Bebenhäuser Pflegehof (Tübingen)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
View of the inner courtyard of the Bebenhausen hospital

The Bebenhausen care yard in Tübingen is one of the farmyards of the Bebenhausen monastery . The building was erected in 1342. In 1492 it was rebuilt. On October 20, 1492, the Constance Auxiliary Bishop and Vicar General consecrated the chapel in the Pfleffhof . The care courtyard described here is one of four care courtyards that the Bebenhausen monastery probably owned in Tübingen since 1320. The care yard is used today for several purposes. It houses the musicological institute and the museum (MUT) of the university, a student residence of the Studentenwerk Tübingen-Hohenheim , a day-care center and the police station in Tübingen city center.

Location and surroundings

The Pflegehof is located in the historic old town and today's center of Tübingen . It borders on the former city wall to the east and lies to the west of the collegiate church . It is surrounded by several historical buildings, which today offer numerous shops and shopping opportunities. Coordinates: 48 ° 31 '13.7 "  N , 9 ° 3' 26.2"  E

architecture

Construction and data

The original building was built in 1342. The Pflegehof is a three-wing complex with a south-west facing side. The current facility is multi-storey and has extensive halls on the ground floor. The structure, in its current condition, was built between 1492 and 1501 over older building remains from the 11th to 14th centuries. A chapel has been inserted in the south-western, obtuse-angled corner. This resembles a parallelogram in plan. The chapel has richly profiled tracery windows and a close-meshed, late Gothic reticulated vault with keystones . These are three-dimensional, they have ornamental floral and figurative motifs. The symbols of the four evangelists are marked in the keystones . In the western keystone, Bartholomäus Heubach from Bursa immortalized himself in the person of his namesake, the Apostle Bartholomäus . The latter can be recognized by its attribute, a torture tool. On the eastern keystone, Mary is shown with her child. The altar, which no longer exists, used to stand under this keystone. Two keystones flanked the altar, showing the coats of arms of the city of Tübingen and the Count of Württemberg. Another coat of arms stone bears the mark of the master stone mason. The other artists have also immortalized themselves with their symbols on their individual works.

History of origin

Abbot Bernhard von Magstadt was the owner of the new building, which began in 1492 .

history

Middle Ages and Early Modern Times

The nursing yard described is one of four nursing yards that the monastery most likely owned in Tübingen since 1320. As early as 1293, the Count Palatine Eberhard von Tübingen , known as the Scheerer, had assigned his Fronhof, which was located at today's Münzgasse 22, to the monastery. This also included some vineyards and a wine press, farmers, fields and meadows. When accommodation for professors and students as well as rooms for lectures and the library were needed due to the university's founding in the 15th century, Count Eberhard im Bart approached the monastery with “seriously ask and desire” so that it could give him the courtyard in Münzgasse left for this purpose free of charge. This courtyard was the largest that the monastery owned until then, but as it was not the only nursing home of the monastery in the city, the abbot and convent of Bebenhausen agreed .

Importance of the care yard

Basically one can say that a care yard contradicted the actual traditions and customs of the Cistercians . Because Cistercian monasteries and their monks basically pursued a secluded way of life, in which one lived only on what one managed with one's hands. The focus was therefore on the monastery’s self-sufficiency . Nevertheless, the monasteries could not avoid urbanization, especially since a production surplus and the sale of goods in the city was most suitable. The city and its residents also benefited. The city became more and more attractive for merchants and the population could buy food.

The Marienkapelle in the Pflegehof

The Bebenhausen care yard with the entrance door to the Marienkapelle

A chapel is part of the equipment of every monastery or nursing yard. The chapel in Tübingen's new care yard was more than just a simple house chapel for the monks, as can be deduced from its size, location and furnishings. Furthermore, the Bishop of Constance guaranteed every future visitor a 40-day indulgence at their consecration , which probably speaks against a simple house chapel. As a symbol of the chapel there is a statue of the Virgin Mary with her child in the corner facing the Holzmarkt. She is the patron saint of the Cistercian order . The Lady Chapel was profaned during the Reformation and probably used as a warehouse.

