Beard man
Beard man | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Ophidiidae | ||||||||||||
Rafinesque , 1810 |
The bearded men (Ophidiidae, Greek : "ophis" = snake, German snake fish ) are a family of real bony fish that occur in all oceans, from shelf and reef areas to deep-sea trenches . A dead specimen of Abyssobrotula galatheae was found in the Puerto Rico Trench at a depth of 8,370 meters. Holcomycteronus profundissimus lives at depths of 5600 to 7160 meters.
features
Bearded men are scaly and grow 7 centimeters to 1.90 meters long. The rays of the dorsal fin are usually the same length as or longer than those of the anal fin opposite . The anus and the beginning of the anal fin are usually behind the end of the pectoral fin . In a few species the pelvic fins are missing. Some species have one or more spines on the gill cover . The swim bladder is built differently and can also diverge between the sexes.
There are viviparous and ovoviviparous types. Males have a mating organ and transmit spermatophores .
Systematics
There are four subfamilies, 49 genera and about 250 species. Only three of the subfamilies are monophyletic and are presented in separate articles. The genera and species of the non-monophyletic subfamily Neobythitinae are listed below.
- Subfamily Brotulinae , barbels on chin and mouth.
- Subfamily Brotulotaeniinae , no barbels, scales have the shape of small pimples.
- Subfamily Ophidiinae , no barbels on the chin and mouth, cycloid scales , the pelvic fins sit far in front.
- Tribe Lepophidiini , trunk covered with overlapping scales, the back of the head heavily scaled.
- Tribe Ophidiini , head completely or almost without scales (except in Raneya ), trunk predominantly scaly, scales do not overlap.
- Subfamily Neobythitinae , no barbels, cycloid scales, the subfamily is not monophyletic
- Genus Abyssobrotula
- Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen, 1977.
- Abyssobrotula hadropercularis Ohashi & Nielsen, 2016
- Genus Acanthonus
- Acanthonus armatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).
- Genus Alcockia
- Alcockia rostrata ( Günther , 1887).
- Genus Apagesoma
- Apagesoma delosommatus (Hureau, Staiger & Nielsen, 1979).
- Apagesoma edentatum Carter, 1983.
- Genus Barathrites
- Barathrites iris Zugmayer, 1911.
- Barathrites parri Nybelin, 1957.
- Genus Barathrodemus
- Barathrodemus manatinus Goode & Bean , 1883.
- Barathrodemus nasutus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Genus Bassogigas
- Bassogigas gillii Goode & Bean, 1896.
- Genus Bassocetus
- Bassozetus compressus (Günther, 1878).
- Bassozetus elongatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Bassozetus galatheae (Nielsen, 1977).
- Bassocetus glutinosus ( Alcock , 1890).
- Bassozetus levistomatus Machida, 1989.
- Bassozetus mozambiquensis Tomiyama et al., 2016
- Bassozetus multispinis Shcherbachev, 1980.
- Bassocetus nasus Garman , 1899.
- Bassozetus nielseni Tomiyama et al., 2018.
- Bassozetus normalis Gill , 1883.
- Bassocetus oncerocephalus ( Vaillant , 1888).
- Bassozetus robustus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Bassozetus taenia ( Günther , 1887).
- Bassozetus werneri Nielsen & Merrett, 2000.
- Bassozetus zenkevitchi breed, 1955.
- Genus Bathyonus
- Bathyonus caudalis (Garman, 1899).
- Bathyonus laticeps (Günther, 1878).
- Bathyonus pectoralis Goode & Bean , 1885.
- Genus Benthocometes
- Benthocometes robustus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Genus Dannevigia
- Dannevigia tusca Whitley, 1941.
- Genus Dicrolene
- Dicrolene filamentosa Garman , 1899.
- Dicrolene gregoryi Trotter, 1926.
- Dicrolene hubrechti Weber, 1913.
- Dicrolene introniger Goode & Bean, 1883.
- Dicrolene kanazawai Gray, 1958.
- Dicrolene longimana Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Dicrolene mesogramma Shcherbachev, 1980.
- Dicrolene multifilis (Alcock, 1889).
- Dicrolene nigra (Parr, 1933).
- Dicrolene nigricaudis (Alcock, 1891).
- Dicrolene pallidus Hureau & Nielsen, 1981.
- Dicrolene pullata Garman, 1899.
- Dicrolene quinquarius ( Günther , 1887).
- Dicrolene tristis Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Dicrolene vaillanti (Alcock, 1890).
