Bavarian Edict of Jews from 1813

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On June 10, 1813, the Bavarian Minister Montgelas issued the edict on the conditions of Jewish fellow believers in the Kingdom of Bavaria , the so-called Bavarian Jewish edict , which regulated the legal conditions of the Jewish residents in Bavaria .

Occasion and content

One of the reasons for issuing the edict was the gratitude of King Maximilian I Joseph and his minister Montgelas that the bankers, first and foremost Aron Elias Seligmann , saved the heavily indebted kingdom from bankruptcy .

The edict abolished Jewish jurisdiction and allowed Jews to acquire property . The enrollment in the register (lists) regulated the registration of Jews entitled to live . Since a maximum number of Jewish families was set for each location, which should be reduced if possible, the regulation not only impaired the freedom of movement of Jews, but also the possibility of starting a family, since a marriage had to be approved by the authorities. The 'Jewish registries' created at that time are a valuable source in terms of social and economic history , as they not only comprehensively record the names of the Jewish population of the respective district (and later administrative district), but also provide detailed evidence of family relationships and the people's “food acquisition” . They also form the link between the previous circumcision names and the family names that have now become mandatory .

The edict was a milestone in the history of the assimilation of the Jewish residents of Bavaria. However, full legal equality of the Jews in Bavaria only followed with the adoption of the constitution of the German Reich founded in 1871 .

Excerpt

§ 1 Only those Jewish co-religionists can acquire the civil rights and privileges stated in our edict, which the indigenous in our states have legally received.

§ 2 To be able to enjoy the same, the entry in the Jewish register to be filed with our police authorities is primarily required.

§ 3 To this end, within three months of the announcement of this edict, all Jews in our realm must report to the police authority of their place of residence, stating their status, age, family number and type of acquisition, and submit their letters of protection , concessions or residence permits in writing .

§ 6 The police authority has to submit the statements made as a result to the General Commissariat, which decides whether the Jew is suitable for inclusion in the registry or not.

§ 7 If the General Commissariat finds the Jew suitable for inclusion in the register, he must take the above-prescribed oath of submission to the Bible , whereupon it is entered in the register, and he is given an extract from the same for his legitimation and his descendants take the place of the previous letters of protection.

§ 8 The register must contain the old and new names of the Jewish families and be deposited with the General Commissariate. Each lower police authority receives the relevant extract from this.

§ 10 Those Jews who within three months either 1. do not submit their admission certificate, or 2. accept a family name, or 3. refuse to take the oath of submission [] should in future only be treated as foreign Jews.

§ 11 Every immigration and settlement of foreign Jews in the kingdom is absolutely forbidden.

§ 12 As a rule, the number of Jewish families in the places where they currently exist must not be increased; rather, it should be gradually reduced if it is too large.

§ 13 The establishment of the number in the same places where there are already Jews, or the establishment in places where there are no Jews, can only be approved by the highest authority, and will only be approved by the same under the following conditions: 1 for the establishment of factories or large commercial enterprises; 2. when engaging in a proper trade if they have been granted a master craftsman's license; 3. when they buy so much land for their own cultivation, whereupon a family can feed themselves well from farming without doing business. [...]

§ 15 In order to divert the Jews from their previous forms of occupation, which are just as inadequate as they are harmful to the community, and to open up to them every source of income that is permitted and compatible with their present condition, they should be used in all bourgeois sources of food, such as agriculture, handicrafts, the conduct of factories and manufactories, and regular trade , permitted under the following provisions, on the other hand the currently existing thief trade will gradually, but as soon as possible, be completely stopped.

§ 20 All peddling, emergency and thief trafficking is to be completely prohibited in the future, and making a resident on it will remain absolutely prohibited. [...]

§ 23 The Jewish fellow believers in the kingdom are guaranteed complete freedom of conscience. [...]

§ 24 Where the Jews are present in a certain district that corresponds to the territorial division of the Reich in a number of at least 50 families, they are permitted to form their own ecclesiastical community and a synagogue in a place where there is a police authority , to have a rabbi and own burial ground .

§ 32 The Jewish children of both sexes, like those of our other subjects, are connected to public schooling in cities and in the country, and, with the exception of religious teaching, they receive the same instruction with the same ... [...]

§ 33 The Jews are allowed to set up their own schools ... [...]

See also

Sources and literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. speech on the 200th anniversary of the Bavarian Supreme Court of Reinhard Heydenreuter , Munich on October 18, 2012. In: orh.bayern.de, accessed on 26 March 2012 found.
  2. Philipp Lenhard, Martina Niedhammer: "Without permission". Prehistory, function and effects of the Jewish registers in Bavaria (1813–1861) and the family laws in the Bohemian countries (1726 / 27–1859) . In: Milan Havačka, Robert Luft, Ulrike Lunow (eds.): Czech Republic and Bavaria. Contrasts and comparisons from the Middle Ages to the present . Collegium Carolinum, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-944396-59-0 , p. 131-149 .
  3. ^ Society for Family Research in Franconia e. V., State Archives Nuremberg ( edit .): The Jewish register 1813–1861 for Middle Franconia (=  digitized sources. No. 1; digital media. No. 1 ). 2nd, unchanged edition. General Directorate of the Bavarian State Archives / Society for Family Research in Franconia V., Munich / Nuremberg 2003, ISBN 978-3-929865-76-9 (CD-ROM).
  4. ^ Society for Family Research in Franconia e. V., Bamberg State Archives ( edit .): The 'Judenmatrikel' 1824–1861 for Upper Franconia (=  digital media. No. 4; digitized sources. No. 2 ). General Directorate of the Bavarian State Archives / Society for Family Research in Franconia V., Munich / Nuremberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-929865-88-2 (DVD-ROM).