500 cubic meters per day. The ʿAin Zubaida was still the third most important aqueduct in the Holy City, after the ʿAin al-Qushāschīya (with 6500 cubic meters / day) and the ʿAin Madīq (with 5000 cubic meters / day), both of which got their water from the Wādī Fātima. The water of the ʿAin Zubaida was considered the most pleasant ( aʿḏab ) and healthiest ( aʿḏā ) compared to the water supplied by the other pipes . During the 1980s, the water supply in Mecca was increasingly converted to water from seawater desalination plants .

Attempts to reactivate

In 1420 dH (1999/2000 AD) the Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz commissioned a research team from King ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz University in Riyadh to carry out investigations into reactivating the ʿAin-Zubaida line. The team carried out hydrological , physical and geological studies in Wadi Naʿmān and the surrounding valleys. The investigations lasted five years and showed that the ʿAin Zubaida could supply the residents of Mecca with 40,000 cubic meters of water every day . The team was led by the hydraulic engineer ʿUmar ibn Sirādsch Abū Ruzaiza. The aim of the project was to restore the ʿAin Zubaida both as a water supplier and as an archaeological sight. The cost of the pipeline restoration project was estimated at 60 million rials. On Ramadan 13, 1431 (= 23 August 2010), the Saudi Council of Ministers transferred responsibility for the ʿAin-Zubaida leadership system to the General Auqāf Authority. Since then, it has tried to preserve the remains of the pipeline system as architectural monuments .

literature

Arabic and Ottoman sources
  • Eyüb Sabri Paşa: Mirʾātü l-ḥaremeyn. 1. Mirʾātü Mekke. Ed. Ömer Fâruk Can, F. Zehra Can. Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, Istanbul, 2018. pp. 896–921.
  • Muḥammad Ṭāhir al-Kurdī al-Makkī (d. 1980): at-Tārīḫ al-qawīm li-Makka wa-bait Allāh al-karīm . Dār Ḫiḍr, Beirut, 2000. Vol. V. Digitized
Secondary literature
  • ʿĀtiq ibn Ġaiṯ al-Bilādī: Maʿālim Makka at-taʾrīḫīya wa-l-aṯarīya . Dār Makka li-n-našr wa-t-tauzīʿ, Mekka, 1980. p. 197. Digitized
  • Mustafa L. Bilge: "Aynizübeyde" in Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi Vol. IV, pp. 279b – 280b. Digitized
  • ʿĀdil Muḥammad Nūr ʿAbdallāh Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama wa-l-mašāʾir al-muqaddasa: min al-qarn al-ʿāšir ḥattā awāsya . Markaz Tārīḫ Makka al-Mukarrama, Mekka, 2016. pp. 186–199.
  • Michael Low: Ottoman Infrastructures of the Saudi Hydro-State: The Technopolitics of Pilgrimage and Potable Water in the Hijaz in Comparative Studies in Society and History 57/4 (2015) 942-974.
  • Ömer Faruk Yılmaz: Belgelerle Osmanlı Devrinde Hicaz. I. Mekke-i Mükerreme . Çamlıca, Istanbul, 2008.

Web links

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ ʿAlī ibn Tāǧ ad-Dīn as-Sinǧārī: Manāʾiḥ al-karam fī aḫbār Makka wa-l-bait wa-wulāt al-ḥaram. Ed. Ǧamīl ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad al-Miṣrī. 6 vols. Ǧāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, Mecca, 1419/1998. Vol. II, p. 163. Digitized
  3. ↑ Quṭb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī: Kitāb al-Iʿlām bi-aʿlām bait Allāh al-ḥarām . Ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld . Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1857. p. 129. Digitized
  4. ↑ Yılmaz: Belgelerle Ottoman Devrinde Hicaz. 2008, Vol. I, p. 77.
  5. ↑ Yılmaz: Belgelerle Ottoman Devrinde Hicaz. 2008, Vol. I, pp. 62f.
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  21. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 245.
  22. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 246.
  23. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 180.
  24. ↑ Eyüb Sabri Paşa: Mirʾātü l-ḥaremeyn. 1. Mirʾātü Mekke. 2018, p. 917.
  25. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 202.
  26. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, pp. 217-19.
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  31. ↑ a b Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 197.
  32. ↑ ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad al-Ġāzī: Ifādat al-anām bi-aḫbār balad Allāh al-ḥarām . Ed. ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Duhaiš. Maktabat al-Asadī, Mecca, 2009. Vol. II, pp. 339f. Digitized
  33. ^ William Ochsenwald: Ottoman Subsidies to the Hijaz, 1877-1886 in International Journal of Middle East Studies 6/3 (1975) 300-307. Here p. 307.
  34. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 242.
  35. ↑ a b c Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 243.
  36. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 247.
  37. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 192.
  38. ↑ Ġubāšī: al-Munšaʾāt al-māʾīya li-ḫidmat Makka al-Mukarrama . 2016, p. 228.
  39. ^ Low: Ottoman Infrastructures of the Saudi Hydro-State . 2015, p. 958.
  40. ↑ al-Kurdī al-Makkī: at-Tārīḫ al-qawīm li-Makka wa-bait Allāh al-karīm . 2000, p. 397.
  41. ↑ al-Kurdī al-Makkī: at-Tārīḫ al-qawīm li-Makka wa-bait Allāh al-karīm . 2000, p. 398.
  42. ↑ a b R.B. Winder: Makka. 3. The Modern City in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Vol. III, pp. 152-180. Here p. 179.
  43. ↑ al-Kurdī al-Makkī: at-Tārīḫ al-qawīm li-Makka wa-bait Allāh al-karīm . 2000, p. 417.
  44. ↑ Ghazy Abdul Wahed Makky: Mecca, the Pilgrimage City. A Study of Pilgrim Accommodation . Croom Helm, London, 1978. pp. 37f.
  45. ↑ ʿĀtiq ibn Ġaiṯ al-Bilādī: Muʿǧam Maʿālim al-Ḥiǧāz . 2nd edition. Muʾassasat ar-Raiyān, Beirut, 2010. P. 1231. Digitized
  46. ↑ a b Website of the ʿAin-Zubaida-Foundation
  47. ↑ Aḥmad al-Aḥmadī: Iʿmār “ʿAin Zubaida” yuwaffir li-ahālī Makka al-mukarrama 40 alf mitr mukaʿʿab min al-miyāh yaumīyan in Al-Madīna March 23, 2012.