- Genus Enchelybrotula
- Enchelybrotula gomoni Cohen, 1982.
- Enchelybrotula paucidens Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Genus Epetriodus
- Epetriodus freddyi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978.
- Genus Eretmichthys
- Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman, 1899.
- Genus Glyptophidium
- Glyptophidium argenteum Alcock, 1889.
- Glyptophidium effulgens Nielsen & Machida, 1988.
- Glyptophidium japonicum ( Steindachner & Döderlein, 1887).
- Glyptophidium longipes Norman, 1939.
- Glyptophidium lucidum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Glyptophidium macropus Alcock, 1894.
- Glyptophidium oceanium Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Genus Holcomycteronus
- Holcomycteronus aequatoris (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Holcomycteronus brucei (Dollo, 1906).
- Holcomycteronus digittatus Garman , 1899.
- Holcomycteronus profundissimus (Roule, 1913).
- Holcomycteronus pterotus (Alcock, 1890).
- Holcomycteronus squamosus (Roule, 1916).
- Genus Homostolus
- Homostolus acer Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Genus Hoplobrotula
- Hoplobrotula armata ( Temminck & Schlegel , 1846).
- Hoplobrotula badia Machida, 1990.
- Hoplobrotula gnathopus ( Regan , 1921).
- Genus Hypopleuron
- Hypopleuron caninum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Genus Lamprogrammus
- Lamprogrammus brunswigi ( Brauer , 1906).
- Lamprogrammus exutus Nybelin & Poll, 1958.
- Lamprogrammus fragilis Alcock , 1892.
- Lamprogrammus niger Alcock, 1891.
- Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi Cohen & Rohr, 1993.
- Genus Leptobrotula
- Leptobrotula breviventralis Nielsen, 1986.
- Genus Leucicorus
- Leucicorus atlanticus Nielsen, 1975.
- Leucicorus lusciosus Garman , 1899.
- Genus Luciobrotula
- Luciobrotula Bartschi Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Luciobrotula corethromycter Cohen, 1964.
- Luciobrotula lineata (Gosline, 1954).
- Luciobrotula nolfi Cohen, 1981.
- Genus Mastigopterus
- Mastigopterus imperator Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Genus Monomitopus
- Monomitopus agassizii ( Goode & Bean , 1896).
- Monomitopus americanus (Nielsen, 1971).
- Monomitopus conjugator (Alcock, 1896).
- Monomitopus garmani (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Monomitopus kumae Jordan & Hubbs, 1925.
- Monomitopus longiceps Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Monomitopus magnus Carter & Cohen, 1985.
- Monomitopus malispinosus (Garman, 1899).
- Monomitopus metriostoma ( Vaillant , 1888).
- Monomitopus microlepis (Matsubara, 1943).
- Monomitopus nigripinnis (Alcock, 1889).
- Monomitopus pallidus (Hureau & Nielsen, 1981).
- Monomitopus torvus Garman, 1899.
- Monomitopus vitiazi (Nielsen, 1971).
- Genus Neobythites
- Neobythites alcocki Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites analis Barnard, 1927.
- Neobythites andamanensis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites australiensis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites bimaculatus Nielsen, 1997.
- Neobythites bimarginatus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979.
- Neobythites braziliensis Nielsen, 1999.
- Neobythites crosnieri Nielsen, 1995.
- Neobythites elongatus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Neobythites fasciatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Neobythites fijiensis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites franzi Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites gilli ( Goode & Bean , 1896).
- Neobythites gloriae Uiblein & Nielsen, 2018
- Neobythites javaensis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites kenyaensis Nielsen, 1995.
- Neobythites lombokensis Uiblein & Nielsen, 2018
- Neobythites longipes (Norman, 1939).
- Neobythites longispinis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites longiventralis Nielsen, 1997.
- Neobythites macrocelli Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites macrops Günther , 1887.
- Neobythites malayanus Weber, 1913.
- Neobythites malhaensis Nielsen, 1995.
- Neobythites marginatus ( DeKay , 1842).
- Neobythites marianaensis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites marquesaensis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites meteori Nielsen, 1995.
- Neobythites monocellatus Nielsen, 1999.
- Neobythites multidigitatus Nielsen, 1999.
- Neobythites multistriatus Nielsen & Quéro, 1991.
- Neobythites musorstomi Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites natalensis Nielsen, 1995.
- Neobythites neocaledoniensis Nielsen, 1997.
- Neobythites nigriventris Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites ocellatus ( Garman , 1899).
