The pilot disembarks

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Dropping the Pilot (John Tenniel)
Dropping the pilot
John Tenniel , 1890

The pilot goes overboard (in the English original Dropping the Pilot ) is a caricature by John Tenniel that appeared on March 23, 1890 in the March 29 issue of the British satirical magazine Punch together with a poem of the same name by Edwin James Milliken (1839 –1897) appeared. It refers to Otto von Bismarck's resignation as Chancellor , whichhad been forcedby Kaiser Wilhelm II a few days earlier, and is considered the most famous caricature of Tenniel and Punch and one of the most famous caricatures of all. It formed the template for many other caricatures and is often depicted in German school history books. The idioms “Dropping the Pilot” and “The pilot goes off board” have become popular words in the English and German languages.

Historical context

Otto von Bismarck (1890)
Wilhelm II (1888)

Otto von Bismarck was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1862 and Chancellor of the North German Confederation from 1867 . He had established Prussian supremacy in Germany and is considered to be the driving force behind the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, from which time he was Chancellor. As such, he was considered the most important political figure in the empire, who was almost always able to assert her political ideas with Kaiser Wilhelm I. Wilhelm complained: "It is not easy to be emperor under such a chancellor."

After the death of Wilhelm I and his son Friedrich III. Wilhelm II came to the throne in the so-called three emperor year 1888 . Bismarck didn't think much of young Wilhelm. He was “a shower head, couldn't keep quiet, was accessible to flatterers and could plunge Germany into a war without suspecting or wanting it.” However, Wilhelm expressed the plan to exert significantly more political influence himself: “I want that for six months Let the old breathe, then I'll rule myself. ”So there were soon considerable differences between the emperor and his chancellor. This was due, among other things, to different views on alliance politics , the culture war and the socialist laws . On March 17, 1890, the emperor sent the message to Bismarck that he should come to the castle on the same day and bring his resignation letter with him. Bismarck delivered it to the Kaiser the following day. This ended Bismarck's 19-year term as Reich Chancellor. The emperor is said to have commented on this in a telegram as follows: “The office of officer on watch has fallen to me. The course remains the same: and now full steam ahead! ”There are various details about the addressee of the telegram. This is how Wilhelm's old teacher Georg Ernst Hinzpeter and the Grand Duke of Saxony-Weimar are called.

The reactions to Bismarck's fall were rather relieved in Germany. In the end, the Chancellor had largely isolated himself. He was hated by the Social Democrats because of the socialist laws, but he was also unpopular with the Liberals and the center , as well as with the Polish inhabitants of the eastern provinces because of his anti-Polish policies. Even in his own camp, the so-called cartel parties , there was growing tension. At the beginning of his reign, however, the young emperor was seen by many as a bearer of hope.

In other European countries, the verdict was different. Through his alliance policy, Bismarck had succeeded in assuming a European leadership role and securing peace in Europe in previous years. This peace policy was primarily intended to serve Germany's interests and at the same time earned it respect abroad. His departure was therefore of particular concern. The British Times wrote : “We in this country hear the news of the great man's resignation with regret and concern. The removal of Prince Bismarck from the rudder [...] is of such far-reaching importance that no one who knows his extraordinary contribution to European peace registers this event without a feeling of fear about the future. ”This concern was directed above all to the emperor and his new chancellor Leo von Caprivi . The Times continues: “The Kaiser and the new Chancellor have a blank piece of paper in front of them to write history on. The world anxiously wonders what kind of story this will be. "

description

The Hohenzollern in a painting by Willy Stöwer

The cartoon shows a section of a ship. The political scientist Stephan Leibfried suspects a fantasy representation of the imperial yacht Hohenzollern . Bismarck, who is wearing sailor clothes instead of a uniform, steps down the stairs. A partially visible boat is waiting for him below. Bismarck is described as either bitter, withdrawn, or thoughtful, full of doubt and worry. The art historian Karl Arndt describes Bismarck's expression as gloomy, his demeanor reveals an unbending self-confidence. Bismarck supports himself on the ship with his left hand. The hand rests on a hinged half-flap with a hole in it. There are various details about them. Arndt sees this as a port- a gun, Leibfried considers them seaworthy shutters . The draughtsmen of later adaptations of the caricature often depicted it as a porthole . Wilhelm II leans over the railing with his arms crossed next to the entrance gate . He is wearing an officer's uniform and a fantasy crown and looks at the outgoing Chancellor. His facial expression is described as confident, complacent, serene, cool, and indifferent or sneering. Next to Wilhelm the rear part of a ship's cannon could be indicated.

