Buffalo ficada
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Buffalo Fikada ( Stictocephala bisonia ) |
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| Stictocephala bisonia | ||||||||||||
| Kopp & Yonke , 1977 |
The buffalo cicada ( Stictocephala bisonia , English: Buffalo Treehopper), also known as buffalo sirp or American buffalo cicada , is a round-headed cicada (Cicadomorpha) from the family of the humpback cicada (Membracidae). It was introduced to Europe from the USA at the beginning of the 20th century. It is now considered naturalized here and in North Africa as far as Central Asia.
features
The buffalo cicadas, which are bright green in their basic color, reach body lengths between six and nine millimeters. Your powerful, upwardly curved neck plate (pronotum) and extracted in two lateral dark tinted thorns a wide rear-facing, narrow light edged projection. The complex eyes protrude spherically. The pinpoint eyes ( ocelles ) on the forehead (frons) are clearly visible. Body and legs are also bright green with partly brownish parts, the tarsi are tinted reddish-brown. The forewings are membranous and translucent light.
The gray-green larvae have a series of bristle hairs dorsally. The pronotum is already clearly arched. The last segment of the narrowly tapering abdomen is directed upwards and tapers conically. It is about as long as or longer than the three segments of the abdomen in front of it.
Taxonomy
The species, which has been known for over 200 years, was not formally described for the first time until 1977 . It was previously known as Ceresa bubalus Fabricius in 1794, and regrouped in 1949 by Caldwell in the genus Stictocephala . A later examination of the type specimens in the Fabricius collection in Copenhagen had shown that the animals collected there did not belong to the species at all. The well-known species no longer had a scientific name and had to be described again. The Brazilian entomologist Gabriel Simoes de Andrade is of the opinion that the name Cerasa alta Walker, 1851, would be related to this species, which would therefore be called Stictocephala alta . However, this view has not caught on.
distribution
The buffalo fikada, which originally came from North America, was probably introduced to Europe with fruit veins at the beginning of the 20th century. It was first reported from what was then Hungary in 1912. Since then, it has spread rapidly across the entire Mediterranean region to North Africa and via Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan to Central Asia. The first record from Switzerland (Valais) dates back to 1938. It has been known in Central Europe since the 1960s and here, too, is continuously spreading northwards as a neozoon . It was first detected in Germany in 1966, at the Isteiner Klotz near Lörrach, since 2000 near Darmstadt, in 2003 already south of Frankfurt am Main and in Saarland, in 2004 in the north of Frankfurt and in southern Brandenburg and in 2005 in the Main-Taunus district. The northern limit of distribution currently runs through the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia.
Way of life
The buffalo hippo lives in herbaceous and wooded fringes, mainly on rivers, streams and ditches as well as in cultivated land . The larvae and the adult animals feed on plant juices, which they ingest with their specially constructed, piercing-sucking mouthparts . They are polyphagous, which means they use a variety of different plant species as food. They use the phloem sap of the conduction pathways of woody plants such as roses ( Rosa ), apples ( Malus ), pears ( Pyrus ), plums ( Prunus ), dogwoods ( Cornus ), hawthorns ( Crataegus ), poplars ( Populus ) or elms and grapevines . The larvae develop only to herbaceous plants such Kronwicken ( Coronilla ), sweet clover ( Melilotus ), red clover ( Trifolium pratense ) Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum ), or mugwort Artemisia .
Buffalo cicadas form one generation per year ( univoltin ). The wintering takes place in the ice stage. The first adult animals appear from mid-July and can be found until the end of October. The females lay the eggs in groups of five to twelve in self-made, crescent-shaped bark slots. Low-growing rose plants (Rosaceae), where the eggs overwinter, are preferred for laying eggs. However, a variety of other deciduous trees, including tree species, are accepted. The open areas of the egg-laying places serve the larvae as their first food in spring. The larvae move from the wood to further development in the herb layer .
