Bernward Josef Gottlieb

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Bernward Franz Josef Gottlieb (born October 14, 1910 in Frankfurt am Main ; † December 7, 2008 in Darmstadt ) was a German doctor , medical historian and SS-Sturmbannführer . He was a lecturer in the history of medicine and later in command of the SS Medical Academy in Graz . From 1956 to 1964 he taught history of medicine at the University of Homburg , and from 1960 as an adjunct professor.

Life

Education and time of National Socialism

Bernward Josef Gottlieb was born in 1910 in Frankfurt am Main, the son of the archive secretary Heinrich Josef Gottlieb (1868–1944) and his wife Christine. After graduating from high school, he studied medicine at the University of Frankfurt . In 1933, the year the National Socialists came to power , Gottlieb joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), membership number 2.532.134, and the Schutzstaffel (SS), membership number 92.218. In 1933 he was assigned to the office of the Reichsdentistenführer as a medical advisor. Gottlieb was approved in 1935 and that same year with the work efficiency coefficient of Thyroxineffektes in biological experiment doctorate . From 1936 to 1939 he worked as a doctor in Frankfurt, then he was drafted into the Waffen SS . In June 1940 Gottlieb was transferred to the staff of Reichsarzt SS Ernst-Robert Grawitz , who in autumn 1940 sent him to the Institute for the History of Medicine and Natural Sciences in Berlin. Gottlieb had already unsuccessfully asked its director Paul Diepgen in the previous year to fill an assistant position and complete his habilitation . Instead, Diepgen referred him to Walter Artelt in Frankfurt, whose seminar Gottlieb had previously attended in 1938. His habilitation at Diepgen has now been made possible with the support of Ernst-Robert Grawitz. Diepgen hoped that the cooperation would lead to better contacts with the SS; at the same time, he was keen to have young academics for his institute. In September 1941, Gottfried became head of the Institute for the History of Medicine, founded by Grawitz at the beginning of the year, at the Reichsarzt SS and Police. In May 1942 he qualified as a professor at the Diepgens Institute with the text Zur Geschichte des Vitalismus: Significance and effects of Georg Ernst Stahl, particularly on the Montpellier school.

With the support of the SS, especially the SS-Standartenführer and doctor Max de Crinis , Bernward Josef Gottlieb became a lecturer in the history of medicine at the University of Graz in 1943 - against the initial resistance of the faculty . The Medical Faculty of the University of Graz was responsible for the medical training of medical officers and doctors of the Waffen-SS, while the SS Medical Academy , which had been located in Graz since 1940 , was intended to train future SS doctors primarily in Nazi ideology. Gottlieb became a course director at the academy. In 1944 he was promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer and Oberstabsarzt of the Waffen SS. The "Institute for the History of Medicine at the Reichsarzt SS and Police" merged into the seminar for the history of medicine, which Gottlieb received in 1944 at the University of Graz. In the last year of the war he became the commandant of the SS Medical Academy.

Gottlieb's former Berlin institute director Paul Diepgen retired in 1944. At the request of the SS, his successor was his pupil Gottlieb. In the winter of 1944/1945 there were disputes over competency over the appointment of the professorship between Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler and his staff, the Berlin faculty and the responsible ministry, after the faculty commission had not decided on Gottlieb. The Minister of Education, Bernhard Rust , also intervened in the dispute as an opponent of Gottlieb's appeal. In February 1945 an agreement was finally reached on Gottlieb, who was initially to fill an extraordinary position. Due to the course of the war, the occupation did not take place. In May 1945 Gottlieb fled Graz to Dieburg .

After the time of National Socialism

After the end of the war, Gottlieb worked as an assistant doctor in Darmstadt and later as head of the department for internal medicine at the Sankt Rochus Hospital in Dieburg. The personality Gottlieb was brought up again by Paul Diepgen for the occupation of the Berlin professorship, which the faculty refused in 1947 with reference to his membership in the SS. Instead, he was able to find a position as a private lecturer at the University of Homburg in 1956 - also with the help of Diepgen . In 1960 he became an adjunct professor of medical history in Homburg, a position that was occupied by Lothar Sennewald until 1955 . Sennewald was ousted from office after he had spoken out in favor of extradition of former judge Erwin Albrecht , who was involved in death sentences . Gottlieb held the professorship until December 1964 when he resigned from the position ostensibly for health reasons. In the previous month, his former Berlin colleague Alexander Berg had to give up his teaching position at the University of Göttingen after his SS membership and his work on the illustrated book Das Antlitz des Germanisches Arztes , written by Gottlieb, had become known in four centuries . As early as 1962, Gottlieb was accused by Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht of having been "co-author of one of the most notorious Nazi publications in medical history".

Gottlieb worked in the medical branch in Dieburg until 1980. He died on December 7, 2008 in Darmstadt.