The lack of typical design features of caricatures is striking. So Tenniel dispenses with grotesque distortions of the characters and exaggerations in the course of the plot. The only design element that Tenniel uses, typical for caricatures, is the transfer of Bismarck and Wilhelm from the political to the nautical world. According to Karl Arndt, this reluctance is characteristic of Tenniel's political cartoons. According to Thomas Noll , Tenniel did not see himself as a caricaturist either, but his goal was to “ bring the satirical representation closer to the historical picture.” Due to the lack of distortion, Dietrich Grünewald cites Dropping the Pilot as a classic example of a descriptive caricature. In addition, according to Lachlan R. Moyle, the cartoon embodies Victorian restraint and courtesy, as it is designed not to hurt either character.

interpretation

According to the political scientist Wolfgang Bergem (* 1962), the caricature allows two possible interpretations. On the one hand, the fact that the pilot has left the ship may indicate that the ship has left all the difficult and dangerous passages of the voyage behind and is now setting off for the long journey on the open sea. On the other hand, the caricature can also be understood as a warning, as a ship without expert guidance can have an accident if the pilot leaves it too early. According to Dietrich Grünewald, the distortion-free form of presentation of the caricature does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about a rating, which is why both interpretations are possible. For Imanuel Geiss , the caricature embodies Europe's regret over the fall of Bismarck, which until then was a symbol of the stability of Germany for Europeans.

Ernst Gombrich sees a recipe for success for caricatures in telling readers that there is nothing to worry about. Tenniel also made use of this in Dropping the Pilot by depicting Bismarck as the pilot, although he was actually the captain of the state ship. In doing so, he tried to calm the shock that the departure of the most respected and feared statesman had caused among English readers.

Karl Arndt sees the caricature primarily as a homage to Bismarck. In addition, he sees in the clothes of Bismarck and Wilhelm an indication of the different assessments of the two by the cartoonist. While Bismarck appears competent and professional through his seaman's clothing, from Arndt's point of view Wilhelm's crown underlines his youthful inexperience, because the leader of a ship does not stand at the helm with a crown on his head. According to Arndt, the importance and power of Bismarck vis-à-vis Wilhelm is also made clear by the choice of perspective, through which Bismarck appears large in the foreground, while the emperor is shown smaller in the background, half covered by the ship's side. Arndt takes the object next to Wilhelm for a cannon; he interprets the flap on which Bismarck puts his hand as a gun gate. In these two representations he sees an indication of Bismarck's peace policy and the uncertainty as to whether it will be continued under Wilhelm.

title

Germany's greatest helmsman - The champion pilot of the age by Joseph Keppler from 1871

The original English title of the cartoon Dropping the Pilot literally means something like “Dismiss / remove the pilot ”. He assigns Wilhelm II the active part, Bismarck, on the other hand, is only the object that is dismissed or deposed. This describes the historical processes much more precisely than the common German translation, The pilot goes over board . In it, Bismarck becomes the subject who leaves the ship. This suggests a voluntary action, where an involuntary reaction is actually meant. This leads to the fact that on the one hand Wilhelm II does not appear as the one who throws Bismarck overboard, on the other hand, Bismarck is not degraded to a helpless dismissed in contrast to the original title. Stephan Leibfried suspects that the Prussian censorship is behind this .

In connection with seafaring, the English word “pilot” can be translated as both pilot and helmsman . Leibfried assumes that Tenniel meant the helmsman. He is said to have been inspired by a caricature on the founding of the German Empire by the Austrian-American cartoonist Joseph Keppler from 1871. On it Bismarck can be seen as the helmsman of the boat Germania , in the background the sinking French state ship is shown. At the same time it was entitled “Germany's greatest helmsman” and subtitled “The champion pilot of the age”. According to Leibfried, it also makes a decisive difference whether the pilot leaves the ship after the work is done or the ship is left without a helmsman without a pilot.

poem

Dropping the Pilot was presented in Punch along with a poem of the same name by Edwin James Milliken . This consists of four stanzas with nine verses each. For Lachlan R. Moyle, it shows more clearly than the caricature the British concern about Bismarck's dismissal. Moyle refers to the last five verses of the second stanza.

Dropping the Pilot

GREAT Pilot, whom so many storms have tried,
To see thee quit the helm at last, at last,
And slow descend that vessel's stately side,
Whilst yet waves surge and skies are overcast,
Wakes wondering memories of that mighty past,
Shaped by a guiding hand,
Strong to direct as strict to command.
When yet did a great ship on the great sea
Drop Pilot like to thee?

