Tithe barn

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Tithe barn from Sechtem in the LVR open-air museum in Kommern

The tithe barn or tithe barn was a warehouse for the acceptance and storage of the tax in kind ( tithe ). The term Zehntstadel is often used in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria . In Luxembourg one speaks of Zéintscheier or Zéngtscheier .

Often these are cloister barns that were originally used in the monastery's own operation or by grangia . The word "grange" is derived indirectly from Latin grangarium ( granary ab). Manorial domains and noble estates also made use of such barns.

history

Size comparison: Zehntscheuer and church in Wissembourg , Alsace

Tithe and monastery barns already existed in the early Middle Ages. Early examples can be found on the plan of the prince abbey of St. Gallen in the early 9th century. The three-aisled barn was not developed until the 12th or 13th century. Its forerunners include the Iron Age hall , the high medieval festival and market hall, and the Roman horreum .

For this purpose, the tithe lords left special large barns in suitable places where the taxes in kind could best and most safely be collected and stored - in or near their castle, on an estate belonging to them, tithe or nursing yard , in a place requiring a fee, in a nearby town build. In many cases, after or even before the church, they were the largest buildings in the area, not only because they had to absorb considerable amounts of various donations in kind, but also because they documented the ten lords' claim to power on site. In their architectural diversity, tithe barns reflect regional and epochal differences in architectural style and material, as well as the different economic strength of their clients.

distribution

Tithe barns or grangies were mainly found in Central Europe. They are unknown in Scandinavia, Scotland or Ireland as well as in Italy or Spain. In a few places in Spain, however, there were urban warehouses (pósitos) to supply the poor or for times of need.

Todays use

Duke's box in Abensberg
Interior view of the tithe barn in the Belgian monastery of Ter Doest
Tithe barn in Jesberg , Hessen, today partly grain barn, partly museum
Trendelburg's tithe barn , now in the Hessenpark open-air museum
Tithe barn in Jesteburg , Lower Saxony

Several preserved former tithe barns are now privately owned and are used as event locations, restaurants, etc. Others are publicly owned and are used today for cultural purposes (theater, museum, library); still others were converted into residential buildings:

literature

  • Jean-Christian Bans: 'Hall houses and hall barns in France', in: Jahrbuch für Hausforschung 34 (1984), pp. 151-183.
  • Hermann Hinz : 'Entrance gate and harvest recovery', in: Bonner Jahrbücher 158 (1958), pp. 118–125.
  • Walter Horn: 'On the Origins of the Medieval Bay System', in: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 17 (1958), no. 2, pp. 2-23.
  • Walter Horn, Ernest Born: The Barns of the Abbey of Beaulieu at its Granges of Great Coxwell and Beaulieu-St.-Leonard's , Berkeley-Los Angeles 1965.
  • Walter Horn & Ernst Born: The Plan of St. Gall. A Study of the Architecture and Economy of, and Life in a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery , Berkeley / Los Angeles / London 1979.
  • Malcolm Kirk: The Barn. Silent Spaces , London 1994.
  • Otto S. Knottnerus: 'Haubarg, Barghaus, Bargscheune and their medieval forerunners: materials for the prehistory of the Gulfscheune', in: Problems of coastal research in the southern North Sea area 32 (2008), pp. 105–125.
  • J.-R. Trochet, Maisons paysannes en France et leur environnement, XVe-XXe siècles , Paris 2007.

Web links

Commons : Zehntscheunen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests, Bavarian State Association for Home Care eV (Ed.): Farmhouses in Bavaria. Documentation. Volume 7: Helmut Gebhard, Hans Frei (ed.): Swabia. Ries, Central Swabia, Allgäu. Hugendubel, Kreuzlingen et al. 1999, ISBN 3-89631-369-X , p. 386.
  2. ^ Zéintscheier Grevenmacher , accessed on December 16, 2015.
  3. ^ Zéngtscheier on Luxembourg dictionary , accessed on December 16, 2015.
  4. ↑ Use for events