Tree sponge relatives

Tree sponge relatives
Fomitopsis pinicola , the red-rimmed tree sponge.
Systematics
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota) Subdivision : Agaricomycotina Class : Agaricomycetes Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis) Order : Stalk porlings (Polyporales) Family : Tree sponge relatives
Scientific name
Fomitopsidaceae
Jülich (1982)

The tree sponge relatives ( Fomitopsidaceae) are a family of fungi in the order of the stem porlings ( Polyporales ). The resupinate, console-shaped, fan-shaped or tongue-shaped porlings live saprobionic or parasitic on hardwood or coniferous wood and usually cause brown rot . Some species are noteworthy wood destroyers, most of which can attack wood that is lying down, but also partially built-up wood.

features

The annual or perennial fruiting bodies are resupinate, often with a bent back edge or console-shaped or fan-shaped. The meat is usually wooden, leathery or corky and the surface smooth or wrinkled or crusty. The hyphae can be dimitic or trimitic. The skeletal hyphae are usually well developed. The hymenium is poroid, the surface is usually pale or brownish in color, the pores can sometimes be labyrinth-like or almost lamellar. The hyaline, smooth, thin-walled basidiospores are ellipsoidal to cylindrical or allantoid and inamyloid .

Distribution and ecology

The family is widespread, especially in the northern temperate zone. The porlings live partly as saprobionts on woody substrate, partly as wound parasites on deciduous and coniferous trees that are still alive and produce brown rot. Some species can also break down built-in wood.

Genera

The family contains almost 400 described species and is divided into 33 genera. Some of the more species-rich or better-known genera are listed in the following table:

Important and better known genera of tree sponge relatives

photo Species name description Amylozystidenporlinge Amylocystis Bondartsev & Singer The genus has two species worldwide. The fruit bodies, which are firmly fused with the substrate, are console-shaped or resupinate with a curved edge. The hat is felty and leathery yellow to brown or blackish and usually has a whitish edge. The meat ( trama ) is quite soft and turns reddish in color. The amylozystidenporlinge have thick-walled cystids that have crystals on their tips. The spores are cylindrical to spindle-shaped. The fungi live saprobically on coniferous wood and cause brown rot. Photo: Northern Sapling ( Amylocystis lapponicus ) Brown rot tramets Antrodia P. Karst. The genus has 61 species worldwide. The brown rot fungi have tough, mostly light colored, console-shaped or resupinate fruiting bodies. The hyphae system of the porlings is dimitic or trimitic and the spores are ellipsoidal to cylindrical or allantoid (desert-shaped). The mushrooms live saprobically on wood. Photo: Row brown rot tramete ( Antrodia serialis ) Goldporlings Auriporia Ryvarden The genus has 7 species worldwide. The soft-fleshed, resupinate porlings are yellow to orange in color and have an almond odor. The mushrooms have thick-walled, spindle-shaped cystids and ellipsoidal spores. The saprobionts growing on wood cause brown rot. Photo: Fragrant Goldporling ( Auriporia aurulenta ) Duplexporlinge Climacocystis feces . & Pouzar Worldwide with only one species. The pale leather-colored, soft-fleshed fruiting bodies are shell-, hoof- or tongue-shaped. The porlings have a felt hat and are mainly found on softwood. The white rot fungi have a monomitic hyphae system, thick-walled cystidia and their hyphae have buckles. Photo: Nordic Porling ( Climacocystis borealis ) Muddy bark mushrooms Dacryobolus Fr. The genus has 5 species worldwide. The fruit bodies are resupinate and firmly attached to the substrate and are up to 2 mm thick. The quite robust corticoid fungi have hymenial cystids and tramacystids, as well as inamyloid, narrow, allantoid spores. Photo: Karstens Stachelbarkpilz ( Dacryobolus karstenii ) Tangled Daedalea Pers. The genus has 39 species worldwide. The fruit bodies are very tough and usually console-shaped to hoof-shaped. The Porlinge have a labyrinthoid to lamellar hymenophore with very thick "lamellae". The perennial mushrooms are firmly attached to the substrate. The hat is smooth, uneven or felty and colored from leather yellow to brown. The sap-proof brown rot fungi usually grow on hardwood, especially oak. Photo: Eichenwirrling ( Daedalea quercina ) Hausporlinge Donkioporia KOTL. & Pouzar Worldwide only one species. The resupinate, perennial and up to 2 cm thick fruiting bodies are firmly attached to the substrate. The hymenophore consists of small, round or square, dark brown pores. The porling is a white rot fungus with ellipsoidal spores and hyphae that carry buckles. The fungus is a major pest on built-in hardwood and softwood. Tree sponges Fomitopsis P. Karst. The genus has 42 species worldwide. The perennial fruiting bodies are usually console-shaped or resupinate with a curved edge. The tough brown rot fungi are firmly attached to the substrate. The porlings are di- or trimitic and have a monochrome or lightly zoned hat, small, yellowish, cream or pink pores and pale flesh. Photo: red-rimmed tree sponge ( Fomitopsis pinicola ) Harzporlinge Ischnoderma P. Karst. The genus has 9 species worldwide. The annual fruiting bodies have a curved edge or are console-shaped or tongue-shaped and sometimes stalked. The gloomy hats are relatively fleshy and have a brown discoloring flesh. The Porling are white rot mushrooms with narrow pores and a felt hat surface. Under the microscope you can find simple cystids and cylindrical to allantoic, smooth-walled spores. Photo: Black banded Harzporling ( Ischnoderma benzoinum ) Sulfur porlings Laetiporus Murrill There are 13 species worldwide. The mushrooms form roof-tile, overgrown, fan-shaped hats of orange-yellow color. The fruiting bodies are annual, soft and rather thick and have a finely felted surface. The porlings grow on various deciduous trees that are still alive and cause brown rot; they are only rarely found on trees that have already died. Photo: Schwefelporling ( Laetiporus sulphureus ) Bone porlings Osteina Donk Only one species worldwide. The fruiting bodies are usually stalked. Often, several tongue-shaped hats start from a common stem that is firmly attached to the substrate. The annual hats are convex, flattened, or funnel-shaped. The surface is smooth and more or less gray in color, the underside is whitish. The brown rot fungi have cylindrical spores. Photo: Bone-Saftporling ( Osteina obducta ) Gelwachsporlinge Parmastomyces Kotl. & Pouzar The genus has 7 species worldwide. The brown rot mushrooms have a resupinate, more or less felt-like fruiting body with a partially bent back edge. The fruit bodies can be easily detached from the substrate. The hyphae are buckled and there are no cystids. The ellipsoidal spores react dextrinoid with iodine reagents. Brown spears Phaeolus (Pat.) Pat. There are 6 species worldwide. The relatively large, felty, annual fruiting bodies are irregularly shaped like a top, plate or console and more or less clearly stalked. They are firmly connected to the substrate. The brown rot fungi grow into the roots of conifers. They are rarely found on hardwood. Fresh specimens have a sulfur-yellow edge. The spores are ellipsoid. Photo: Coniferous Brown Porcupine ( Phaeolus spadiceus ) Pilatoporus feces . & Pouzar Worldwide 3 types. Hautporlinge Piptoporus P. Karst. The genus has 4 species worldwide. The annual fruiting bodies are console-shaped or tongue-shaped and have a short stalk or sessile. Only rarely are many hats formed from a common stem. The fruit bodies are firmly attached to the substrate. The rather tough, white and thick-fleshed brown rot mushrooms have small pores and allantoid spores. Here the porlings mostly grow on birches. Photo: Birkenporling ( Piptoporus betulinus ) Soft pore sponges Pycnoporellus Murrill Two types are described worldwide. The more or less orange-red to orange-brown, console-shaped or resupinate porlings have splintering pores. The fruit bodies are firmly attached to the substrate. The hat is finely grained to tomentose radially. The brown rot fungi have inamyloid, thick-walled spores and more or less club-shaped cystids. Photo: Luminous soft- pork ( Pycnoporellus fulgens ) Juice sprouts Postia Fr. The genus has 51 species described worldwide. The soft-fleshed brown rot fungi have a monomitic hyphae system. The fruiting bodies are console-shaped or resupinate and more or less whitish or vividly colored. The spores are inamyloid. In addition, different types of cystid can be found in some species. Photo: Blauender Saftporling ( Postia caesia ) Sporotrichum Link Types 75

