Drive formula

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Finnish military truck Sisu SA-240 with the drive formula 6x6, i.e. H. all six wheels are driven ( all-wheel drive )

A drive formula is a notation used to identify the type of drive in motor vehicles with four or more wheels . In order to make it clear how many of the axles or wheels are driven, the following notation has been established:

Common drive formulas

Off-road vehicles with all-wheel drive are known as off-road vehicles and have the 4x4 drive formula
  • A standard car has the drive formula 4 × 2 (regardless of whether it is front or rear-wheel drive ), a four-wheel drive car is 4 × 4
  • An all-wheel drive vehicle has 4 × 4 (English: 4WD = four wheel drive or AWD = all wheel drive )
  • The standard truck has 4 × 2
  • A three-axle truck with one steered axle and two rear drive axles has 6 × 4
  • A three-axle truck 6 × 6 powered on all six wheels , see picture of the Sisu SA-240 above
  • A truck with four axles, all of which are driven, has the 8 × 8 drive formula
  • Tractor units in Great Britain usually have 6 × (2) 2 , i.e. steered front axle, rear steered leading axle and drive axle
  • A normal city ​​bus or coach with four wheels also has 4 × 2 , with two driven rear axles 6 × 4 (the latter is now rare)
  • A three-axle coach with only one driven axle corresponding to 6 × 2 (2) (rear drive axle and steered trailing axle), with two rear driven axles 6 × 4

Most military vehicles have all-wheel drive, here in trucks and armored cars, in addition to the 4 × 4 , the drive formulas 6 × 6 or 8 × 8 can be found. A special feature here is the Oshkosh tanker lorry type HEMTT that mowag piranha - armored cars of generations II and IIIC, the heavy truck Czech Tatra T 816 Force , and the MAN HX and SX is, this is also available in a 10 × 10 -Version.

The highest number of powered axles can be found in the mobile rocket launch vehicles for Soviet medium-range missiles, including the MAZ-7916 (for Pioner 3 rockets) with the drive formula 12 × 12 , the MZKT-79221 (for Topol-M rockets) with 16 × 16 , as well as the test vehicle MAZ-7907 with 24 × 24 count. Some of the axles are steerable.

Exceptions to drive formulas

(Note: the numbers in brackets always denote non-driven rear wheels)

  • SUV with 6 × 6 -Drive (eg. Land Rover , Range Rover or Chevrolet - pickups converted to 6 × 6 or 6 × 6 - Quad of Polaris )
  • Heavy-duty tractors with 8 × 6 , 10 × 8 , less often 10 × 10 or even 12 × 8
  • Articulated buses mostly 6 × (2) 2 with rear-wheel drive ("push-articulated bus")
  • Historic articulated buses with a drive axle in the middle in front of the joint 6 × 2 (2) ("articulated train bus")
  • Historic articulated buses with 2-axle trailer after the articulation 8 × 2 (4) (also an "articulated train bus")

Special forms of drive formulas

Cement mixer truck with eight wheels, the rear four of which are driven - 8x4 drive formula.
  • 6 × 2 - a front steered axle and only one of the rear axles driven, the other usually runs as a leading axle to e.g. B. to carry the weight of the semi-trailer. This type is often referred to as a pusher.
  • 8 × 4 - two front steered axles and two rear drive axles, see truck in the picture on the right

The designation of steered leading axles and trailing axles in trucks is not entirely uniform within the manufacturer. MAN Truck & Bus AG describes z. B. a steered leading axle with a "/", a steered trailing axle with a "-". Other manufacturers do not differentiate in the wheel formula between leading and trailing axles, but add other names such as B. VLA or NLA. Examples of further wheel formulas:

  • 6 × 2/4 - front steered axle, rear drive axle with steering axle in front (leading axle)
  • 6 × 2-4 - front steered axle, rear drive axle with subsequent steering axle (trailing axle)
  • 8 × 2-6 - two front steered axles, rear drive axle with a co-steering trailing axle behind
  • 8 × 2/6 - front steered axle, single drive axle with one steering axle in front and one behind (triple vehicle)

With the increasing spread of so-called auxiliary steering systems - these mostly work hydraulically / hydraulically as a displacement system (e.g. RAS from ZF Lenksysteme ) or electronically-hydraulic with proportional valve technology (e.g. EHLA from Mobil Elektronik GmbH) - these special forms are always seen more often in the streetscape. In some applications such as B. Refuse collection vehicles or 5-axle chassis, additional steering axles are part of the standard equipment.

literature

  • Hans-Hermann Braess, Ulrich Seiffert: Vieweg manual automotive technology. 2nd edition, Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 2001, ISBN 3-528-13114-4

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b DAF: FAD CF 85 8x4. In: Manufacturer's data sheet. June 12, 2019, accessed April 3, 2020 .