In 1881/82 the chapel was converted into an official academic music hall after the camera office handed it over to the university in the summer of 1880 .

reformation

When Duke Ulrich von Württemberg introduced the Reformation in his country and in the local monasteries in 1534, the Bebenhausen monastery was dissolved. As a result, the Pflegehof in Tübingen and its chapel lost their spiritual significance. During the Thirty Years' War , the chapel was revived its former function. In the course of the Edict of Resitution of 1629, a Catholic abbot moved into Bebenhausen again in September 1630, Joachim Müller from Pfullendorf. However, he did not succeed in staying in the monastery permanently. Due to the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, he was forced to return the monastery to the owners of the year 1624, i.e. the Duchy of Württemberg . It was inevitable. Still, he tried everything to prevent it. Eventually the care yard was occupied. In January 1649, a Württemberg commission traveled to Tübingen and requested the occupiers to vacate the building within an hour. To show how serious you were, the castle captain, Colonel Ogier Fuchs, had the courtyard surrounded by 14 musketeers . The next day Abbot Joachim Müller left the city. This finally ended the "Catholic time" of the monastery and its town courts. For the time being, however, the care yard itself remained as an administrative yard. Only in the course of the secularization of 1806, when the monastery administration was abolished and the now state property was assigned to the various successor authorities, senior and cultural offices, there were decisive changes in the care yard.

Economic use

In the 19th century, the Pflegehof was one of the most important farm buildings in the city. The largest wine press in Tübingen was on the ground floor . There were large storage rooms in the basement. Furthermore, there were further storage rooms in the attic, e.g. for natural products, and the tithe barn . Between 1806 and 1807 the independent administration of the church property was abolished and united with that of the sovereign. From now on, the responsible camera office took over the administration. Due to reforms, taxes no longer had to be paid in kind, but a fixed tithing fee. As a result, the use of the space was restructured over the next 50 years, which resulted in the controversial move out of the wine press in 1859. In addition to the storage rooms, a total of 13 horses, 10 cattle and several pigs and chickens were housed in the stables. In addition, the Pflegehof had access to its own well in the inner courtyard. From the 1820s, parts of the property were leased, including the vineyards and the press from 1827. The economic operation of the vineyards was not profitable for the tenant due to several taxes and climatic conditions. From 1848 on, the premises of the care yard were rented out more and more and used, for example, as an apartment. From 1852 onwards, several craftsmen, merchants and landlords used the rooms that were redesigned for their purposes.

The fencing room in the Pflegehof

On March 27, 1820, the royal finance ministry approved the “calibration direction of a fencing and voltigir room” in the Pfaffhof building. In the same letter, an amount of 1,407 guilders is estimated in order to be able to design the former fruit floor on the first floor accordingly. During the First World War , fencing was stopped in the Pflegehof. The fencing hall was in use until 1940.

Barracks and Landjäger Command

Due to social conflicts and "patriotic unrest" of the students, a tense climate arises in Tübingen. While from 1825 to 1829 a government commission with a twenty-strong police force managed to ensure peace, the July revolts in 1830 led to renewed unrest among students and citizens in 1833. This time the king takes action against them and sends his own 300-man military command into the city. The command moves into quarters in the Pflegehof. The horse stable in the south wing is being converted into a soldiers' kitchen. The command takes action against the students who are arrested, interrogated and convicted or expelled from the university.

In 1836 the last part of the detachment left, but left the furniture there to be on the safe side. It was not taken out until 1842. Before this action, the king made the decision to station a country hunter detachment there. On the first floor of the north wing, a kitchen, a living room, a resting chamber, a wooden bed, a washroom, a living and duty room for the commandant, as well as a bedroom for the four country hunters were set up. Until 1833, the camera office had its registration chamber and a storage magazine on this floor. The hay and straw floor of the Kamerals officials was there even earlier.

