Astacidae

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Astacidae
Astacus (Pontastacus) leptodactylus

Astacus (Pontastacus) leptodactylus

Systematics
Class : Higher crabs (Malacostraca)
Order : Decapods (decapoda)
Subordination : Pleocyemata
Partial order : Large crayfish (Astacidea)
Superfamily : Crayfish (Astacoidea)
Family : Astacidae
Scientific name
Astacidae
Latreille , 1802

The Astacidae are a family of crayfish . They live in Europe, Western Asia, and North America. The best known species is the noble crab .

features

The general body shape of the Astacidae is similar to that of the other crayfish and at first glance cannot be distinguished from members of the Cambaridae or Parastacidae families. Differentiating features are: On some links of the first antennae there are always two groups of hair bristles called aesthetasques (chemical sensilla). The gill formula always shows 18 functional gills (plus two or three rudimentary ones and one epipod). The ischium (a leg link of the peraeopods ) of the males does not have a hook. In the female, the first pair of pleopods has regressed. In addition, the specific form of the first pleopods of the males, which are transformed into reproductive organs, differs from that of the Cambaridae (they are completely absent in the Parastacidae).

In the case of the cancers that exist in Europe (native and introduced), the field determination does not usually involve identifying the family and directly identifying the genus or species.

Reproduction

When the sexes come into contact before mating, both chemical stimuli (pheromones) and optical stimuli have been proven to be significant in the Astacidae. In contrast to the Cambaridae, the males of the Astacidae place a spermatophore attached to the outside directly at the opening of the female gonoduct (on the third peraeopod), whereby the first two pairs of pleopods , which have been converted into gonopods , help them with fine orientation. In some species, fights between males for access to females have been proven (for example in the case of the jackdaw crab ). When a male mates with a female that has already been mated, it either places its spermatophore on top of the existing one, or it tries to eat them beforehand and thus remove them. As with all crayfish, the females carry the fertilized eggs with them attached to the pleon and thus protect them from enemies.

habitat

Astacidae live in flowing and standing inland waters, although they prefer clear, cold waters. They have a lower tolerance to warming than many Cambaridae and Parastacidae.

distribution

The Astacidae have a disjoint distribution from two widely separated areas on different continents. They live on the one hand in Europe (and the immediately adjacent western Asia), on the other hand, with one genus ( Pacifastacus ; contracted from Pacific and Latin astacus ) in western North America (especially central to southern USA and Mexico).

Phylogeny, taxonomy, systematics

The Astacidae together with the North American family Cambaridae and the recently separated, East Asian family Cambaroididae (with the only genus Cambaroides ) form the superfamily of the Astacoidea. These families, which are common in the northern hemisphere, together with the southern hemisphere Parastacidae, form the crayfish in the broader sense. While an independent evolution of the freshwater crayfish of the northern and southern hemisphere from lobster-like ancestors was previously considered, genetic analyzes have now shown that all crayfish form a monophyletic group. This suggests that the transition from sea to fresh water occurred only once. The splitting of the Astacidae and the Cambaridae took place, according to the methodology of the molecular clock , about 90 million years ago.

According to the genetic data, the Astacidae form a monophyletic unit. In earlier studies, the position of the East Asian genus Cambaroides , which in various analyzes appeared to be more closely related to the Astacidae or to the Cambaridae and made one or both families paraphyletic, was particularly problematic . It now seems clear that Cambaroides is the sister group of the Astacidae.

Within the family, three genera are usually distinguished. Some authors separate the subgenus Pontastacus from Astacus and the subgenus Atlantastacus from Austropotamobius and then come up with five genera, others combine the entire family within the genus Astacus . The following species are currently mentioned, with the authors Keith A. Crandall and Sammy De Grave recognizing a number of controversial species that go back to a revision by the Russian taxonomist Yaroslav Starobogatov. These have so far been combined in a broad species Astacus leptodactylus , which is still advocated by many taxonomists. Literature on many of these controversial species is only available in Russian; their independence and distribution are unclear and controversial.

The family used to be further delimited and included, among other things, the Camabaridae (then understood as the subfamily Cambarinae). Today's family only corresponds to the former subfamily Astacinae.

