Ariane 1
The Ariane 1 is the first model in the Ariane rocket series. It emerged from the Europa 3 of the failed Europe project. The development costs for the Ariane 1 amounted to 1.7 billion DM (approx. 860 million €).
technology
With a takeoff weight of up to 210 t, the Ariane 1 had a height of 47.4 m and a diameter of 3.8 m. According to the planning, it should have a payload capacity of max. Reach 1.7 t in the GTO . However, it turned out that the specific impulse of the HM-7 engine of the third stage was higher than calculated, whereby the actual payload capacity was max. 1.85 t in the GTO. The Ariane 1 could transport one large or two smaller satellites.
The Ariane 1 has three stages:
- The first stage was equipped with four Viking engines from Société européenne de propulsion .
- The second stage with a Viking engine. The Viking engines of the Ariane 1 consumed the hypergolic fuel combination nitrogen tetroxide / UDMH
- The third stage had a hydrogen / oxygen- powered HM-7 engine with a thrust of seven tons.
The two subsequent models Ariane 3 and Ariane 2 were only slightly modified variants of Ariane 1. And Ariane 4 was largely based on Ariane 1. Only the Ariane 5 is newly developed.
The overall small number of launches and the few launches since 1985 are due to the appearance of the much more powerful Ariane 3 in 1984 and the somewhat more powerful Ariane 2 in 1986.
Start list
This is a full list of all launches. All took place from the launch site ELA-1 of the European spaceport Kourou in French Guiana . The launch pad of the Europa-2 rocket was converted for Ariane 1. It was also used for the launch of Ariane 2 and 3.
Start time ( UTC ) | Flight number. | payload | Orbit 1 | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 24, 1979 5:14 pm | L1 | CAT (technology capsule) | GTO (geotransfer orbit) | Success Note: third stage switches off too early. Orbit still higher than planned because the 3rd stage was more powerful than calculated. |
May 23, 1980 2:29 PM | L2 |
FIREWHEEL , CAT, AMSAT P3A (research satellite, technology capsule , amateur radio satellite) |
Crashed off the coast (planned: GTO) | Failure Combustion instabilities in one of the 4 engines of the first stage lead to an explosion shortly after take-off. |
June 19, 1981 12:32 PM | L3 |
Meteosat 2 , CAT Apple (weather satellite, technology capsule, experimental communications satellite) |
GTO | success |
Dec 20, 1981 1:29 AM | L4 | CAT, MARECS A (technology capsule , communications satellite for ships) |
GTO | success |
Sep 9 1982 02:12 | L5 |
MARECS B , Sirio (communications satellite for ships, experimental communications satellite) |
crash | Bust failure of the third stage |
June 16, 1983 11:59 am | L6 |
ECS 1 , Amsat P3B (communications satellite, amateur radio satellite) |
GTO | success |
Oct. 19, 1983 00:45 | L7 |
Intelsat V-F7 (communications satellite), 1860 kg |
GTO | success |
March 5, 1984 12:50 AM | L8 |
Intelsat V-F8 (communications satellite), 1860 kg |
GTO | success |
May 23, 1984 1:33 | V9 |
SPACENET 1 (communications satellite) |
GTO | success |
July 2, 1985 11:23 am | V14 |
Giotto (comet probe to Halley's comet ), 960 kg |
GTO (from there by own drive on earth escape route) | Success ; minimum possible payload weight in the GTO |
Feb 22, 1986 1:44 AM | V16 |
Spot 1 , Viking 1 (Earth observation satellite, research satellite) |
SSO | success |
² The payloads are shown as they were placed one above the other or (in rare cases) next to each other in the payload fairing. The top payload first, then the second from the top, etc.
literature
- Martine Castello: La grande aventure d'Ariane. Larousse 1987, ISBN 2-03-518232-8 .
- William Huon: Ariane, une épopée européenne. ETAI 2007, ISBN 978-2-7268-8709-7 .
- Jean-Pierre Philippe: Ariane, horizon 2000. Taillandier, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-87636-045-4 .
- Bernd Leitenberger: European launch vehicles. Volume 1. From Diamant to Ariane 4 - Europe's stony path in Orbit Books on Demand , Norderstedt 2009, ISBN 3-8370-9591-6 .
Web links
- Bernd Leitenberger: The history of the European Ariane rocket .
- Ariane Heritage ( Memento from April 4, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- Ariane 1. Capcom Espace (French)
Individual evidence
- ↑ The upper levels H-8, H-10 and ESC-A .
- ^ Launch log 1979–1989. Arianespace, accessed June 24, 2009 .
- ^ Ariane in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on June 24, 2009 (English).
- ↑ Nigel Calder : Beyond Halley. The exploration of tail stars by the space probes Giotto and Rosetta (original title: Giotto to the Comets ). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1994, ISBN 3-540-57585-5