The "wakeful Palinurus" of old song
Drowsed at the last, and floods his corpse did whelm;
But thou hast ever been alert as strong,
Pilot who never slumbered at the helm.
Impetuous youth aspires to rear a realm,
and the state-bark to steer
In other fashion. Is it faith or fear
Fills the old Pilot's spirit as he moves
Slow from the post he loves?

No “branch in Lethe dipped by Morpheus” slacks
This Pilot's sight, or vanquishes his force.
The ship he leaves may steer on other tacks;
Will the new Palinurus hold her course
With hand as firm and skill of such resource?
He who, Æneas-like,
Now takes the helm himself, perchance may strike
On sunken shoals, or wish, on the wild main,
The old Pilot back again.

These things are on the knees of the great gods;
But, hap what hap, that slow-descending form,
Which often hath stood with winds and waves at odds,
And almost single-handed braved the storm,
Shows an heroic shape; and high hearts warm
To that stout grim-faced bulk
Of manhood looming large against the hulk
Of the great Ship, whose course, at fate's commands,
He leaves to lesser hands!

 

Translation

GREAT pilot, tested by so many storms,
To see how you finally, finally let the helm,
And slowly step down the ship's stately side,
While waves still billowed and the sky was covered,
Awakening wondrous memories of this powerful past,
Shaped by one leading hand,
as strongly instructing as energetically commanding.
When has a big ship ever
lost a pilot like you at sea ?

That "watchful Palinuro " from old song
slumbered at the end, his corpse overwhelmed by floods;
But you were always as awake as you were strong,
pilot who never slept at the helm.
Impetuous youth strive to build an empire,
And to direct the state barque in
another way. Is it faith or fear That
fills the spirit of the old pilot as he
slowly leaves the post he loves?

No “ branch of Morpheus immersed in Lethe ” slackens this pilot's sight, nor does it subdue its strength. The abandoned ship may steer in other ways; Will the new Palinuro hold her course With a steadfast hand and such skill? He who, like Aeneas , now seizes the steering wheel himself, may perhaps meet sunken shallows, or wish, on a wild coast, the old pilot back again. These things rest on the knees of the great gods; But, happen what may, that gently disappearing form, which often stood against the wind and waves, and almost alone defied the storm, shows a heroic figure; and lofty hearts are warming For those, darkly-eyed, strong masses of masculinity that stand out high against the hull of the great ship, whose course, according to fate's command, He leaves in lesser hands!

















Creation and publication

There are some rumors about the genesis of Dropping the Pilot . One of them says that the draftsman Tenniel learned from Queen Victoria of the impending dismissal of Bismarck. She is said to have accidentally betrayed the plans of her grandson Wilhelm at an audience. The Australian historian Richard Scully regards this as wrong, because the end of Bismarck's term of office is said to have been known a few days before his official resignation on March 18.

The idea for Dropping the Pilot is said to come from the Punch writer Gilbert Arthur à Beckett (1837-1891). He suggested it shortly before a dinner for the editorial staff on March 19, 1890, which he was unable to attend due to illness. There it is said to have been enthusiastically received by the editorial staff. However, Edward Linley Sambourne claimed in a diary entry that the idea of ​​Bismarck descending the ladder on the side of the ship came from him. Within 48 hours of dinner, John Tenniel had completed the drawing and sent it to the Punch woodcutter, Joseph Swain (1820–1909), from where it was sent to the Punch printers the next day . These worked over the weekend, which is why the new edition could appear on Monday, March 23rd, although it was dated March 29th. Dropping the Pilot appeared as a “big cut”, the big cartoon of the week, on a double page. This was rather an exception and was reserved for important occasions.

The cartoon is said to have been very well received by the readership. The Earl of Rosebery and future Prime Minister Archibald Primrose , an intimate friend of the Bismarck family, purchased the original drawing from Tenniel. He later gave a faithful copy to Bismarck, who liked it very much and commented “It is indeed a fine one!” (“It is indeed a beautiful one!”). Bismarck's wife Johanna von Puttkamer is said to have hung them over the bed in Schönhausen Palace .

There are various statements about Kaiser Wilhelm's opinion on the caricature. Some sources claim he liked her very much, other sources say he was unhappy with her except for the nautical metaphor.

Further works by Tenniel on Bismarck and Wilhelm II.

