Alexander Grigoryevich Stoletov

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Alexander Stoletov

Aleksandr Stoletov ( Russian Александр Григорьевич Столетов * July 29 . Jul / 10. August  1839 greg. In Vladimir , † May 15 jul. / 27. May  1896 greg. In Moscow ) was a Russian physicist .

Life

Alexander Stoletov was born in Vladimir on August 10, 1839. His father was a penniless businessman. From 1849 to 1856 Stoletov attended the high school in Vladimir. After graduating, he studied from 1856 to 1860 at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University . Stoletow spent the period from summer 1862 to December 1866 abroad, including in the cities of Berlin , Heidelberg and Göttingen . He then returned to Moscow and worked there as a teacher at Moscow University. During this time, Stoletov was working on his dissertation on " The general problem of electrostatics " ( общая задача электростатики ), which he defended in May 1869. From then on, Stoletow became interested in the magnetic properties of iron and completed his habilitation in 1872. From then on he was a professor at the university. He was given a physics laboratory, which he invested a lot of effort and money in equipping. In the same year he discovered the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substances. In 1881 Stoletow took part in the 1st World Congress of Physicists in Paris .

From February 1888 to July 1890 he researched the external photo effect that Heinrich Hertz had discovered the previous year. Stoletow found a linear dependence of the photoelectric current on the voltage at low voltages, saturation at higher voltages and the proportionality of the saturation current to the incident radiation current.

In 1889 he developed the photocell : Wilhelm Hallwachs had previously noticed that an insulated, brightly polished tin plate, hung up on it, loses its electrical charge when exposed to light, and he interpreted that when exposed to ultraviolet light, the negative electrical particles are released into the air. Stoletow added a mesh electrode to suck out the electrons. Later Elster and Gleitel put the entire facility in an evacuated glass jar.

In 1890 he discovered the existence of a critical gas pressure and a lower pressure limit value for the photo effect , the Stoletow effect . (With that he almost succeeded in discovering the laws of electrical discharges in gases.)

His candidacy for membership in the Academy of Sciences was blocked by the President of the Academy Grand Duke Constantine because of his "impossible character".

Stoletov died of pneumonia in Moscow on May 27, 1896 . The mountain Gora Stoletova in Antarctica is named after him.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ MA Stoletow: Suite des recherches actino-electriques. In: Comptes Rendus. de l ' Académie des sciences , Vol. 107 (1888), pp. 91-92.
  2. ^ Walter Bruch: The television story. A pioneer of German television tells the story . Franckh, Stuttgart 1969, p. 65.
personal data
SURNAME Stoletow, Alexander Grigoryevich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Столе́тов, Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian physicist
DATE OF BIRTH August 10, 1839
PLACE OF BIRTH Vladimir , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH May 27, 1896
Place of death Moscow