Antonio José da Silva
António José da Silva [ əntô'nyʊ zhʊzĕ 'dä sēl'və ], called O Judeu (born May 8, 1705 in Rio de Janeiro , † October 19, 1739 in Lisbon ), was a Marran comedy poet born in the then Portuguese colony of Brazil Origin. He was burned by the Inquisition .
Life
Da Silva came from a family of forcibly baptized Jews in Brazil. His father was João Mendes da Silva (born in Rio de Janeiro in 1656) and his mother Lourença Coutinho . Da Silva was the youngest of the three children. In the Inquisitions investigations that began in Rio de Janeiro in 1702, his mother was accused of clinging to the Jewish faith in 1712, and had to face a trial in motherland Portugal. She was tortured and in 1713 had to undergo a car dairy. Since Silva's father, who had accompanied her with the family to Portugal, successfully established himself as a lawyer in Lisbon. Da Silva studied law at the University of Coimbra (like his father) and then worked as a lawyer in his father's law firm in Lisbon . In 1734 he married Leonore de Carvalho, who, for her part, had fled Spain because of her (hidden) Jewish faith, where relatives of her (possibly also her parents) had previously been burned by the Inquisition. The marriage had a daughter, born in 1735.
From 1733 he wrote comedic singing games that were popular in Portugal, which were performed with marionettes and which regularly kept the theater in Bairro Alto full. The people called them operas of the Jew (hence his nickname, O Judeu, der Jude) because, like the operas that da Silva parodied, popular at the time, they contained vocal interludes. His comedies were often based on mythological material (or, in the case of a comedy, the Don Quixote by Cervantes ), but contained satirical portraits of the Portuguese society of that time at the time of King John V and were written in a popular language. His comedies earned him the nickname of a Portuguese Plautus . His style is influenced by Lope de Vega and Molière , where he z. B. lets scholars speak culinary Latin and also uses a screwed-up, pompous style of speech in the style of Gongorism . He also wrote fables and poems.
In August 1726, shortly after his return from Coimbra to Lisbon, da Silva was indicted before the Inquisition Tribunal on suspicion that he still adhered to the Jewish faith, was severely tortured and, after a renunciation, had to undergo the great auto-da-fe on October 23rd, as well the king and his court attended. His mother was also arrested and tortured at the same time and this time had to remain in prison as a recidivist until she was released after participating in a car dairy in 1729. Despite the protection of high-ranking patrons such as Count Erceiro (Francisco Xavier de Menezes) and the director of the mint Mathias Ayres Ramos da Silva Eça (who then tried everything to save him), he became his in October 1737 after a denunciation by a colored slave Mother (he observed the Sabbath) and his wife were arrested again, accused of being a secret follower of the Jewish faith and this time sentenced to death after two years in prison and executed in the last such car dairy in 1739 - he was after he had previously been in a typical car dairy was dressed in a yellow robe decorated with red flames and devils (Sambenito) and had to hold a green wax candle on the way to the place of execution, strangled and burned his body. Before his death (after the death sentence had already been determined) he publicly confessed to his Jewish faith in front of the inquisitors and his last words are also said to have been the Shema of Israel . According to a Brazilian source quoted by Kohut, his wife and mother were also executed and burned on October 19. According to other sources, his wife died in prison on October 10th after she had denied all allegations and was therefore considered a stubborn heretic in the eyes of the Inquisition, and the mother is said to have died only three months after da Silva's execution. Both were sentenced to indefinite incarceration. One of his popular plays was played on the day of his execution . The theater in which his plays were played was closed by its operators shortly afterwards.
Da Silva's father died in January 1736. The Inquisition never seemed to have suspected him. He wrote religious and other poems, fables and Christian hymns.
Da Silva's pieces were published anonymously in individual issues in 1736/37 and in the Teatro comico portugez collection (4 volumes), which first appeared in 1744 and then in several editions in the 18th century (most recently 1787–1790). A first attempt to publish his works after his death was forbidden by the Inquisition. There were eight pieces in the collection, but there are twelve in all. One piece was published in the Revista Brazileira in 1860. Excerpts from his plays in Portuguese appeared in the German-language biography of Ferdinand Joseph Wolf in 1860.
The city of Lisbon erected a monument for him in 1912: a burning pyre , which he approaches in the above-described robe of the delinquent, over which a symbol of the comedy rises.
reception
Da Silva is the subject of several epic poems. The play António José, ou O Poeta ea Inquisição , published by Gonçalves de Magalhães in 1838 about the comedian Da Silva and premiered on March 13, 1838, is considered to be the first tragedy written by a Brazilian poet. Moritz Levin published a German-language poem about Da Silva and his execution in 1882. Another Portuguese play is The Jew (1966) by Bernardo Santareno , followed in 1996 by the film O Judeu (The Jew) by the Brazilian Jom Tob Azulay (official premiere in 1999)
Works
- 1733: Vida do Grande Dom Quixote de la Mancha e do Gordo Sancho Pança
- 1734: Esopaida
- 1735: Os Encantos de Medea
- 1736: Amphitriio
- 1736: Labyrintho de Creta
- 1737: Guerras do Alecrim e Mangerona , ( Wars between rosemary and marjoram ), first performed in Lisbon 1737, Teatro do Bairro Alto
- 1737: As Variedades de Proteu , basis for a puppet theater by António Teixeira .
- 1738: Precipicio de Faetonte
Total expenditure
- Obras completas. Prefacio e notas do José Pereira Tavares. Sá da Costa, Lisboa. Vol. 1, 1957-4, 1958.
