Andasol
| Andasol | |||
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| Coordinates | 37 ° 13 '3 " N , 3 ° 3' 41" W | ||
| country | Spain | ||
| Data | |||
| Type | Solar thermal power plant | ||
| Primary energy | solar power | ||
| power | 150 megawatts | ||
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| turbine | Steam turbines | ||
| Energy fed in 2012 | According to the SWM 2012 annual report, 495 GWh | ||
Andasol is a complex of three solar thermal power plants in the Spanish province of Granada with a maximum output of around 3 × 50 or 150 megawatts (MW). In the annual mean, however, only 3 × 20 or a total of 60 MW (gross) are achieved. The power plants were initiated and developed by the Erlangen company Solar Millennium , which went bankrupt in 2011 .
The complex consists of three power plants, which contained in regular operation since mid-2009 Andasol 1 , the end of 2009 electricity into the grid supplying Andasol 2 and the youngest of the three power plants Andasol 3 , which has been operational since September 2011th
The location of the power plant complex is in the municipality of Aldeire and La Calahorra in the Marquesado del Zenete region . It is located 10 km south-east of Guadix in the Spanish province of Granada.
General
Each of the three Andasol power plants stands on an area of about 1.95 km² (1300 × 1500 m in north-south orientation). Access to the high-voltage network is via a connection to a 400 kV line at Huéneja, around 7 km away.
The parabolic trough technology "Skal-ET" developed by Solar Millennium was used for the solar field. The peak efficiency of this technology is around 70%. On an annual average, the theoretical efficiency for this technology is around 50%. Each of the three solar fields has 209,664 parabolic mirrors on a solar field size of 510,120 m² as well as 22,464 absorber tubes ("receivers") each 4 meters long, as well as 624 sun sensors. The annual direct normal radiation (DNI) for each of the three solar fields is 2,136 kWh / (m² * a). For the conversion of this DNI into electrical energy, the annual average for the entire system is around 15%. The average peak efficiency is around 28%. The life expectancy of an individual system is estimated to be at least 40 years.
The water requirement of an Andasol power plant for cooling the steam is around 870,000 m³ per year and is covered by groundwater, which, due to the proximity of the Sierra Nevada, is available in an above-average amount by Spanish standards.
According to the operator, the forecast output of each Andasol unit should substitute electricity for 200,000 residents of Spain. However, a private household consumption of around 850 kWh per inhabitant per year was assumed. The first concrete figures were then provided by the 2012 Annual Report of Stadtwerke München. According to this, the proportion of electricity produced by Andasol3 in 2012 and 2013 corresponded to the electricity consumption of 33,000 average Munich households. In another calculation, instead of the purely private electricity consumption of a person, the total electricity consumption, consisting of private consumption, industry, infrastructure, local public transport, etc., is converted to the individual inhabitant. This results in the significantly higher electricity consumption of almost 6000 kWh per inhabitant and year. In this calculation, each of the three Andasol plants in 2012 and 2013 substituted the total electricity requirements of around 27,500 residents of Spain.
economics
If the pure construction costs of 300 million euros for Andasol1 to 400 million euros for Andasol 3 are evenly distributed over the expected terms of 40 years each, this results in costs of 7.5 million euros per year for Andasol 1 and 10 million euros for Andasol 3 per year. Without taking into account ongoing maintenance, personnel and other costs, the annual forecast electricity production (the actual one is still unknown) results in a forecast electricity price of 6.8 cents to 9.1 cents per kWh from depreciation alone. The expected operating costs can, however, double the electricity price very early on. In addition, the burning of natural gas in winter incurs considerable external energy costs for heating the storage facilities. For this purpose, up to 3 million m³ of natural gas or around 1.5 million euros per year are forecast, which will increase the electricity price by almost 10%. The forecast production of 110 GWh / a per Andasol unit is somewhat higher than the previously published production figures for US parabolic trough power plants. SEGS I to IX in California and Nevada Solar One only achieve a total annual production of around 1.8 GWh per megawatt of power plant output.
Due to the design, yields will decrease over the course of 40 years and maintenance costs will increase. In the case of Andasol 3, according to the Andasol 3 Fund's prospectus, an early and significant decline in the theoretically possible electricity production is to be expected due to the constantly necessary cleaning and the associated wear and tear of the mirror surfaces. However, an advertising brochure from Solar Millennium said the opposite, with a decrease in electricity production of a maximum of 0.3% per year. Maintenance costs are likely to increase significantly over the forty year period due to corrosion and wear.