Family Astacidae

  • Genus Astacus Fabricius, 1775
    • Subgenus Astacus s.str.
    • Subgenus Pontastacus Bott, 1950 (accepted as an independent genus by Crandall and De Grave 2017, which this list follows).
      • Pontastacus cubanicus (Birstein & Vinogradov, 1934) (syn. Astacus leptodactylus subsp. Cubanicus ). Kuban , Don , Sea of ​​Azov , Russia.
      • Pontastacus danubialis Brodsky, 1981. (syn. Astacus leptodactylus subsp. Eichwaldii pro parte, Astacus leptodactylus caspius natio danubialis Brodsky, 1967). Ukraine.
      • Pontastacus lastucinus Brodsky, 1981. ( syn.Pontastacus leptodactylus cubanicus natio danubialis Brodsky, 1967, Caspiastacus lastucinus (Brodsky, 1981))
      • Pontastacus calibration waldi (Bott, 1950) (syn. Astacus (Pontastacus) leptodactyus subsp. Verifiable waldi , Astacus leptodactylus var. Caspia Eichwald, 1838)
      • Pontastacus kessleri (Schimkewitsch, 1886) (syn.Astacus kessleri ). " Turkestan ".
      • Pontastacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823). Galician crayfish
      • Pontastacus pachypus (Rathke, 1837) ( syn.Caspiastacus pachypus (Rathke, 1837)). Tributaries to the Black Sea, partly living in brackish water. Also indicated by the Caspian Sea .
      • Pontastacus pylzowi (Skorikov, 1907). Azerbaijan, Eastern Transcaucasia.
      • Pontastacus salinus (von Nordmann, 1842) ( syn.Astacus (Pontastacus) leptodactylus salinus Nordmann, 1842). Black Sea region, Danube system, after Karaman to Vienna.
  • Genus Austropotamobius Skorikov, 1907


  • Genus Pacifastacus Bott, 1950
      • Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon, 1914) (syn. Astacus gambelii subsp. Connectens Faxon, 1914). In Brooks, Idaho, and Oregon.
      • Pacifastacus fortis (Faxon, 1914) (syn. Astacus nigrescens subsp. Fortis Faxon, 1914). California.
      • Pacifastacus gambelii (Girard, 1852) ( syn.Cambarus Gambelii Girard, 1852). western north america.
      • Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) signal cancer . The species presumably includes several cryptic species that have not yet been differentiated and will probably be split up in the future.
      • Pacifastacus nigrescens (Stimpson, 1857) (syn. Astacus nigrescens Stimpson, 1857). formerly California, now extinct.

Fossil species

Two fossil species have been described:

  • Astacus licenti Van Straelen 1928. Jura
  • Astacus spinirostris Imaizumi 1938. Jura

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Catherine Souty-Grosset & James W. Fetzner jr .: Taxonomy and Identification. Chapter 1 in: Matt Longshaw, Paul Stebbing (editors): Biology and Ecology of Crayfish. CRC Press, Boca Raton etc., 2016 ISBN 978-1-4987-6733-0 .
  2. ^ A b F. Gherardi, C. Souty-Grosset, G. Vogt, J. Diéguez-Uribeondo, KA Crandall: Infraorder Astacidea Latreille, 1802 PP: the freshwater crayfish. Chapter 67 in, F. Schram and JC von Vaupel Klein (editors): Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology - The Crustacea, Decapoda, Volume 9 Part A - Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Koninklijke Brill, Leiden 2011.
  3. ↑ cf. z. B. Interactive identification key Flusskrebse-rlp.de. accessed on June 26, 2019
  4. ↑ Uwe Werner: Pacifastacus Bott, 1950. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , p. 736.
  5. ↑ Gerhardt Scholtz (1995): Origin and evolution of the river crayfish (Crustacea, Astacida). Meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Sciences NF 34: 93-115.
  6. ↑ Christopher L. Owen, Heather Bracken-Grissom, David Stern, Keith A. Crandall (2015): A synthetic phylogeny of freshwater crayfish: insights for conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 370: 20140009. doi: 10.1098 / rstb.2014.0009
  7. ↑ a b Keith A. Crandall & Sammy De Grave (2017): An updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea) of the world, with a complete species list. Journal of Crustacean Biology 37 (5): 615-653. doi: 10.1093 / jcbiol / rux070 .
  8. ↑ P. Śmietana, HK Schulz, S. Keszka, R. Schulz (2006): A proposal for accepting Pontastacus as a genus of European crayfish within the family Astacidae based on a revision of the West and East European taxonomic literature. Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture 380/381: 1041-1052.
  9. ↑ Martin Bláha, Mariia Uzhytchak, Volodymyr Bondarenko, Tomáš Policar (2017): The least known European native crayfish Astacus pachypus (Rathke, 1837) revealed its phylogenetic position. Zoologischer Anzeiger 267: 151-154. doi: 10.1016 / j.jcz.2017.03.001
  10. ↑ A. Kouba, A. Petrusek, P. Kozák (2014): Continental-wide distribution of crayfish species in Europe: update and maps. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 413, 05. doi: 10.1051 / kmae / 2014007
  11. ↑ Mladen S. Karaman (1962): A contribution to the systematics of the Astacidae (Decapoda). Crustaceana 3 (3): 173-191. JSTOR 20102441
  12. ↑ Horton H. Hobbs Jr. (1974): A Checklist of the North and Middle American Crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae and Cambaridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 166. 161 pages.
  13. ↑ Eric R. Larson, Magalie Castelin, Bronwyn W. Williams, Julian D. Olden, Cathryn L. Abbott (2016): Phylogenetic species delimitation for crayfishes of the genus Pacifastacus. PeerJ 4: e1915; doi: 10.7717 / peerj.1915 .
  14. ^ Tadashi Kawai (2012): Re-examination of Pacifastacus nigrescens (Decapoda: Astacidae). Crustacean Research, Special Issue 7: 75-83.