meaning

Some species in the family are wound parasites, others attack the wood of important useful trees and some species attack wood that has already been used.

• The oak tangle ( Daedalea quercina ) can cause wound rot in various deciduous trees, especially oak. But mostly he lives saprobion table on oak stumps.
• The Birkenporling is a parasite on deciduous and coniferous trees. It was formerly used as a medicinal and tinder mushroom.
• The row of brown rot tramete ( Antrodia serialis ) mainly attacks lying softwood (mostly spruce) and thus causes some economic damage.
• The red-edged tree sponge ( Fomitopsis pinicola ) is a very common destroyer of hardwood and softwood. It causes intense brown rot and mostly affects wood that is lying down, but as a wound parasite it can also attack weakened, standing trunks. It occurs locally as a secondary pest to beech bark necrosis and, together with the tinder fungus ( Fomes fomentarius ), can cause total wood destruction in a short time.
• The house porling is an important pest on built-up hardwood and softwood.
• A common and widespread brown rot pathogen on hardwood with a colored core is the sulfur pore. It mostly attacks oaks and robinia and fruit trees. The wound parasite only decomposes the heartwood, which devalues ​​the wood and increases the risk of wind breakage. The young fruiting bodies are edible and should taste like chicken, which is why the mushroom is also known as “chicken polypore” or “chicken-of-the-woods” in English-speaking countries.
• The coniferous brown spadiceus ( Phaeolus spadiceus ) is also an important and widespread wood destroyer. It mainly attacks pines, but also other conifers. The fungus grows in over the roots and causes severe brown rot. The fungus causes major economic damage, especially in western Europe, which is dominated by the ocean.

Web links

• W. Jülich: Fomitopsidaceae. In: Mycobank. International Mycological Association, accessed February 16, 2015 . 

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} PF Cannon, PM Kirk: Fungal Families of the World . CAB International, 2007, ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5 , pp. 127-128 ( books.google.com ).
2. ^ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Antrodia. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
3. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Auriporia. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
4. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Climacocystis. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
5. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Dacryobolus. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
6. ^ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Mazegill (Daedalea). In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
7. ^ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Donkioporia. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
8. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Fomitopsis. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
9. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus bracket (Ischnoderma). In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
10. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus). In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
11. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Osteina. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
12. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Parmastomyces. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
13. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Mazegill (Phaeolus). In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
14. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Oak Polypore (Piptoporus). In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
15. ^ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Pycnoporellus. In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
16. ↑ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: about the genus bracket (Postia). In: MycoKey. Accessed February 16, 2015 .  
17. ↑ P. Schütt, HJ Schuck, B. Stimm: Lexicon of tree and shrub species . The standard work of forest botany. Morphology, pathology, ecology and systematics of important tree and shrub species. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8 .