The profitability of the Andasol power plants also depends very much on the feed-in tariffs in Spain. This was cut by the Spanish government on January 1, 2013 so much that a lawsuit against the Spanish state was brought before the ICSID in 2015 . The largest shareholder - Stadtwerke München - had to write off 64 million euros on the plant due to these cuts. Rheinenergie , as another shareholder, had to write off 17 million euros. RWE Innogy and Ferrostaal AG also report “considerable” losses. Despite this depreciation, Stadtwerke München announced in a press release in 2013 that Andasol 3 can still be operated economically, as the project can generate several times the running costs. Specific figures on the balance sheet (production, costs, etc.) of Andasol3 are not given in this press release. The feed-in tariff for Andasol was 29 cents per kilowatt hour in 2015, according to a newspaper report by TZ-Munich. In December 2019, the ICSID rejected the lawsuit.
technology
The three power plants of the Andasol series are almost identical. Parabolic trough technology is used in all Andasol power plants to convert incident solar radiation . The sunlight is focused on an absorber tube with mirrors . The synthetic heat transfer oil it contains is heated to 400 ° C by the bundled solar radiation. This oil then generates steam via a heat exchanger, which drives the power plant turbines.
As an alternative, the heat transfer oil can be fed through a salt reservoir so that the power plant also supplies energy at night. This thermal store holds 28,500 tons of salt, its capacity is sufficient for 7.5 hours of full load operation. A liquid salt mixture consisting of 60% sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) and 40% potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) is used. This salt reserve must be kept in the molten state (range from 250 ° to 350 °). If the temperature falls below 240 ° Celsius, the salt solidifies and the system is irreparably destroyed. Melting salt storage facilities of this size are a novelty; the Solar Two reference property in Barstow ( California ) was significantly smaller. The storage capacity there was only about 15% of the Andasol storage. The providers of the Andasol-3-Fonds explicitly pointed out this problem. In the event of a premature and final termination of the operation of the power plants, a total "loss of deposits" is therefore possible.
The salt storage of each Andasol power plant is located in two tanks with different temperatures, 14 m high and 36 m in diameter. In the salt reservoir, the oil transfers its heat to the molten salt via a heat exchanger . With the heated liquid salt, the oil can then be heated again via the same heat exchanger if required. With the hot oil, steam is generated, which drives a turbo set like in a thermal power station . Essentially using groundwater from wells on site, the steam is cooled by evaporation with the help of cooling towers .
If the solar irradiation is insufficient to prevent the threat of rigidity in the storage tank, the storage tanks are heated with natural gas. This natural gas consumption is calculated at approx. 15% of Andasol's total energy production (specified in the agreement on the feed-in tariff). For this reason, each Andasol unit can use approx. 25,000 MWh or approx. 3 million m 3 of natural gas for storage heating.
The turbine circuit of the power plant shows the following performance data: The turbine output at Andasol 1 is a maximum of 49.9 MW. With a forecast annual 2,200 operating hours under full load, this results in an annual gross electricity generation of 110 GWh, which corresponds to an average turbine output of 20 MW. When converting the stored heat into electrical energy, the turbine circuit works with a peak efficiency of around 40%, or 30% as an annual mean.
Water consumption
To cool the steam in the generator circuit, each Andasol power plant consumes around 870,000 m³ of water per year (evaporates). Due to the proximity of the Sierra Nevada mountains, this is relatively easy to replace at this location, even though there is a lack of water in southern Spain. According to the operator, the amount of water consumed corresponds roughly to the amount of water that a city with 20,000 inhabitants needs or that is used to produce wheat on such an area in the same period of time. It should be noted here, however, that wheat often uses rainwater, but Andasol only uses higher quality groundwater. The water use of Northern European power plants is around 1.9 to 2.6 l / kWh (exception here: nuclear power plants with 3.2 l / kWh).
At the location of the Andasol plant, different meteorological conditions (ambient temperature and humidity) prevail than in the more northerly locations of the conventional plants with lower water consumption. The warmer and drier the environmental conditions, the higher the cooling water consumption of a thermal power plant through evaporation of water.
The water consumption through evaporation in the Andasol power plant is approx. 7.9 l / kWh (calculated from the data above, 870,000 m³ / 110 GWh), which is significantly higher than in northern European power plants, since cooling is only possible through evaporation. In the case of the power plants in Northern Europe, on the other hand, consumption through cooling in a continuous process (heating of flowing water without evaporation) is possible. The providers of the Andasol-3-Fonds explicitly pointed out this cooling water problem. In the event of a premature and final termination of the operation of the systems, a total "loss of deposits" is therefore possible.