  • A Wise Warning (1888)

  • L'enfant terrible! (1890)

  • The little Germania Magnate (1891)

  • Bismarck (1898)

Already on October 6, 1888 in Punch cartoon A Wise Warning ( A wise warning ) Tenniel released, can be seen on the Bismarck and Wilhelm II.. Wilhelm is represented on it as Icarus , who is standing on a rock, spreading his wings and is about to take off. Bismarck appears in the role of the worried father Daedalus . In the background you can see the Caesarist sun , which beckons Wilhelm. In the caption, the editors of Punch express their condescending trust that the second part of the old fable (the Icarus crash) will not take place. Furthermore, they put eight lines in Bismarck 's mouth from the fable Daedalus and Icarus from Ovid's Metamorphoses , in which Icarus is warned not to fly too close to the sun, but also not too close to the sea.

On May 10, 1890, shortly after the publication of Dropping the Pilot , another caricature by Tenniel appeared, which had Wilhelm II as the subject and on which he was depicted much less favorably. On it, the German emperor can be seen in a boat together with representatives from Spain , France , Austria-Hungary and Italy . Spain is represented by the regent Maria Christina , who her three-year-old son Alfons XIII. on her shoulder. Austria-Hungary by Emperor Franz Joseph I. and Italy by King Umberto I represented. Only the French Republic is represented not by a regent, but by the national figure Marianne . Due to the impetuous behavior of Wilhelm, the boat threatens to capsize. This is also made clear by the caption. On it Wilhelm is referred to as an enfant terrible , i.e. a terrible child. The other boat occupants, as a chorus in the stern, express concern that they would all overturn if Wilhelm continued like this ("Chorus in the Stern. 'Don't go on like that - or you upset us all !!'"). The Australian historian Richard Scully sees it as a reference to Wilhelm's enthusiasm for an “imperial-sponsored socialism” that endangered Europe's stability. Wilhelm wears the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire . Karl Arndt sees this as an indication that Wilhelm liked himself in the splendor of old imperial glory and valued outdated roles.

In August 1891 Wilhelm entered the Golden Book of Munich with the slogan “Suprema lex regis voluntas!” (“The will of the ruler is the highest law”) . This absolutist claim to rule caused a sensation and displeasure, also in Great Britain, where people were suspicious of continental absolutism due to the strong parliamentary tradition. On November 28th, Tenniel published a cartoon about this event in Punch . It depicts Wilhelm in the style of an absolutist ruler. He is wearing the old imperial crown again, an ermine coat and has set his feet in an exaggerated dance step. Opposite him are Bismarck in civilian clothes and a personification of socialism who are trying to wrest his scepter from Wilhelm. In the background, the saying entered in the Golden Book can be seen on a banner. The caricature is subtitled with The little Germania Magnate; or trying to sway the scepter (German: The little German magnate, or: The attempt to swing the scepter ).

Tenniel commented on Bismarck's death on July 30, 1898 in a drawing on a double page in Punch on August 13. It shows the dead Bismarck as he is carried by personifications from Prussia , Bavaria , Saxony and Württemberg , among others . Before that, Germany runs in the form of a grieving woman. Karl Arndt describes the portrayal as dignified, chivalrously romantic, not free from sentimentality, but free from irony. From his point of view, this expresses the high regard that Bismarck still enjoyed at that time. In this he differed from the negative image of Wilhelm II in Punch and other newspapers.

Aftermath

rating

Dropping the Pilot is considered the most famous cartoon of John Tenniel and Punch and one of the most famous cartoons ever. Karl Walther described her in his 1898 work Bismarck in the caricature as the "pearl of all English caricatures". The political scientist Franz Schneider (1932–2013) sees it as “the most famous caricature on German politics”. Dieter and Gisela Burkamp describe Dropping the Pilot as a “ drawing of the century”.

Adaptations

Dropping the Pilot forms the basis for many other cartoons that have appeared in Germany and Great Britain as well as in the USA, the Netherlands, South Africa and New Zealand. For this reason, the caricature and some of its modifications were honored on the 100th anniversary in 1990 with an exhibition in the Wilhelm Busch Museum in Hanover , which was then also shown in the Mönchehaus Museum Goslar and the Kunstverein Oerlinghausen . Works by 23 artists were presented in it.

Adaptations related to Bismarck and Wilhelm II.

  • Prophecy? (Dropping the Pilot) by Will Dyson from 1914.

  • The Haunted Ship by Bernard Partridge from 1915.

  • Dropping the Pirate by William H. Walker from 1918.