Act

The subject of medical history contributed during the National Socialist era both to the legitimation of medical trade through the propagation of the supposed "eternal medical profession" and to the appropriation of the next generation of doctors in the sense of the Nazi ideology . In the process, Gottlieb developed "into a key figure in a new, folk-oriented medical historiography planned by the SS" (Bruns). The resulting writings were partly political commissioned work. In a work on Paracelsus , Gottlieb described him as a “fighter against Jewish quackery” and “fighter for keeping German medicine free from Jewish influences” out of “racial instinct”. An article on Freemasonry in England, published in Deutsches Ärzteblatt , lacks “any professional medical-historical reference” (Bruns), rather it deals with “tendentious research with war-political propaganda”. In 1942, Gottlieb and Alexander Berg published the illustrated book The Face of the Germanic Doctor in Four Centuries. to which Grawitz had written a preface. Reviews of the book in the post-war period referred to the neglected role of Jewish doctors, other reviewers classified the illustrated book as racist propaganda. Other works by Gottlieb, however, were apolitical, including contributions to war medicine.

The “unhistorical instrumentalization of medical authorities of the past” during the time of National Socialism affected not only Paracelsus, but above all Hippocrates of Kos . An abridged compilation from the Corpus Hippocraticum was published in 1942 as the first volume in the series “Ewiges doctortum”, which was edited by Robert Ernst Grawitz. Gottlieb was responsible for the processing, the foreword was written by Heinrich Himmler , who also influenced the planning and production. When compiling it, Gottlieb refrained from taking Hippocrates ' oath , and he made numerous reformulations. The booklet was distributed to all SS doctors and members of the SS medical academy. The publication can be attributed to various efforts, especially from the SS camp, to establish a continuity between the work of the Greek doctor and National Socialist medical ethics, a way of thinking that had numerous supporters. The second volume in the series "Ewiges doctortum" on Paracelsus could not be completed.

When asked to establish a “German medical history” (Gottlieb), Kümmel felt that the “poor result” was a “compilation of heroic short biographies”. A self-published treatise by Gottlieb in 1982 on the SS training institute in Graz describes it as a "military academy" and disguises its character as a training facility for SS doctors (including Aribert Heim ). Gottlieb summed up that “none of those who emerged from the academy failed ethically”.

Publications

  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb: Coefficients of action of the thyroxine effect in a biological experiment. University of Frankfurt, 1935. (Dissertation)
  • Sepp Gottlieb: The Development of Freemasonry in England. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . No. 71, 1941, pp. 280-282.
  • Sepp Gottlieb: Paracelsus as a fighter against Judaism. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . No. 71, 1941, pp. 326-328.
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb: The contribution of the sufferer Jan de Wales to the discovery of the blood circulation and to the establishment of the experimental circulatory physiology. In: Journal for Circulatory Research . No. 33, 1941, pp. 631-646.
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb: From the German doctor. In: Deutsche Dentistische Wochenschrift . No. 62, 1942, pp. 193-195, 631-646.
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb: Vitalistic thinking in Germany following Georg Ernst Stahl. In: Clinical weekly . Volume 21, number 20, 1942, pp. 445-448, doi : 10.1007 / BF01773817 .
  • Ernst Robert Grawitz (ed.), Bernward Josef Gottlieb: Hippokrates. Thoughts of medical ethics from the Corpus Hippocraticum. ( Eternal doctorate . Volume 1), Volk und Reich, Berlin 1942.
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb, Alexander Berg: The face of the Germanic doctor in four centuries. Rembrandt Verlag, Berlin 1942.
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb: Significance and effects of the Halle professor and royal Prussia. Personal physician Georg Ernst Stahl on the vitalism of the XVIII. Century, particularly on the school of Montpellier. In: Nova Acta Leopoldina , No. 89, 1943, pp. 425-502.
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb: The problem of the living in the medical worldview: GE Stahl, Hahnemann and Virchow. Barth, Leipzig 1943.
  • Bernhard Josef Gottlieb: The training of the Prussian field doctor and war surgeon around the time of Frederick the Great. In: Journal for Medical Training . No. 40, 1943.
  • J. Gottlieb: About the task of medical history in the war. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . No. 74, 1944, pp. 57-58.
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb: Paul Diepgen on November 24, 1958. On the 80th birthday of the great medical historian. In: Medical World . 1958, p. 1930.
  • Georg Ernst Stahl, Bernward Josef Gottlieb (ed.): About the importance of the synergic principle for medicine. JA Barth, Leipzig 1961. (Introduction and translation by Gottlieb.)
  • Bernward Josef Gottlieb (Ed.): Georg Ernst Stahl: About the manifold influence of emotional movements on the human body (Halle 1695) / About the importance of the synergic principle for medicine (Halle 1695) / About the difference between organism and mechanism (Halle 1714) / Considerations for a doctor's home visit (Hall 1703). Leipzig 1961 (= Sudhoff's classics of medicine. Volume 36.)
  • Joseph Gottlieb: Studies on the History of Medicine. Darmstadt 1972.
  • Franz Joseph Gottlieb: The Academy on the Rosenberg Belt. A contribution to the contemporary history of Graz 1943–1945. Self-published, Graz 1982.
  • Josef Gottlieb (Hrsg.): The Low German dialect of the Lower Field. Mecke-Druck, 1996. (New edition of the work written by his father under the pseudonym "Christian von der Eller".)
  • Christian von der Eller, Franz J. Gottlieb (ed.): Müller's Lisebeth von Ankerode: A village history from Eichsfeld. Mecke-Druck, 1998. (New edition of the work written by his father under the pseudonym "Christian von der Eller".)
  • Franz Joseph Gottlieb: In the footsteps of Aesculapia, Between Cos and Caritas. Fouque, 2001.

