Old weights and measures (Hanover)
The dimensions and weights were standardized in the Kingdom of Hanover in 1836.
The law in question was passed on August 19, 1836 in St James's Palace in London, since King William IV , in personal union, ruled in Great Britain and Ireland as well as in Hanover . It came into force on July 1, 1837. The law was preceded by - led by Carl Friedrich Gauss - metrological studies in the Kingdom of Hanover.
The North German Order of Measure and Weight introduced the metric system of measures throughout Germany on January 1, 1872 . However, the 500 gram pound had been in force since 1858.
Length measurements
The law of 1836 stipulated that the Hanoverian foot was exactly 23 twenty-fourth of the English foot. Based on the English compromise foot of 1959, this is exactly 292.1 mm. This value is also used in the following tables. The empirical values fluctuate between just under 291.9 and 292.2 mm, depending on the place and time, or also the examined specimen of the measure. Variations of up to ± 0.2 percent can be observed in general with the pre-metric length measurements .
However, historical metrology today assumes that the ratio between the Hanoverian and English feet is actually 245: 256 and the legal value is therefore a little more than one per mille too long. Except in Hanover, the same foot measure, called Calenberger measure, also applied in Bavaria ( see: Bavarian foot ), as well as in Mainz and Liège .
| line | ≤ 2.0285 | mm | 1 / 12² | 1/12 |
| inch | 24, 3416 | mm | 1/12 | 1 |
| Instep | 243, 4166 | mm | 10/12 | 10 |
| foot | 292, 1000 | mm | 1 | 12 |
| Cubit | 584, 2000 | mm | 2 | 24 |
| step | 778, 9 333 | mm | 32/12 | 32 |
| Fathoms | 1, 7526 | m | 6th | 72 |
| He laughs | 1, 947 3 | m | 80/12 | 80 |
| rod | 4, 6736 | m | 16 | 192 |
| League hour | 4, 6736 | km | 16,000 | 192,000 |
| Country mile | 7, 4192 | km | ----- | ------- |
surface
| Square inches | ≈ 5, 9252 | cm² | |
| Square feet | = 144 square inches | = 853, 2241 | cm² |
| Square rod | = 256 square feet | ≈ 21.8425 | m² |
| tomorrow | = 120 square rods | ≈ 0.26211 | Ha |
The so-called "Altländer Morgen" was four acres, or about 1 hectare.
volume
| 1 cubic inch | ≈ 14.422845 cm³ | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cubic foot | = 1728 cubic inches | = 24.922675961 dm³ (liter) |
| 1 shaft rod | = 256 cubic feet | = 6.380205046016 m³ |
| Nößlein, Nösel , Ösel | = ½ place | ≈ 0.461 l ≈ 460.938 ml |
|---|---|---|
| ≈ 0.487 l ≈ 486.744 ml | ||
| Place, quarter | = ½ can | ≈ 0.922 l ≈ 921.875 ml |
| ≈ 0.973 l ≈ 973.488 ml | ||
| Jug | = ½ small room | ≈ 1.844 l |
| ≈ 1.947 l | ||
| Little room | = 1 ⁄ 10 anchor | ≈ 3.688 l |
| ≈ 3.894 l | ||
| bucket | = 4 small rooms | ≈ 14.75 l |
| ≈ 15.5758 l | ||
| anchor | = ¼ ohm | ≈ 36.875 l |
| ≈ 38.9395 l | ||
| Ohm, Ahm | (Base size) | ≈ 147.5 l (1714) |
| ≈ 155.758 l (1836) | ||
| Oxhoft | = 1½ ohms | ≈ 221.25 l |
| ≈ 233.637 l | ||
| Fuder | = 4 Oxhoft | ≈ 885 l |
| ≈ 934.548 l |
| Mill head | = ½ small room | ≈ 1.947 l |
|---|---|---|
| Little room, hoop | = ½ muck | ≈ 3.894 l |
| Metze (n), Spint | = ¼ raspberry | ≈ 7.7879 l |
| Himte (n) | = ½ bushel | ≈ 31.152 l |
| bushel | = 1/3 Malter | ≈ 62.3 l |
| Malter | (Base size) | ≈ 186.91 l ≈ 1.87 hl (1836) |
| Wispel | = 6 painters | ≈ 1.12146 m³ |
| Vierup | = 19 bushels | ≈ 1.18376 m³ |
| Fuder | = 13 painters | ≈ 2.42983 m³ |
| load | = 16 painters | ≈ 2.99056 m³ ≈ 2990.56 l ≈ 29.9 hl |
5 Hanoverian bushels = 6 Berlin bushels = 9 Lübeck bushels
In some areas, such as Celle or Verden, the grain dimensions were also divided differently:
- Celle
- 1 load = 25 wispel = 10 bushels = 100 himten
- Verden
- 1 Malter = 1½ bushels = 12 Himten
| jug | ≈ 1.3845 l | |
|---|---|---|
| Vierup | = 36 jugs | ≈ 49.843 l |
Weights
| Quentchen, Quint | = 1 ⁄ 4 lot | ≈ 3.654 g |
|---|---|---|
| Lot (h) | = 1 ⁄ 32 pounds | ≈ 14.616 g |
| lb | (Base size) | ≈ 490.116 g (old) |
| ≈ 489.608 g ( 1826 Electorate) | ||
| ≈ 467.711 g ( 1835 Kingdom) | ||
| Hundredweight , centner | = 100 pounds | ≈ 49.012 kg |
| ≈ 48.961 kg | ||
| ≈ 46.771 kg |
| Gran | = 1 ⁄ 20 scruples | ≈ 60.9 mg |
|---|---|---|
| Scruples | = 1 ⁄ 3 drachma | ≈ 1.218 g |
| drachma | = 1 ounce | ≈ 3.654 g |
| ounce | = 8 drachmas | ≈ 29.232 g |
| lb | = 12 ounces | ≈ 350.783 g |
| 1 quint | = 1 ⁄ 10 new solder | = 5 g |
| 1 new solder | = 1 ⁄ 10 pounds | = 50 g |
| 1 pound | = 500 g (exact definition) | |
| 1 quintals | = 100 pounds | = 50 kg |
| 1 ship load | = 40 quintals | = 2 t |
Individual evidence
- ↑ Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften 30 (PDF; 2.2 MB) “As lightning strikes, the riddle has been solved” Carl Friedrich Gauß in Göttingen.
See also
Web links
-
Theoretical-practical instruction in arithmetic by Ferdinand Malaisé, Munich 1842, Appendix 1: Measures, weights and coins .
(In the text version of the 1st appendix, incorrectly referred to as "Official units of measurement in Europe 1842" by the webmaster concerned.)
- Dimensions and weights for Hanover . In: The Upper Harz smelting process for the extraction of silver, copper, lead and arsenic acid ... 1860 p. XXIV