On 10 October 1914 a few months after the start of the First World War , appeared in the Daily Herald the cartoon Prophecy? (Dropping the Pilot) (German: Prophezeiung? (Drop off the pilot) ) by Will Dyson (1880–1938). On it, Wilhelm II takes on the role of Bismarck and leaves the ship via the stairway. In contrast to Bismarck, however, the emperor wears his uniform. He is observed by Germania , the personification of Germany. In contrast to the original, in which Wilhelm II. Bismarck looks after with a relaxed facial expression, Germania looks angry or even annoyed. Jost Rebentisch sees this as an "obvious separation" between Germany and Wilhelm II.

The Haunted Ship (German: Das Spuk-Schiff ) by Bernard Partridge (1861–1945), which was published in Punch on March 31, 1915, on the occasion of Bismarck's centenary , makes direct reference to the original . The caricature shows the transparent ghost of Bismarck as a revenant who climbs up the stairway from the dinghy. He is observed by a clearly aged Wilhelm, who is described as surprised or horrified. In contrast to the original, it now wears the imperial crown of the German Empire . Bismarck, who is referred to as the ghost of the old pilot , wonders whether the emperor would dismiss him now ("I wonder if he would drop me now").

On . Abdication of Wilhelm II , the cartoon refers Dropping the Pirate (German: Lower the pirates ) by William H. Walker (1871-1938), which in December 1918 in the American magazine Life published. It shows Kaiser Wilhelm, who had already abdicated at the time, leaving the ship via the stairway. A soldier from the victorious powers watches him on deck . Like Bismarck, Wilhelm wears sailor clothes, but his cap shows the pirate symbol . In addition, there is a chain with a ball on his left foot that reads “justice”. In contrast to Bismarck's case, there is no boat waiting for Wilhelm at the end of the stairs, only the sea, in which a board with the inscription “oblivion” (oblivion) ​​swims. The play on words with “pirate” and “pilot” appeared in the comic opera The Pirates of Penzance from 1879.

Further adaptations

In 1909 the Daily Mirror published a caricature by William Haselden (1872–1953) caricaturing the overthrow of the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II . Abdülhamid does not use the stairway, but is thrown into the sea by a young Turk weighted down with a stone.

In a cartoon by the South African DC Boonzaier (1865–1950) published in Die Burger in 1924 , John Bull , the personification of the Kingdom of Great Britain, leaves the ship Die Unie van Suid-Afrika . He is being watched by the South African Prime Minister Barry Hertzog .

The cover picture of the Kladderadatsch from May 10, 1925 by Arthur Johnson reverses the pilot's direction. It shows a caricature of Paul von Hindenburg , who enters the ship with an energetic step over the stairway. He is being watched by a smiling German Michel in a sailor's uniform. Hindenburg had recently to the President selected Service. The title The pilot enters the ship was intended to stylize him as the direct successor of Bismarck. In addition, as a promising event, the election should be placed in a venerable national historical perspective.

After the general election in 1945 , which the Conservative Party clearly lost to the Labor Party , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had to resign. Daniel Bishop commented on this departure with a cartoon titled Dropping the Pilot , in which Churchill takes Bismarck's place. With a cigar in his mouth, he leaves the modern battleship calmly and confidently . According to Arndt, the resignation should be presented as a decisive event.

Before the constructive vote of no confidence on October 1, 1982 against Helmut Schmidt and the associated turnaround in Bonn , a portrayal of Schmidt as a pilot disembarking appeared on the title page of the Spiegel from September 20. Hermann Degkwitz's drawing is an almost identical copy of Tenniel's depiction of Bismarck. Only the headgear was changed to a Heligoland pilot's hat . A representation of an observer was also omitted. According to Karl Arndt, Schmidt should be represented as a statesman of the highest order by equating him with Bismarck. Walter Hanel had already dealt with the crisis of the social-liberal coalition in a cartoon entitled The pilot remains on board , which was published on September 2 in the FAZ . On it Schmidt can be seen as the helmsman of the stranded ship called Koalition . The hull, which had previously been repaired several times, has crumbled apart from a few planks. Despite this condition, Schmidt is still trying to maneuver. Also on the ship is Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor Hans-Dietrich Genscher , who cast his fishing rod near the dinghy. This is interpreted as fishing for new coalition partners and trying to survive politically.

On the occasion of the forced resignation of Erich Honecker on 18 October 1989 published Luis Murschetz in time a cartoon entitled The pilot is to disembark . It shows a ship with the GDR flag on which an oversized Honecker sits, who is about to be pushed off board by a crowd. But since he defends himself against it, the ship is tilted by the pressure of the masses . A lifeboat on the ship remains unused.