Economical meaning
The egg-laying places can be very numerous close together. The parts of the plant that lie above the oviposition sites usually die off. In this way, trees and shrubs can be seriously damaged, because the slit areas allow germs to penetrate, resulting in growths and potential yield losses, especially in fruit crops.
The buffalo hippopotamus now also occurs increasingly in vine crops , where it can cause damage to the woody plants by sucking and laying eggs. Through the saliva of the animals, substances are introduced into the cell tissue of the plants, which lead to growths and ultimately to the death of the shoot parts above.
additional
The eggs can from the fairyfly Polynema striaticorne be parasitized.
swell
literature
The information comes from the following literature:
- WE Holzinger, I. Kammerlander, H. Nickel: The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume 1: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. - Brill, Leiden 2003, ISBN 90-04-12895-6 .
- S. Rietschel: insects - beetles, dragonflies and others , BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-16295-5 .
- R. Biedermann & R. Niedringhaus: The cicadas of Germany - identification tables for all species. Fründ, Scheeßel 2004, ISBN 3-00-012806-9 .
- R. Remane & E. Wachmann : Cicadas - get to know, observe. Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg 1993, ISBN 3-89440-044-7 .
- H. Nickel: The leafhoppers and planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha): Patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects. Pensoft, Sofia and Moscow 2003, ISBN 954-642-169-3 .
Individual evidence
The following sources are cited for individual aspects:
- ↑ G. Zenner, M. Stöckmann & R. Niedringhaus: Provisional identification key for the larvae of the cicada families and subfamilies of Germany (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha). Contributions to the cicada 8, Halle / Saale 2005, ISSN 1434-2065 .
- ^ Dennis D. Kopp, Thomas R. Yonke: Taxonomic status of the buffalo treehopper and the name Ceresa bubalus. - Ann. Ent. Soc. At the. (1977) 70: 901-905.
- ^ Gabriel Simões de Andrade (1997): Stictocephala alta (Walker, 1851) sp. rev., comb. n., the Correct Name for the "Buffalo Treehopper", with S. bisonia Kopp & Yonke, 1977 as a New Synonym, and Notes on Hadrophallus bubalus (Fabricius, 1794) comb. n. (Homoptera: Membracidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society Vol. 123, No. 4: 289-295.
- ↑ Gabriel Simões de Andrade (2008): On the synonymy of Stictocephala alta (Walker) and Thelia constans Walker (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25 (1): 148-149.
- ↑ P. Bovey & H. Leuzinger (1938): Présence en Suisse de Ceresa bubalus F., Membracidae nuisible d'origine américaine. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des sciences naturelles 60: 193-200.
- ↑ Landeck, I. 2011: Finds of the buffalo hippo (Stictocephala bisonia Kopp & Yonke, 1977) in the southern state of Brandenburg (Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae). Märkische Entomologische Nachrichten 13 (3): 221-226. PDF
- ↑ Thomas Hörren, Julian Enß, Sven Bodingbauer: The American Buffalo Ficcade Stictocephala bisonia Kopp & Yonke, 1977 in the Ruhr area (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae) (= electronic essays of the Biological Station Western Ruhr Area . No. 36 ). 2019, p. 1–9 ( bswr.de [PDF]).
- ^ Wolfgang Billen: Invasive alien species from the perspective of the plant protection service. in: Series of publications by the BMVEL "Angewandte Wissenschaft", issue 498 "Threat to biological diversity from invasive alien species", (2003), 88-95.
- ↑ A. Arzone, C. Vidano, A. Alma Auchenorrhyncha Introduced into Europe from the Nearctic region: taxonomic and Phytopathological problems. Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance: Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 28th July-1st August 1986: 3-17.
- ↑ WV Balduf: Observations on the buffalo tree-hopper Ceresa bubalus fab (Membracidae, Homoptera) and the bionomics of an egg parasite, Polynema striaticorne Girault (Mymaridae, Hymenoptera).. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1928, 21 (3): 419-435.
Web links
- Stictocephala at Fauna Europaea