- Neobythites pallidus (Hureau & Nielsen, 1981).
- Neobythites purus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Neobythites sereti Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites sinensis Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites sivicola ( Jordan & Snyder, 1901).
- Neobythites soelae Nielsen, 2002.
- Neobythites somaliaensis Nielsen, 1995.
- Neobythites steatiticus Alcock, 1894.
- Neobythites stefanovi Nielsen & Uiblein, 1993.
- Neobythites stelliferoides Gilbert, 1890.
- Neobythites stigmosus Machida, 1984.
- Neobythites trifilis Kotthaus, 1979.
- Neobythites unicolor Nielsen & Retzer, 1994.
- Neobythites unimaculatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Neobythites vityazi Nielsen, 1995.
- Neobythites zonatus Nielsen, 1997.
- Genus Neobythitoides
- Genus Penopus
- Penopus microphthalmus ( Vaillant , 1888).
- Genus Porogadus
- Porogadus abyssalis Nybelin, 1957.
- Porogadus atripectus Garman, 1899.
- Porogadus catena ( Goode & Bean , 1885).
- Porogadus gracilis ( Günther , 1878).
- Porogadus guentheri Jordan & Fowler, 1902.
- Porogadus longiceps (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Porogadus melampeplus (Alcock, 1896).
- Porogadus melanocephalus (Alcock, 1891).
- Porogadus miles Goode & Bean, 1885.
- Porogadus nudus Vaillant , 1888.
- Porogadus silus Carter & Sulak, 1984.
- Porogadus subarmatus Vaillant, 1888.
- Porogadus trichiurus (Alcock, 1890).
- Genus Pycnocraspedum
- Pycnocraspedum armatum ( Temminck & Schlegel , 1846).
- Pycnocraspedum fulvum (Hildebrand & Barton, 1949).
- Pycnocraspedum microlepis (Matsubara, 1943).
- Pycnocraspedum phyllosoma (Parr, 1933).
- Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Alcock, 1889.
- Genus Selachophidium
- Selachophidium guentheri (Jordan & Fowler, 1902).
- Genus Sirembo
- Sirembo amaculata (Cohen & Nielsen, 1982).
- Sirembo imberbis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).
- Sirembo jerdoni (Day, 1888).
- Sirembo metachroma Cohen & Robins, 1986.
- Sirembo wami Nielsen, Schwarzhans & Uiblein, 2014.
- Genus Spectrunculus
- Spectrunculus crassus (Vaillant 1888).
- Spectrunculus grandis (Günther, 1877).
- Genus Spottobrotula
- Spottobrotula mahodadi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978.
- Spottobrotula mossambica Nielsen, Schwarzhans & Uiblein, 2014.
- Spottobrotula persica Nielsen, Schwarzhans & Uiblein, 2014.
- Genus Tauredophidium
- Tauredophidium hextii Alcock, 1890.
- Genus Thalassobathia Cohen, 1963
- Thalassobathia nelsoni Lee, 1974.
- Thalassobathia pelagica Cohen, 1963.
- Genus Typhlonus Günther , 1878
- Typhlonus nasus Günther , 1878
- Genus Ventichthys
- Ventichthys biospeedoi Nielsen, Møller & Segonzac, 2006.
- Genus Xyelacyba
- Xyelacyba myersi Cohen, 1961.
- Genus Abyssobrotula
Tribal history
Bearded men are fossilized from the Paleocene ( Ophidion ), the Eocene ( Ampheristus , Eolamprogrammus , Hoplobrotula ) and the Oligocene ( Propteridium ) known. Fossils have been found in Iran, Turkmenistan, Great Britain, and the northern Italian Monte Bolca Formation.
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons , 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7
- Kurt Fiedler: Fish (= textbook of special zoology. Vol. 2: Vertebrates. Part. 2). Gustav Fischer, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00338-8 .
- Nielsen, JG; Cohen, DM; Markle, DF; Robins, CR: Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalog of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, vol. 18. Rome, FAO. 1999. PDF
Individual evidence
- ↑ Nielsen, JG, Møller, PR, Jespersen, Å., 2010. Reassignment of the genus Thalassobathia from Bythitidae to Ophidiidae (Teleostei, Ophidiiformes) based on the first reported males. Cybium 34, 224-226
- ^ Karl Albert Frickhinger: Fossil Atlas Fish , Mergus-Verlag, Melle, 1999, ISBN 3-88244-018-X
Web links
- Bearded man on Fishbase.org (English)