One day after German reunification in 1990, the cartoon Dropping the Pilots by Laurence Clark (* 1949) appeared in the New Zealand Herald . It shows a ship called Germany , which is being left by the victorious powers in the person of Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Josef Stalin and Charles de Gaulle over the stairway. The then Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl observed this from the railing.

In the summer of 2007, shortly before Tony Blair's resignation as British Prime Minister, a caricature by the British artist Martin Rowson (* 1959) was published, replacing Bismarck with Blair. From the railing he is watched by his future successor Gordon Brown . The chairman of the Conservatives and “ shadow prime minister ” David Cameron looks out of the hole in the ship's wall, which Rowson interprets as a porthole . Blair bares his teeth, suggesting that he is not leaving the ship willingly. He also holds up his left hand, with which he forms the V-sign . To the viewer of the caricature, it looks like the "victory sign". Brown sees the back of Blair's hand, however, which turns the gesture into an insult in Britain.

Also Horst Haitzinger often made use of the subject walking or incoming pilots. Under the title The pilots want on board , he commented on the disputes in the Union over the candidate for Chancellor for the 1980 federal election . It shows the two candidates, Franz Josef Strauss and Ernst Albrecht , fighting each other on the landing stairs of the ship for Chancellor Candidates '80 . The then Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, who later won the election against Strauss, looks on with a smile from above. Haitzinger commented on the assumption of office of Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2005 with a cartoon in the tz . It shows the then President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso on a ship called the EU that ran aground on rocks. Merkel enters it from a boat over the stairway and is greeted by Barroso with the words "A warm welcome ...". The picture is subtitled with "... pilot, on board!". On the occasion of Edmund Stoiber's resignation from the office of Bavarian Prime Minister and CSU Chairman in 2007, Haitzinger showed him how he is carried off board the ship CSU by his successors Erwin Huber (new party chairman) and Günther Beckstein (new prime minister) . A dinghy named Brussels is waiting for him downstairs , an allusion to Stoiber's new job in a working group of the European Commission to reduce bureaucracy . For inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009 presented Haitzinger the US as notgewassertes aircraft represents. He refers to the successful ditching of US Airways flight 1549 a few days before. Obama enters the wing of the plane via a boat of his name and is greeted by Uncle Sam with a "hurray ...".

Winged words

The original title "Dropping the Pilot" has also found its way into the English language apart from caricatures. For example, "drop the pilot" is listed in the Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms and the Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins and is described as "abandon a trustworthy adviser". Reference is expressly made to Tenniel's caricature. The Bloomsbury Dictionary of Idioms describes "drop the pilot" as "dismiss the political leader" and also refers to the caricature as the origin of the phrase.

The popular German title “Der Pilot geht ab Bord” has also become a catchphrase for a change of leadership, especially in politics. It is often used in the German-language press, for example at the end of Barack Obama's presidency and when the Austrian Chancellor Werner Faymann and the German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher resigned .