Land consumption
Andasol builds over approx. 2 km² of agricultural area per unit (including access roads). Converted to the approx. 20,000 inhabitants (PE) whose electricity supply is substituted by each Andasol unit (calculated the actual total electricity consumption and not purely private), that would be around 2.5% of the agricultural area that is theoretically available to these inhabitants of Spain. For comparison: Photovoltaics require around 60% of this area (average PV yield in southern Spain approx. 1.6 kWh / a · Wp or 1600 full load hours ), nine wind turbines of the type E-126 ( Enercon , 7.5 MW) also produce electricity for 20,000 PE like an Andasol unit and, with around 0.5 ha per system (including approx. 500 m² for the system itself), require little or no agricultural area, since storage facilities for electricity (usually pumped storage KW) are built in more remote, mountainous areas.
Award
Solar Millennium received the Energy Globe Award in the “Fire” category in May 2008 for initiating and developing the Andasol power plants . The Energy Globe Award in this category honors innovative projects for environmentally friendly energy generation.
business
Andasol-1 has been in production since the beginning of 2009. Andasol-2 completed the test phase at the end of 2009 and Andasol-3 in September 2011.
According to the operators, Andasol 3 has so far produced electricity as follows: 2013: 81.7 GWh, 2014: 148.9 GWh, 2015: 143.4 GWh, 2016: 146.9 GWh, 2017: 161.2 GWh, 2018: 134.1 GWh.
This means that the production volume forecast for 2009 was almost reached in 2017 at least.
The three power plants in detail
Andasol 1
Andasol 1 is the first completed solar thermal power plant of the Andasol series; it went online in December 2008 and was officially inaugurated on July 1, 2009. It is the first solar power plant in Europe and with 510,000 square meters of collector area on a floor area of 1,300 m × 1,500 m, it is currently the largest parabolic trough power plant in Europe.
The Erlangen company Solar Millennium was responsible for the project development of Andasol 1. The investment costs were estimated at 300 million euros. Solar Millennium's partner for the construction of the power plant is the Spanish construction group Grupo Cobra , a subsidiary of the construction and telecommunications group Grupo ACS . Grupo Cobra is responsible for the construction of the power plant and holds 75% of the shares in the power plant company Andasol 1 SA. The technology company Flagsol GmbH , a wholly-owned subsidiary of Solar Millennium, took on the technical planning, including design, construction supervision and control for the solar field.
The foundation stone was laid on July 20, 2006. The site is on the Guadix plateau in the province of Granada . After a construction period of around two years, test operations began in October 2008. In December 2008 the connection to the power grid took place; regular operation started at the beginning of 2009, although the test phase was not yet officially completed.
The Andasol 1 power plant is owned by the Andasol 1 Central Termosolar Uno, SA power plant company based in Aldeire , Spain. This company is owned 75% of the shares by Cobra Sistemas y Redes, SA , based in the Spanish capital Madrid. Cobra Sistemas y Redes itself is a company in the ACS / Cobra group. The remaining 25% of the shares in the power plant company were held by Solar Millennium Verwaltungs GmbH, a subsidiary of Solar Millennium AG founded on September 23, 1998 with headquarters in Erlangen. On July 16, 2009, Solar Millennium sold its remaining 25% to the ACS / Cobra Group.
| Geographical data: | |
| Location | Aldeire, 10 km east of Guadix, Spain |
| Coordinates | 37 ° 13′N 3 ° 04′W |
| Height above sea level | 1100 m |
| Power plant: | |
| Power plant name | Andasol 1 |
| Installation | Late 2008 |
| Parabolic mirror | 209,664 |
| Collector area | 510 120 m² |
| Floor space | 1300 m × 1500 m |
| Turbine: | |
| Peak efficiency | around 40% |
| Annual average efficiency | about 30%. |
| Electrical power | 49.9 MW |
| annual gross electricity generation | around 110 GWh (forecast) |
| Cooling tower: | |
| design type | Cell cooler hybrid cooling tower |
| Water consumption per year | 870,000 m³ |
| Overall system: | |
| Peak efficiency | about 28% |
| Annual average efficiency | around 15% |
| Expected life | at least 40 years |
Andasol 2
In the immediate vicinity of Andasol 1, construction work began in February 2007 for the construction of another practically identical parabolic trough power plant, Andasol 2, which began testing in mid-2009. The solar field has already been completed.
