Mooring maneuvers
A mooring maneuver is a nautical maneuver in which a watercraft approaches a berth in order to moor there. The maneuver is divided into three phases. After the planning, which includes considerations about the landing stage, the wind, the current and any external help, the orderly and possibly guided execution of the maneuver takes place. Finally, the actual mooring is carried out.
When landing the craft, depending on the size wharves , pilings , piers or piers into consideration. Smaller vehicles can also dock on moorings .
Seagoing vessels
For almost all mooring maneuvers, larger seagoing vessels require the support of tugs . The ship is aligned by the tugs (in exceptional cases also under their own power) with a sufficient safety distance to the landing stage and parallel to it. Then the tugs drive to the water side of the ship opposite the landing stage and push it evenly and slowly from the side to the landing stage, since a tilted or inclined landing would damage either the bow or the propellers and the rudder system in the stern of the ship. A bow thruster can help .
The mooring is accompanied by ship fasteners on the land side , who receive the heavy mooring lines or, in rare cases, wire ropes for mooring the ship and bring them to the designated bollards , where they hang the eye . The ropes or wire ropes are then lashed on board the ocean-going vessel using rope winches .
During seagoing ships and mooring maneuvers, the ship's command - depending on the size of the ship and its draft - is assisted by one or two port pilots . The port pilot is compulsory in almost all seaports .
Barges
A barge usually berths on its own and does not need tug, pilot or mooring assistance. Inland vessels head for the landing stage at an angle of around 30 °. In order to avoid damage, a friction block or fender is inserted between the ship's side wall and the mooring , which absorbs a large part of the impact energy and at the same time prevents the side wall from chafing at the berth.
The sailor or bosun at the bow of the ship hangs the eye of the rope or wire rope to moor the next bollard on land, then lays the running rope or wire rope around his own bollard on board in several round trips and brakes the barge. The rope or wire rope is known as the "jump". Then a lead line is attached. Only now does the inland waterway vessel also begin to moor aft , in the process the lead line is tightened and it is moored aft - in the same way.
Pleasure craft
Mooring under motor
In a typical mooring maneuver, the boat is steered towards the mooring at an angle of about 30 ° and stopped . The so-called wheel effect occurs, which can be a hindrance or desired depending on the control angle:
Sailing yachts usually have a left-turning propeller when driving forward, i.e. clockwise when driving backwards. This pulls the stern to starboard when the engine rotates backwards and ideally comes parallel to the landing stage. So it is usually easier to go to the jetty with the starboard side.
However, motor yachts often have a right-handed propeller. Here the stern is pulled to port with the engine going backwards (propeller turns to the left) .
On yachts with two engines, the screws turn in opposite directions, so the wheel effects cancel each other out. When mooring with two screws, the offshore machine is used to brake. The stern is then pulled to the mooring by the lever arm and the wheel effect.
However, if the mooring is made difficult by wind, currents or lack of space, the wheel effect is no longer sufficient to move the stern towards the mooring. Then, depending on the situation, the mooring lines are used to help. Some techniques have become established. The " evaporation into the fore-spring " is quite common and is used in offshore winds. The line is put on as described above, but the fore line is also thrown and occupied via a mooring line further aft . Now the rudder is set hard seaward with the engine running forwards. Due to the tensile forces on the line, the bow remains on the pier and the stern is pressed against the jetty by the water flowing from the propeller.
Mooring under sails
Different maneuvers are useful depending on the wind direction:
Quay-parallel wind
The boat is first brought on a half-wind course in the direction of the landing stage, then it is brought to a standstill with a shooting maneuver against the wind quay-parallel. The outlet route must be taken into account.
An experienced crew can shorten the run-out distance by braking with a line, either via the winch in the rear third of the ship, or via a middle or stern cleat .
Offshore wind
The boat is also initially brought on a half wind course . This is followed by a shooting maneuver in the direction of the landing stage and the recovery of the sails. With the rest of the journey, the quay is turned into.
Onshore wind
The boat is brought to the quay with the stern at a distance of one chain length with a shooter . After recovering the sails and throwing the anchor , it is allowed to drift backwards and finally tied between the anchor and the stern lines .
literature
- Friedrich Woerdemann: Steamship maneuvers . Second edition. 230 p. 106 ill., ES Mittler & Sohn GmbH, Berlin, Frankfurt 1958
- Bobby Schenk: Port maneuvers . 144 pp., Bielefeld, Klasing, 1989. ISBN 3-87412-056-2
- GFWalter: port maneuvers under sail . 366 pp., 1996, ISBN 3-9805423-0-0
See also
literature
- Gerd-Fritz Walter: Yacht maneuvers in the area , 2005, ISBN 3-9805423-3-5
- Gerd-Fritz Walter: Harbor maneuvers under sail , 2005, ISBN 3-9805423-0-0
