Alemannic framework
Alemannic half-timbering is a technical term that has meanwhile been called into question in older building research, which differentiated half-timbered houses in a regional way, ignoring the fact that the Alemannic half-timbering type was also in use outside Swabia and that the distinction between it and the so-called Franconian half-timbering has weaknesses. Today, therefore, one usually speaks of Upper German half-timbering and differentiates more chronologically into development phases.
Mark
The half-timbered structure, called Alemannic, is characterized in its late medieval phase by a frame construction with a wide spacing of the posts , flattened head and foot straps, continuous lintel and chest bars and windows and plank ceiling layers fixed in them. Living rooms with plank walls and window bay windows are also characteristic . The mostly just projecting a beam section, abgezimmerten in itself floors rest on the endgelegten beams, with the frequently because of the large span doubled Rähm are interdigitated, simple square stand out and cleats are supported. The facade works through the clear construction lines .
Spread and examples
The distribution area of preserved buildings stretches from the Alps in isolated cases to beyond the Main to the north and west-east from the Vosges to the Lech , and sometimes to the Bavarian Forest . The core zone is reflected in the section "From the Neckar to the Black Forest and Lake Constance" of the German Half-timbered Road .
The town halls of Esslingen am Neckar , Besigheim and in particular of Markgröningen , "a wonderful and impressive building with a strikingly harmonious design and monumental effect, which is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful half-timbered houses in Germany", are outstanding examples of Alemannic half-timbered houses in a "fully developed" form . In contrast, the old house or Schoberhaus in Pfullendorf , built in the 14th century, shows a sparse original form with wide spacing between stands .
"Old House" in Pfullendorf (1317)
Old Town Hall Esslingen (1420)
Town hall Markgröningen (1441)
Besigheim Town Hall (1449)
Late 16th century
In the course of the development of the half-timbered structure, the stands were moved closer and closer together and finally new forms such as the "Swabian Man" with braced stands at the top and bottom were used. In addition, from around 1480 mortised tapes replaced the flattened bands. Occasionally the same building was also used for leafing and mortising. Because numerous older buildings had static weaknesses and were more susceptible to fire, Duke Christoph von Württemberg forbade new buildings with Alemannic half-timbering and, as part of his state building regulations issued in 1568, ordered ground floors to be built as masonry in the future and retrospectively.
literature
- Günther Binding , Udo Mainzer, Anita Wiedenau: Small art history of the German half-timbered building . Darmstadt 1989, ISBN 3-534-06900-5
- Ulrich Großmann: The half-timbered building in Germany. The historic half-timbered house, its creation, coloring, use and restoration . 3rd expanded edition, Dumont, Cologne 2004, ISBN 978-3-8321-7463-7
- Erwin Rohrberg: Alemannic half-timbered houses: The town halls of Esslingen and Markgröningen. In: Schwäbische Heimat , No. 4, 1975.
- Hermann Schilli : Half-timbered buildings in Baden , 1981, ISBN 3-921340-54-3
Individual evidence
- ^ Gerhard Liebler: The Markgröninger Town Hall . In: Markgröninger buildings and their history, part 2: Urban, stately and town houses in the Upper City . Volume 8 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Monument Preservation Markgröningen, pp. 9–42. AGD, Markgröningen 2004.
- ^ Section of the German half-timbered road in the core region of Alemannic half-timbered houses
- ^ Erwin Rohrberg: Alemannic half-timbered houses: The town halls of Esslingen and Markgröningen. In: Schwäbische Heimat , No. 4, 1975.
- ^ Hugo Hein: Württemberg half-timbered houses . In: Zeitbilder of the Deutsche Zeitung, 1920.