history class

Dropping the Pilot is very often depicted in German history textbooks under its German title The pilot goes from board . The interpretation of the caricature is a common task in history lessons in Germany.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Volker Ullrich : Otto von Bismarck . Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-499-50602-5 , pp. 102-103.
  2. ↑ Volker Ullrich: Otto von Bismarck . Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-499-50602-5 , p. 117.
  3. ↑ Martin Kohlrausch : The monarch in the scandal. The logic of the mass media and the transformation of the Wilhelmine monarchy (= elite change in modernity. Volume 7). Akademie, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-05-004020-3 , p. 104 ( digitized from Google Books ).
  4. ^ John CG Röhl : Wilhelm II. The construction of the personal monarchy 1888–1900. CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-48229-5 , p. 351 ( digitized from Google Books).
  5. ↑ Hendrik Ziegler: Carl Alexander and Wilhelm II. Princely art patronage in comparison. In Lothar Ehrlich, Justus H. Ulbricht (ed.): Carl Alexander von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Heirs, patrons and politicians. Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-412-09203-7 , pp. 129–164, here: 136 ( digitized from Google Books).
  6. ↑ Karl Arndt: "Dropping the Pilot" or "The pilot goes overboard". For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, pp. 11-12.
  7. ↑ Karl Arndt: "Dropping the Pilot" or "The pilot goes overboard". For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, pp. 12-13.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Stephan Leibfried: Bismarck's fall in 1890 and the invention of the German state ship. In: Websites of the Schader Foundation . May 15, 2014, accessed March 16, 2018 .
  9. ↑ Christian Bos: History of the caricature. More than a thousand words. In: Kölner Stadtanzeiger . January 15, 2015, accessed March 24, 2018 .
  10. ^ A b c Karl Walther: Bismarck in the caricature . Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1898, p. 52–53 ( digitized version from the Bauhaus University Weimar ).
  11. ^ A b c d Marion Harry Spielmann: The history of “Punch”. The Cassell Publishing, New York 1895, pp. 179-180 ( digitized from the Internet Archive ).
  12. ↑ a b c d e Karl Arndt: "Dropping the Pilot" or "The pilot goes overboard". For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, pp. 15-18.
  13. ↑ a b c About the origin of the political use of the term state ship in Germany. In: Season's Greetings of the Collaborative Research Center on Statehood in Transition at the University of Bremen . 2009 ( PDF at ResearchGate, accessed March 24, 2018).
  14. ↑ Karl Arndt: "Dropping the Pilot" or "The pilot goes overboard". For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, p. 35.
  15. ^ A b Heinrich Dormeier : Humorous-satirical maps of Europe from 1848 to the First World War. Existence and special features. In: Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann , Jürgen Elvert , Birgit Aschmann , Jens Hohensee (eds.): History pictures. Festschrift for Michael Salewski on his 65th birthday. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-515-08252-2 , pp. 525-542, here: 525 ( digitized from Google Books).
  16. ↑ a b c d e f Claudia Ziob: The Eternal Pilot. In: Magazine on the weekend . June 20, 2009, accessed March 24, 2018 .
  17. ↑ a b Ralf Sotscheck : You only die twice. In: taz am weekend , June 1, 2002, p. 16 ( online ).
  18. ↑ Thomas Noll: "The Great Gentleman". The artist John Tenniel. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, p. 56.
  19. ^ A b Dietrich Grünewald: Caricature in the classroom: history, analyzes, school practice. Beltz, Weinheim / Basel 1979, ISBN 3-407-62033-0 , p. 124.
  20. ↑ a b c Lachlan R. Moyle: Drawing Conclusions: An imagological survey of Britain and the British and Germany and the Germans in German and British cartoons and caricatures, 1945-2000. Dissertation at the University of Osnabrück , 2004, pp. 91–92 ( PDF from the University of Osnabrück).
  21. ↑ a b Wolfgang Bergem: "Ruling servants" of political theory. Metaphors from the state. In: Markus Kink, Janine Ziegler (eds.): State views and state visions: A cross-section of political and cultural studies. Lit, Berlin / Münster 2013, pp. 45–74, here: 64 ( digitized from Google Books).
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  23. ^ Ernst H. Gombrich: The Uses of Images. Studies in the Social Function of Art and Visual Communication. Phaidon Press, London 1999, ISBN 0-7148-3655-9 , pp. 209-210.
  24. ↑ a b Julia Quante: Drawn into the Heart of Europe? British European policy in the mirror of cartoons (1973–2008) (= Media & Politics. Volume 44). Lit, Berlin / Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-643-11538-6 , pp. 131-134.
  25. ↑ a b c Gisela Burkamp , Dieter Burkamp : Foreword. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, pp. 7-8.
  26. ↑ “The pilot disembarks”. In: Die Welt , October 2, 1999 ( online , accessed March 16, 2018).
  27. ↑ a b c d e f The ship of state: Germany and Europe. Catalog for the special exhibition in the German Maritime Museum , 2012 ( PDF at ResearchGate, accessed on March 23, 2018).
