Baritone horn
| Baritone horn | |
|---|---|
| English: baritone horn , Italian: flicorno baritono | |
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| Baritone horn in German construction | |
| classification |
Aerophone brass instrument |
| range |
 Range of a four-valve baritone |
The baritone (also called baryton , baritone horn ) is a brass instrument from the bow- horn family . It has three or four valves , very similar to the tenor horn . The basic tuning of the baritone is also B, but it is built with a larger bore . The baritone horn is blown with the kettle mouthpiece .
In Central and Eastern Europe , the baritone is mostly used in the oval (Bohemian) form, historically the baritone was also used in the straight (German) form. In recent years, the straight design with the bell to the front, the "Bellfront" (often also referred to as the "Oberkrainer baritone"), which comes from Western Europe ( France , Benelux countries , Iberian Peninsula and above all Great Britain ) originates. Common to all baritone horns is a base tube length of 2.62 m.
Differences between the baritone and tenor horn
A difference to the tenor horn results from the length of the baritone, which is much wider, i.e. H. is more conical. The difference in length between the two horns is roughly comparable to that between the cornet and flugelhorn , although not quite as pronounced.
Due to the wider scale, the keynote of the baritone can be played more easily as a pedal note than on the tenor horn. Furthermore, the baritone sounds a little softer and fuller in the lower registers than the tenor horn. Nowadays, tenor horn parts are mostly played with a baritone because of the softer sound. In addition, the wide scale means that the intonation on the baritone is more variable than that of the tenor horn. Therefore, especially in the lower registers, badly tuning notes can be corrected more easily by the baritone player with the approach.
The difference between the two instruments is often limited to the fact that the baritone is equipped with four or five valves and the tenor horn with only three valves. However, there are also baritones with three valves and tenor horns with four valves. The fourth valve is then a fourth valve , the specific not only to a better mood tones (c and F 4 instead of 1 + 3, H and E 2 + 4 instead of 1 + 2 + 3) contributes, but the instrument one by Fourth gives an extended tone scale in the depth (lowest tone except pedal tone Contra-B is Contra-B).
The tenor horn part is notated in the treble clef, while the parts for the baritone are often also written in the bass clef . Voices in the treble clef for the baritone are also often used, especially in southwest Germany and Switzerland. There are traditional reasons for this; in practice, baritone players are often brass players who have started trumpet or flugelhorn on the high instruments and are therefore used to the Bb parts with treble clef. Today, trained baritone players increasingly begin with sounding notation (C part) and bass clef.
In the trombone choir , the baritone horn is usually used in the bass and the tenor horn in the tenor. Here both voices are usually notated in the bass clef.
Using the baritone horn
While the baritone horn was previously notated and used separately from the mostly three-part tenor horn setting, this distinction has survived since the early 1990s. In the line-up of the wind orchestra, the 2nd / 3rd Tenor horn dispensed with, and thus only the baritone and 1st tenor horn parts are occupied. The instrumentation in Western European / American literature very often only provides one part for tenor horn and baritone horn in modern pieces, which is then notated in the violin and bass clef and often played by the euphonium .
When it comes to new purchases, the trend is from tenor horns to baritone horns. The demands on the baritone player are increased by this practice, as he is now responsible not only for the baritone but also for the tenor register in the brass register. Specifically, baritone voices now advance up to the sounding b ′ and higher, e.g. B. in compositions and arrangements by Philip Sparke (MacArthur Park) . The already explained differences between tenor and baritone horn are no longer used for an extended sound image. On the other hand, the two horn variants in the higher registers (roughly from the b upwards) can hardly be distinguished from one another because of their almost identical sound spectrum in these registers, since the formants no longer have any influence there.
The baritone horn also rarely appears in symphonic literature, since since the High Romantic period the tenor register of the brass parts has usually been covered with trombones (more rarely with French horns or Wagner tubas ). Examples of the use of the baritone include John Williams' film music for the Steven Spielberg film Jurassic Park (for example, in the solo in the last bars of the soundtrack) or the background music of the Disney logo from 1999, as it was first used in Disney's Toy Story by Randy Newman performed. In the latter, the two (standard) tenor trombones have been replaced by two baritone horns.
The popularity of the tenor and baritone horn in traditional wind music (especially marching and polka literature) is unbroken. The part leading of the baritone horn can often be found as a two-part homophonic movement with the tenor horn, but the two voices can also be very different (example: Florentine March by Julius Fučík ). The baritone horn often fulfills the same function in the wind orchestra as the bassoon , although the latter is only used in symphonic wind orchestras.
The English baritone
In the English- speaking world, a baritone horn (or baritone for short ) is a low member of the Saxhorn family, which is also tuned in Bb and largely corresponds to the German tenor horn in its length . Similarly, the English term euphonium can best be compared with the German-speaking baritone horn.
It usually has three or four Périnet valves without a compensation system . In Great Britain it is found almost exclusively in brass bands . In the USA it is also often played in high school and college bands, as many schools still have older instruments on loan. However, these are increasingly replaced by simple euphonies when new purchases are made .
The misunderstanding still occasionally encountered today that three-valve instruments are basically baritones and four-valve instruments are euphonies, goes back to the fact that some American manufacturers used to market their top models as "euphonies" and their entry-level models as "baritones". In practice, the different interpretations of the term baritone (s) in German and English in German-speaking musicians occasionally cause irritation, as the names of many musical notations are based on the English language (applies to both the title and the instrument names, especially the busy publishers from the Benelux countries).
An instrument very similar to the English baritone is also used in France as a baritone or barytone , but there it tends to have three valves and a compensation system. The euphonium is also similar .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tenor horn or baritone: what does that matter! . In: thomann.de . Retrieved March 29, 2017.