Pilot
The term pilot originally comes from seafaring . The term is derived either from the English loadsman 'escort man' or comes from the Middle Low German language in which the Loedsage is the one who 'holds the plumb'. In English the pilot is called a pilot . In German-speaking countries, this designation, which is derived from the term peilen , was in use until 1880. In seafaring, a pilot is usually (generally in Germany) an experienced navigator ( captain ) with many years of practical experience who knows certain waters so well that he can guide ships safely through shallows , past shipping obstacles and other ship traffic. You work as an advisor to the captain of a ship. With pilot boats (international label: "PILOT") or helicopters they are transferred from one ship to ship to another or from the pilot station. They also provide radar advice. For this purpose, radar chains have been set up along the main traffic routes. Pilots in the traffic control centers (maritime shipping) or district control centers (inland shipping) observe the radar devices and advise shipmasters via radio.
Territories
The depths of rivers and canals are constantly changing due to tides and loose sediments . Wind, constantly changing currents, other events such as fog and other road users influence the safe navigation of a ship differently at all times. Since the main task of pilots is to protect people, ships and the environment as well as to support efficient traffic management on the waterways and in ports, support from a pilot is also required in many waters of the world (pilot acceptance obligation) . The fee due for this is often based on the tonnage of the ship.
Germany
In Germany, in the areas of Ems , Jade , Weser , Elbe , Kiel Canal , Flensburg Fjord , Kiel Fjord , Trave , Wismar , Warnow and Stralsund as well as in the ports of Hamburg and Bremerhaven, the obligation to accept a pilot has been in effect since 2003, especially for dangerous goods . For other areas, such as in the western Baltic Sea (especially for the Kadetrinne ), further regulations on the obligation to pilot are internationally sought.
In Germany there are sea and port pilots who organize themselves in nine pilot brotherhoods ( corporations under public law ) and ensure the piloting services in the respective area for international shipping around the clock. These pilots are approved by the competent state authority for the specific area for which they have been trained, after successful examination. The basis are the maritime and port pilot laws. The federal government oversees the sea pilots on the Elbe (242; seat in Hamburg), Kiel Canal I (131; seat in Brunsbüttel), Kiel Canal II / Kiel / Lübeck / Flensburg (146 district Kiel, 22 district Lübeck ; Seat in Kiel), Weser II / Jade (101; seat in Bremerhaven), Weser I (40; seat in Bremen), Ems (33; seat in Emden) and at the east German Baltic ports of Wismar, Rostock and Stralsund (31, seat in Warnemünde). The figures relate to the year 2007. For the port of Hamburg (75 pilots) and Bremerhaven (30 pilots) there are port pilots who are subordinate to the respective federal state (figures from 2012 for Hamburg and 2013 for Bremerhaven).
In addition to these sea and port pilots, the term pilot can also be found in maritime shipping for the overseas pilot and in inland shipping for the so-called auxiliary ship master . The overseas pilots support the captain of a sea-going vessel in navigating the open sea space.
In addition, there is the concept of the distance pilot in Germany . Distance pilots advise the vessels if necessary or by order of the authorities on the free sea stretches between the seaward boundaries of sea pilot areas or from the seaward boundaries to ports without a pilotage obligation. So z. B. from the pilot station of the Outer Elbe to Husum or between the remote stations of the Kiel and Flensburg fjords.
The pilots in the IWT take over the function of a skipper for a limited time and distance traveled on a particular inland waterway (z. B. earlier the Rhine pilot on the central Rhine ). Inland navigation pilots are used in particular on the waterways, for which, in addition to the skipper's license, a route certificate is required for the respective section of the river.
In local parlance one can still find the terms Böschlotsen or Flusslotsen for the sea pilots on the route from Brunsbüttel to Hamburg or Bremerhaven to Bremen.
The Monopolies Commission considers in its 19th biennial report of the view that there were shortcomings in the competitive German Seelotswesen. The combination of self-administration and federal supervision has resulted in a closed and relatively non-transparent system in which competition is excluded in favor of apparent security arguments. Among other things, she recommends rethinking the form of organization as corporations under public law. The Federal Association of Sea and Harbor Pilots criticized the results of the report as "very one-sided and sometimes wrong".
Metaphorical use
The end of the Bismarckian era found its apt expression in the catchphrase “ The pilot goes overboard ”, which goes back to the cartoon of the same name.
See also
literature
- Detlef Zschoche: The operation of maneuvering elements by the pilot . In: Hansa . Issue 5/2009, Schiffahrts-Verlag Hansa, Hamburg 2009, ISSN 0017-7504 , pp. 83-89.
- Michael Meyer: Training of sea pilots newly regulated · Regulation in force · Specifications have been updated and made more precise . In: Daily port report . March 21, 2014, ISSN 2190-8753 , p. 3.
- Thomas Fröhling: The pilots, advisors to the ship management . Koehler's publishing company. Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7822-1078-2 .
Web links
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- Deutschlandfunk report on pilots on the Bosporus in Istanbul
- Federal Chamber of Pilots
- Federal Association of Sea and Harbor Pilots
- EMPA
- IMPA
- Ordinance on the pilotage areas and their limits (General Pilot Ordinance - ALV) (PDF; 45 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Marianne Strzysch, Joachim White: The Brockhaus in fifteen volumes. Fourth volume Koo-Lz. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig-Mannheim 1997, ISBN 3-7653-2841-3 , p. 430.
- ^ Franklin Kopitzsch , Daniel Tilgner (ed.): Hamburg Lexikon. Zeiseverlag, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-9805687-9-2 , p. 443.
- ^ A. Tietjen: Foundation of the pilot station on the Geeste . In: Men from the Morgenstern Heimatbund at the mouth of the Elbe and Weser. V. (Ed.): Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt . No. 229 . Nordsee-Zeitung GmbH, Bremerhaven January 1969, p. 1 ( digital version [PDF; 4.0 MB ; accessed on May 13, 2019]).
- ↑ Short version of the report ( Memento from April 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Website of the Monopolies Commission. 2010/2011, accessed on May 13, 2019 (PDF; 304 kB).
- ↑ Statement of the Federal Association of Sea and Harbor Pilots on the XIX. Main opinion of the Monopolies Commission. ( Memento from March 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: www.radon-home.de. July 26, 2012, accessed on May 13, 2019 (PDF; 1.6 MB).