Walternienburg-Bernburg culture
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The Walternienburg-Bernburg culture was a late Neolithic culture that spread in the area of today's Saxony-Anhalt , the Thuringian Basin and Franconia from 3200 to 2800 BC. Concentrated. It was made up of the two closely interlinked regional groups Walternienburg and Bernburg . Both were named after burial grounds in Saxony-Anhalt. Alfred Götze coined the term Bernburg type in 1892 and Walternienburg culture in 1911. In 1918 Nils Åberg combined both closely related or jointly occurring cultural groups to form the Walternienburg-Bernburg culture. This assumption is no longer valid today, as both cultures differ significantly in their burial and grave system. The megalithic stone graves that were previously assigned to the Walternienburg culture are now assigned to the deep-engraving ceramic culture. In the design of the ceramics, the Walternienburg culture is reflected in the tradition of deep-engraving ceramics.
Material legacies
The Walternienburg group, which is widespread in the Saale estuary , is characterized by the occurrence of sharply structured handle cups and hanging vessels with eyelets. The vessels of the Bernburg group, on the other hand, are rather bulbous, concave, curved in an S-shape. The ceramic of both groups is decorated with deep engravings, some of which were filled with a white paste and therefore stood out in color. Ceramic main forms are decorated and undecorated bulbous handle cups as well as bulbous amphorae, funnel bowls, bowls and settlement vessels. There were also clay drums . Also typical is the occurrence of double battle axes , slate knives and triangular and trapezoidal flint arrow heads . Of the typical forms of the TBK, the funnel cup and the flask are missing .
Burials
The grave complexes are varied. Flat graves, stone box graves and stone chamber graves are widespread ( see: Stone boxes of the Walternienburg-Bernburg culture ). Community burials in huts for the dead (e.g. in Schönstedt and Benzingerode - see also: Huts for the dead in Benzingerode ), ramp boxes and wall chambers are also widespread . At the skeletal material could Schädeltrepanationen be detected.
Quantity structure
On the basis of 178 graves examined (status 1982) can
- 86 (48.3%) of the Bernburg culture
- 40 (22.5%) of the Walternienburg culture
- 12 (6.75%) of the Walternienburg and Bernburg cultures
- 34 (19%) of the Walternienburg-Bernburg culture
- 5 (2.75%) of the bulb amphora culture associated with Bernburger forms
- 1 (0.5%) can be assigned to the cord ceramic culture.
The separation of the Walternienburg and Bernburg cultures into two separate cultures observed in Hesse and the Havel region seems to be confirmed in the burial and burial customs. The graves of the Bernburg culture are in Thuringia and in the northern Harz foreland. In contrast, a Walternienburg province stands out in the Havel region. In the area around Quedlinburg, in the eastern Harz foreland and in the Köthener Land, a stronger mixing of forms of both cultures can be observed in the additive inventories.
Settlements
Hamlet-like settlements and fortified hilltop settlements have been handed down. Well-known height fortifications with several trenches are on the Long Mountain in the Dölauer Heide near Halle (Saale) , the Schalkenburg near Quenstedt and the Steinkuhlenberg near Derenburg .
economy
The economy was based on agriculture and animal husbandry. Emmer , einkorn , barley and flax were known and cultivated . Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and horses have been detected in domestic animals.
literature
- Birgitt Berthold: Die Totenhütte von Benzingerode , Halle 2008, ISBN 978-3-939414-12-4
- Hans-Jürgen Beier : The grave and burial customs of the Walternienburg and Bernburg culture. Scientific contributions 1984/30 (L19) of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ISSN 0440-1298
- Alfred Götze : New acquisitions of the prehistoric department of the Museum of Ethnology. In: Negotiations of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory. 1892, pp. 177-188 ( online ).
- Heinz Knöll: Collar bottles, their distribution and their time in the European Neolithic Offa, Volume 41.
- Ernst Probst: Germany in the Stone Age , pp. 380–385, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-572-01058-6
- Ralf Schwarz: Type tables on the chronology in Central Germany - The Bernburg culture (= research reports of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle. Volume 12). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt / State Museum for Prehistory, Halle (Saale) 2018, ISBN 978-3-944507-86-6 .
- Karin Schwertfeger: Walternienburger Kultur , pp. 195–202. In: H.-J. Beier and R. Einicke (eds.): The Neolithic in the Middle Elbe-Saale area. An overview and an outline of the state of research . Beier & Beran publishing house. Wilkau-Hasslau. 1994. ISBN 3-930036-05-3
- Marcel Torres-Blanco: Bernburger Kultur , pp. 159–177. In: H.-J. Beier and R. Einicke (eds.): The Neolithic in the Middle Elbe-Saale area. An overview and an outline of the state of research . Beier & Beran publishing house. Wilkau-Hasslau. 1994. ISBN 3-930036-05-3