  28. ^ Later Poems from Punch 1887-1908. George G. Harrap and Co., London 1909, pp. 11-13 ( digitized from the Internet Archive).
  29. ^ A b c d Richard Scully: Mr. Punch versus the Kaiser, 1892–1898: Flashpoints of a Complex Relationship. International Journal of Comic Art. Volume 13, 2011, pp. 553-578, here: 559-561 ( PDF at ResearchGate ).
  30. ↑ a b c d Richard Scully: 'A Pettish Little Emperor'. Images Kaiser Wilhelm II In Punch, 1888–1901. In Richard Scully, Marian Quartly: Drawing the Line: Using Cartoons as Historical Evidence. Monash University ePress, Melbourne 2009, ISBN 978-0-9804648-4-9 , pp. 4.1-4.28 ( online ).
  31. ↑ Karl Arndt: "Dropping the Pilot" or "The pilot goes overboard". For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, p. 10.
  32. ↑ a b c d Karl Arndt: “Dropping the Pilot” or “The pilot goes overboard”. For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, pp. 18-21.
  33. ↑ a b Re: Schmidt title . In: Der Spiegel . No. 38 , 1982 ( online ).
  34. ^ Franz Schneider: The political caricature. CH Beck, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-406-33037-1 , p. 38.
  35. ↑ Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, p. 1.
  36. ↑ a b Follow a cartoon. In: Der Spiegel . No. 45, 1990, p. 305 ( PDF at Spiegel Online).
  37. ↑ Jost Rebentisch: The many faces of the emperor. Wilhelm II in the German and British caricature (1888–1918). Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 2000, p. 229.
    Quoted in: Julia Quante: Drawn into the Heart of Europe? British European policy in the mirror of cartoons (1973–2008) (= Media & Politics. Volume 44). Lit, Berlin / Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-643-11538-6 , p. 134.
  38. ↑ a b c d Karl Arndt: “Dropping the Pilot” or “The pilot goes overboard”. For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, pp. 42-43.
  39. ↑ WH0681 - Dropping the pilot. In: University of Kent British Cartoon Archives . Retrieved March 23, 2018 .
  40. ^ Peter Vale: Keeping a Sharp Eye: A Century of Cartoons on South Africa's International Relations 1910-2010. Otterley Press, Johannesburg 2012, ISBN 1-4771-4933-3 , p. 12 ( digitized from Google Books).
  41. ↑ Jerzy W. Borejsza, Hans Henning Hahn : Otto von Bismarck: What remains of a myth, turned upside down. In: Hans Henning Hahn, Robert Traba (ed.): 20 German-Polish places of memory. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2018, ISBN 3-506-78716-0 , pp. 151–182, here: 167–168 ( digitized from Google Books).
  42. ^ Daniel Bishop. Dropping the Pilot, 1945. In: Library of Congress website . Retrieved June 17, 2018 ( picture in better resolution ).
  43. ↑ a b Karl Arndt: "Dropping the Pilot" or "The pilot goes overboard". For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, pp. 34-35.
  44. ↑ Karl Arndt: "Dropping the Pilot" or "The pilot goes overboard". For the 100th birthday of a cartoon. In: Herwig Guratzsch (Ed.): The pilot disembarks. 1990, p. 44.
  45. ^ Dropping the Pilots, New Zealand Herald (October 4, 1990). In: German history in documents and pictures . Retrieved March 25, 2018 .
  46. ↑ Julia Quante: Drawn into the Heart of Europe? British European policy in the mirror of cartoons (1973–2008) (= Media & Politics. Volume 44). Lit, Berlin / Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-643-11538-6 , pp. 134–135 ( digitized image from Google Books).
  47. ^ The gallery of the state ship 2008 - a greeting for the New Year. In: Season's Greetings of the Collaborative Research Center on Statehood in Transition at the University of Bremen. 2008 ( PDF at ResearchGate, accessed April 27, 2018).
  48. ↑ Yasunari Ueda: Text type joke and caricature as material for language learning. Linguistic Approaches to Philosophizing with Children. Lit, Berlin / Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-643-12172-1 , pp. 122–124 ( digitized from Google Books).
  49. ↑ John Ayto (Ed.): Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-954378-6 , p. 264 ( digitized from Google Books).
  50. ↑ Julia Cresswell (Ed.): Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-954793-7 , p. 326 ( digitized from Google Books).
  51. ↑ Gordon Jarvie: Bloomsbury Dictionary of Idoms. A & C Black, London 2009, ISBN 978-1-4081-1406-3 , p. 118 ( digitized from Google Books).
  52. ^ Rolf-Bernhard Essig : Butter with the fish. How the sea flowed into our language . Goldmann Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-442-15703-7 , p. 16 ( PDF at archive.org).
  53. ↑ Martin Kilian: The pilot disembarks. In: Tages-Anzeiger . January 11, 2017, accessed March 25, 2018 .
  54. ↑ Charles Ritterband : The pilot disembarks. In: Vorarlberger Nachrichten . May 12, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2018 .
  55. ↑ Theo Sommer : Genscher's resignation marks the end of an era: The pilot off board . In: Die Zeit , May 1, 1992 ( accessed online April 13, 2018).
  56. ↑ Alexander Poel: Seehofer's farewell to Munich - I'm (almost) done! In: zdf.de . March 13, 2018, accessed March 26, 2018 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Due to the controversy about the correct translation of the English word "pilot" (see section title ), pilot was used in the translation of the poem at this point. (See also pilot (seafaring) ).
This article was added to the list of excellent articles in this version on August 13, 2018 .