Academic care yard

In the course of restructuring the use of space, the Eberhard Karls University acquired more and more rooms. So did the newly furnished fencing hall in 1820, which remained in use until 1940, and in 1860 she also acquired the gymnasium. In 1881 the archaeological collection, the dance hall and the music hall of the university were established. Over the years, the Pflegehof was gradually "academized".

First World War

During the First World War , the army used the care yard, as well as the castle , the Catholic Konvikt, the old auditorium and the forestry institute as mass quarters for soldiers. In the fall of 1914, the Pflegehof was occupied by 220 men, from August 1915 on 100 men. Towards the end of the war, the Pflegehof was finally converted into a hospital for the lightly ill. However, the hygienic conditions there were very poor. In addition, the rooms were not enough for the injured, so some wounded had to be laid down in the driveway. In 1920 the camera office was paid a sum of 14,512 marks as compensation for the occupancy from 1914 to 1919, "for the comprehensive repair of all rooms."

Second World War

In September 1940, the military took over the whole music institute, the fencing institute, the attic and the large cellar under the chapel. The basement was converted into an air raid shelter. First, the 2nd Company of the 1st Battalion Infantry Regiment 35 was stationed there and, from February 17, 1941, Unit 07540D of the Army of the Wehrmacht.

When Tübingen was bombed on the night of March 15-16, 1944, the Pflegehof was also damaged. As with almost all buildings in Mühlstrasse, the explosion of a bomb, which completely destroyed the Uhlandhaus on the Neckar Bridge, smashed all the window panes in the Pflegehof. In addition, the air pressure of the explosion covered large parts of the roof on the south wing.

In January 1945, the Pflegehof was used as a training camp for the Volkssturm . When the French marched into Tübingen in April 1945, the care yard was initially looted. Eventually the French settled down there.

post war period

The music institute with a musicological seminar, the regional music archive, the Collegium musicum and the apartment of the caretaker and her family were now housed in the south wing and in the large hall. The north wing of the building served as a police station with apartments for officials. The care yard, which was previously reserved for economic purposes, was now used for the first time for charitable purposes. The former fencing hall in the west wing was rented to the Württemberg Welfare Association (later known as Arbeiterwohlfahrt ) from August 1946 . An overnight home for up to 40 people is being built. Between 1947 and 1948, the rooms above were converted into free student dormitories . The inexpensive rooms were also very popular with people passing through, as the occupation regulations meant that there was a curfew from 10 p.m. and nobody was allowed to be on the streets. Later, when the regulations relaxed, the beds were given more and more to the homeless. In 1967 the Arbeiterwohlfahrt closed their overnight home. The rooms are given to different clubs. For example, the German Child Protection Association, the probation service of the regional court, the legal advice of the German social welfare organization and telephone counseling are set up here.

The great hall was used for both Catholic and Protestant services in the early 1960s due to renovation work on the churches. Since the hall can only be seated for 450 people, services had to be held several times a day.

View of the entrance to the care yard, police station and student dormitory

literature

  • Mathias Köhler: The building and art history of the former Cistercian monastery Bebenhausen near Tübingen - the exam area , Stuttgart 1995
  • Gabriela Rothmund: The Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 11.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Köhler, Mathias: The building and art history of the former Cistercian monastery Bebenhausen near Tübingen - the closed area , Stuttgart 1995, p. 376 to 377.
  3. ↑ a b c Rothmund, Gabriela: The Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 16.
  4. ↑ a b Rothmund, Gabriela: The Bebenhausen care yard in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 14.
  5. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 22.
  6. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 24.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Rothmund, Gabriela: The Bebenhauser care yard in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, pp. 20-22
  8. ↑ a b c d Rothmund, Gabriela: The Bebenhauser care yard in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 29.
  9. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 32.
  10. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 34.
  11. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 36.
  12. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 46.
  13. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhäuser death yard in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 7.
  14. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 50.
  15. ↑ a b Rothmund, Gabriela: The Bebenhausen care yard in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 70.
  16. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: Der Bebenhaeuser Pflegehof in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 71.
  17. ↑ Rothmund, Gabriela: The Bebenhäuser death yard in Tübingen - Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the consecration of his Marienkapelle , Tübingen 1992, p. 40.