Stress (sport)
The sporting load is a requirement ( task ) that is placed on an athlete , for example to run at a given speed for a certain time. It is a quantity that can depend on the various load norms of intensity, density, duration, extent, frequency and frequency of movement. Whether a person copes with a load depends on his will , his motivation and his performance . The same stress can lead to individually different physical and psychological demands .
The desired load is determined in the context of load control in sports training via the load normative. The basis for this is the athlete's data previously collected in the performance diagnosis.
Physical stress
The physical load is the physical work, which in contrast to the physical work in accordance with the operation of the skeletal muscle can be done either dynamic or static:
- dynamic work: concentric and eccentric muscle activity, movement work
- static work: isometric muscle activity, posture work for the posture and holding work
Psychological stress
→ see stress (psychology)
Load norms
Load normatives ( singular : the load normative) are the descriptive variables of the training control and thus the training methods. Occasionally the load normatives are also referred to as load normatives (singular: the load normatives), load components or load characteristics. With their help, it is determined how intensively, how comprehensively, how long, with which breaks and how often training content is implemented.
Important load norms are:
| Load normative | description | Description sizes | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| intensity | Strength of the individual stimulus | Speed , heart rate , lactate level in the blood , mass , performance , proportion up to the record, maximum pulse or maximum oxygen consumption | Speed when running or cycling, maximum, submaximal, low |
| density | Temporal relationship between stress and recovery phases | Time, complete / incomplete (worthwhile) break | Intervals with 3 minutes of exercise and 1 minute of break |
| Duration | Time of exposure to a single stimulus or a series of stimuli | time | Run for 30 minutes |
| scope | Duration and number of stimuli per training unit | Distance , mass, number of repetitions, duration | 3 km run, 20 sit-ups |
| frequency | Number of training units per week or per day | number | Training three times a week |
| Movement frequency | Time interval between the movement amplitudes | frequency | Pedal frequency when cycling at 100 revolutions per minute |
Resilience
Physical resilience is the highest level of exercise intensity up to which a person can be stressed without any restrictions , discomfort or reversible or permanent damage occurring. Restricted resilience exists, for example, in the case of a (possibly chronic ) illness , movement pain or severe fatigue , if the physical activity can only be carried out and sustained to a limited extent. In the event of an overload, the physical performance is higher than the load at which an organ or organ system is overwhelmed, such as overtraining or heart failure . Overloading can largely be avoided as part of careful training planning, taking into account performance, resilience and stress. For example, when training in schools or clubs, this requires differentiation and individualization of the training content.
After an illness, the resilience is significantly reduced for several days. The load must therefore be carefully dosed in the first one to two weeks afterwards. The reduced resilience can be objectified, for example, by measuring the heart rate. The heart rate is significantly increased in the event of illness with the same load. Resilience is only restored when the heart rate is back to the level of the initial values before the illness.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Horst de Marées: Sports Physiology. 9th edition. Sportverlag Strauss, Cologne 2003, ISBN 978-3-939390-00-8 , p. 439
- ↑ a b Urs Boutellier: Sport and work physiology. In: Robert F. Schmidt, Florian Lang, Manfred Heckmann: Human Physiology. 31st edition, Heidelberg 2010, Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-01650-9 , p. 855
- ^ A b c Kuno Hottenrott, Thomas Gronwald: Endurance training in schools and clubs. Hofmann, Schorndorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-7780-0381-7 , pp. 48-49
- ^ Kuno Hottenrott, Thomas Gronwald: Endurance training in schools and clubs. Hofmann, Schorndorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-7780-0381-7 , p. 10
- ↑ Stress characteristics . In: Sportunterricht.de , accessed on July 24, 2012
- ↑ Fritz Zintel: endurance training. 2nd edition, BLV, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-405-14155-9 , p. 54
- ↑ The frequency of movement cycles has a decisive influence on the composition of the muscle fiber types in a muscle, since only fast muscle fibers enable a high frequency of movement ; see T. Bex, A. Baguet, E. Eighth. E. et al .: Cyclic movement frequency is associated with muscle typology in athletes. In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. February 10, 2016, doi : 10.1111 / sms.12648 , PMID 26864556 .
- ↑ Horst de Marées: Sports Physiology. 9th edition. Sportverlag Strauss, Cologne 2003, ISBN 978-3-939390-00-8 , p. 441
- ^ Kuno Hottenrott, Thomas Gronwald: Endurance training in schools and clubs. Hofmann, Schorndorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-7780-0381-7 , p. 30