- As comédias de Antônio José, o judeu. Organização, introdução e notas: Paulo Roberto Pereira. 1st edition. Martins Fontes, São Paulo 2007, ISBN 978-85-99102-75-6 .
Literature (selection)
Older secondary literature
- Ferdinand Wolf : Dom Antonio José da Silva, the author of the so-called "Opern des Juden" (Operas do Judeu) . Vienna, Gerold 1860. (Reprinted from the meeting reports of the hist.-philos. Class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1860)
- Ferdinand Wolf: Le Brésil littéraire. Histoire de la littérature brésilienne . Asher, Berlin 1863, pp. 27-36. Digitized in Gallica
- Ernest David: Les Opéras du Juif Antonio José da Silva (1705–1739) , Paris 1880 (reprint from Journal des archives israélites, 1880)
- Ferdinand Denis: Chefs d'œuvres du théâtre portugais , Paris 1823, as well as his résumé de l histoire littéraire du Portugal , Paris 1826
- Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen : Florilegio da poesia brazileira. Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa 1850, pp. 207f. (First evaluation of the detailed Inquisition files)
- Meyer Kayserling : Antonio José da Silva. In: Monthly for the history and science of Judaism . Hunger, Leipzig. 9th vol., 1860, pp. 331-338. Digitized in Google Books
- Meyer Kayserling: History of the Jews in Portugal . Leiner, Leipzig 1867, pp. 329–333. Google books
- George Alexander Kohut: Jewish martyrs of the inquisition in South America - Internet Archive . Friedenwald, Baltimore 1895 (Reprint from: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. No. 4, 1895). It deals in detail with Antonio José Da Silva and his father, with further references and a list of his works. Digitized in Internet Archive
- M. Grünwald: José da Silva. A tragic victim of the Inquisition in the 18th century. In: Monthly for the History and Science of Judaism (Frankel-Graetz), Volume 29, 1880, pp. 241-257
- Aubrey FG Bell: Portuguese Literature - Internet Archive . Clarendon, Oxford 1922, pp. 282-284.
- Jewish Lexicon . Berlin 1927 (Vol. IV / 2)
- Salomon Wininger : Great Jewish National Biography. Chernivtsi. Vol. 5, 1931, p. 515
- Philo-Lexicon . 3rd edition, Berlin 1936, col. 691
Newer secondary literature
- José Oliveira Barata: Notas bibliográficas à obra de António José da Silva (O Judeu). In: Revista de história literaria de Portugal. Coimbra, Vol. 3, 1968/72, pp. 321-334.
- José Oliveira Barata: História do teatro em Portugal (Séc. XVIII). António José da Silva (O Judeu) no Palco Joanino. DIFEL, Algés 1998, ISBN 972-29-0412-4
Web links
- Sultana Levy Rosenblatt: biography. (Portuguese)
- Bibliography. (Portuguese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Silva, Antonio José da . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 25 : Shuválov - Subliminal Self . London 1911, p. 112 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
- ↑ Silva, Antonio José da . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 25 : Shuválov - Subliminal Self . London 1911, p. 112 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]). Kohut: Jewish Martyrers of the Inquisition in South America , 1895, p. 40, goes into detail about their relatives. Leonor de Carvalho and her relatives were banished from Spain in absentia by the Inquisition in Valladolid in 1727. Her age was given as 18 years.
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit.
- ↑ King John V promoted Italian opera
- ↑ Noted new production in the Comédie-Française : Vie du grand Dom Quichotte et du gros Sancho Pança , 2008. Review , Liberation, April 29, 2008, p. 27 (French), accessed on November 9, 2010
- ↑ Kohut Jewish Martyrers of the Inquisition in South America , 1895, p. 75. Kohut prints an article there from the Brazilian Biographical Annual (publisher Joaquim Manoel de Macedo) from 1876. The Brockhaus article on da Silva from 1886 is also printed.
- ↑ Kindler, dtv, p. 4185
- ^ List of works by da Silva in Kohut, loc. cit., pp. 84f
- ↑ Silva, Antonio José da . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 25 : Shuválov - Subliminal Self . London 1911, p. 112 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]). Kohut, loc. cit. P. 42, he quotes Grünwald
- ↑ He was spied on by informers in prison and constantly watched through peepholes. When he refused to eat, it was interpreted as observing Jewish fasting rites
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 50. Even though there were still auto-da-fs until 1766, there were no executions.
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit., p. 49. Beheaded according to 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 49
- ↑ Kohut, loc. Cit. P. 76 quoting de Macedo
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 46
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 46, after Kayserling
- ^ Wolf: Dom Antonio José da Silva , 1860, p. 11
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 80, after de Sismondi
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 41
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit., p. 78
- ↑ Further editions appeared in 1747, 1753, 1759, 1760, 1787, 1788 , Brockhaus article from 1886 about da Silva
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 50
- ↑ Kohut, loc. cit. P. 77
- ↑ Example: Joaquim Norberto de Sousa e Silva: A corõa de fogo. Rio de Janeiro 1861 ("The Crown of Fire")
- ↑ Portuguese text on google.books.de, accessed on November 9, 2010.
- ↑ Printed in: Moritz Levin: Iberia. Pictures from Spanish-Jewish history. Dümmler, Berlin 1885
- ^ O Judeu in the Internet Movie Database (English)
- ^ Table of contents in: Kindlers Literatur-Lexikon im dtv , 1974, Vol. 10, p. 4185
- ↑ recording PortugalSom PS 5009
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Silva, António José da |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Antônio José, o Judeu |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Portuguese comedy poet |
DATE OF BIRTH | May 8, 1705 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Rio de Janeiro |
DATE OF DEATH | October 19, 1739 |
Place of death | Lisbon |