Andasol 2 Central Termosolar Dos, SA is the owner of the Andasol 2 power plant , as is the Andasol 1 power plant company based in Aldeire. For a long time, 75% of the shares in this company were held by Cobra Sistemas y Redes, SA and 25% by Solar Millennium Verwaltungs GmbH, until July 16, 2009 Solar Millennium also transferred the remaining 25% to ACS / Cobra- Group sold.
Andasol 3
The third Andasol 3 power plant was built in September 2009 in the immediate vicinity of Andasol 1 and 2. In June 2010, the assembly of the parabolic trough collectors was completed. Commissioning took place in September 2011. The power plant has an output of 50 MW.
Andasol 3 is owned by the Spanish company Marquesado Solar SL, the main shareholder and Stadtwerke München GmbH with 48.9% of the shares . Further shareholders are: AS 3 Beteiligungs GmbH with its registered office in Essen , with 25.1% , an investment company held by the shareholders RWE Innogy GmbH (51.0%) and Rheinenergie AG (49.0%); Ferranda GmbH (100% subsidiary of Ferrostaal AG) with 13.0%; as well as Andasol Kraftwerks GmbH with 13.0% (belongs to the Andasol 3 fund after it acquired the stake from the insolvent Solar Millennium on July 12, 2012).
Web links
- Andasol 3
- Plant page at Innogy
Single references
- ↑ a b Annual Report Stadtwerke München, page 16 ( Memento from May 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b This is Munich's hottest investment, TZ from October 20, 2015
- ↑ The parabolic trough power plants Andasol 1 to 3, page 8
- ↑ Parabolic trough power plant in Spain: Andasol 3 ( Memento of the original from 23 August 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ World at a glance - energy - power consumption - all countries, geography, science, links, information. Sebastian Barzel, Welt-auf-einen-blick.de, accessed on September 21, 2010 .
- ↑ Largest solar power plant in the world opened , handelsblatt.com
- ↑ RWE joins the "Andasol 3" solar project ( Memento from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), net-tribune.de
- ↑ Solar Energy Generating Systems Wikipedia
- ↑ Production Exceeding expectations . acciona-energia.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ↑ The Andasol Fund, page 26 (PDF; 2.2 MB) solarmillennium-invest.de. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ↑ Public utilities sue the Spanish state, Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 9, 2015
- ↑ Solar power plant becomes a millionaire grave for RWE and Co , handelsblatt.com
- ↑ Press release from Stadtwerke München (PDF; 34 kB) swm.de. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
- ↑ Garrigues-Carlos de los Santos, Francisco M. Serrano, João Duarte de Sousa, Jaime Iglesias, Mónica van der Schraft: International Arbitration Newsletter - December 2019 | Panorama regional: Europe | Lexology. Retrieved March 17, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Heat storage makes solar energy competitive . wiwo.de. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ Stadtwerke Aschaffenburg - The AVG water network . Stwab.de. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ↑ Water consumption for power generation . Energieverbrauch.de. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ↑ Water and Energy (PDF; 214 kB) Ole von Uexküll, eurosolar.de. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ↑ new-record-worlds-largest-wind-turbine-7-megawatts , at metaefficient.com
- ↑ Potzneusiedl wind farm extension ( Memento from November 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 718 kB) Retrieved on September 30, 2011.
- ↑ Andasol 1 is officially inaugurated ( memento of the original from July 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Press release from July 1, 2009 on the website www.solarmillennium.de
- ↑ a b Andasol 1 has started test operation ( memento of the original from June 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Communication from October 15, 2008 on the website www.solarmillennium.de
- ↑ a b Annual Report 2007/2008 of Solar Millennium AG, p. 6. ( Memento of the original dated January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c Solar Millennium successfully concludes planned sale of shares in Andasol 1 and 2 ( Memento of the original from August 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Solar Millennium press release from July 17, 2009.
- ↑ Andasol 2 under construction - construction progress of Andasol 1 continues according to plan ( memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Press release of April 13, 2007 on the website www.solarmillennium.de
- ↑ Solar Millennium: Spanish Industry Minister announces pre-registration of Andasol 3 and Ibersol . Press release from November 11, 2009, solarmillennium.de. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ↑ Andasol 3 solar power plant: installation of the parabolic trough collectors completed . rohstoff-welt.de. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ↑ Spain: Andasol 3 goes online, September 30, 2011 . iwr.de. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ↑ The Andasol 3 solar power plant . Stadtwerke Munich. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ↑ 36 million for Solar Millennium investors, July 12, 2012 . handelsblatt.com. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