literature

  • Florian Bruns: Medical Ethics in National Socialism - Developments and Protagonists in Berlin (1939–1945). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-515-09226-5 . (Andreas Frewer: History and Philosophy of Medicine. Volume 7)
  • Florian Bruns, Andreas Frewer : Specialist history as a political issue: medical historians in Berlin and Graz in the service of the Nazi state. In: Medicine, Society, and History: Yearbook of the Institute for the History of Medicine of the Robert Bosch Foundation. Volume 24. 2005, pp. 151-180, ISSN  0939-351X . PMID 17144620 .
  • Werner Friedrich Kümmel : History, State and Ethics: German Medical Historians 1933–1945 in the service of "national political education". In: Andreas Frewer, Josef N. Neumann (Hrsg.): Medical history and medical ethics - controversies and justification approaches 1900–1950. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-593-36850-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ It was mainly published under the names "Bernward Josef Gottlieb" or "Bernward J. Gottlieb" and, more rarely, "Sepp Gottlieb", other names used were "Josef Gottlieb", "Joseph Gottlieb" and "Franz J. Gottlieb".
  2. ↑ a b Hessisches Ärzteblatt, No. 3, 2009, p. 203. ( Online access , PDF file)
  3. ↑ a b c d Bruns 2009, p. 62.
  4. ↑ Friedrich Stadler: Continuity and Break 1938–1945–1955. Contributions to the Austrian cultural and scientific history. Lit Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7489-3 , p. 320.
  5. ^ Wolfram Fischer: Exodus of Sciences from Berlin. de Gruyter, 1994, ISBN 3-11-013945-6 , p. 42.
  6. ↑ Bruns 2009, p. 63.
  7. ↑ a b Bruns 2009, p. 67.
  8. ↑ a b Bruns 2009, p. 69.
  9. ↑ a b c Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-596-16048-0 , p. 193.
  10. ↑ Bruns 2009, p. 70.
  11. ↑ Bruns 2009, pp. 73f.
  12. ↑ Bruns 2009, p. 75.
  13. ↑ Bruns 2009, p. 76.
  14. ^ Gisela Tascher: The political necessity of founding the Saarland Doctors and Dentists Syndicate in May 1948. In: Saarländisches Ärzteblatt . No. 6, 2008, p. 14f. ( Online access , PDF file)
  15. ↑ a b Bruns 2009, p. 77.
  16. ↑ Original quote: “Dr. Gottlieb is remembered still as the co-author of one of the most notorious Nazi publications in medical history (SS Hauptsturmfuhrer BH Gottlieb and SS Obersturmfuhrer Alexander Berg: The face of the Germanic doctor in four centuries. Berlin 1942). "Erwin H. Ackerknecht: Book review: "BH Gottlieb: George Ernst Stahl." Four Short Treatises, Leipzig 1961. In: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. No. 17, 1962, pp. 316f., Doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / XVII.2.316-a
  17. ↑ Prof. Dr. Franz Josef Gottlieb. In: Eichsfelder Heimatzeitschrift. No. 2, February 2009, p. 56. ( Online access , PDF file)
  18. ↑ a b Bruns 2009, p. 79.
  19. ↑ Cf. In the service of the new ethics: Bernward J. Gottlieb and the medical history of the SS. In: Bruns, 2009, and Werner Friedrich Kümmel: History, State and Ethics: German Medical Historians 1933–1945 in the service of “national political education”. In: Andreas Frewer , Josef N. Neumann (Hrsg.): Medical history and medical ethics - controversies and justification approaches 1900–1950 . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-593-36850-1 .
  20. ↑ Bruns 2009, pp. 65f.
  21. ↑ Sepp Gottlieb: Paracelsus as a fighter against Judaism. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . No. 71, 1941, pp. 326-328.
  22. ↑ Sabine Schleiermacher, Udo Schagen (Ed.): The Charité in the Third Reich. On the easement of medical science under National Socialism. Schöningh, 2008, ISBN 978-3-506-76476-8 , p. 95.
  23. ↑ a b Bruns 2009, p. 66.
  24. ↑ See Bruns, 2009, p. 66.
  25. ↑ Kümmel, 2001, p. 183.
  26. ↑ a b Bruns 2009, p. 80.
  27. ↑ Bruns 2009, p. 81ff.
  28. ↑ Bernward Josef Gottlieb: The contribution of the sufferer Jan de Wales to the discovery of the blood circulation and to the establishment of the experimental circulatory physiology. In: Journal for Circulatory Research . No. 33, 1941, pp. 631-646.
  29. ↑ Kümmel, 2001, p. 193.
  30. ^ Ernst Klee: The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-596-16048-0 , p. 238.
personal data
SURNAME Gottlieb, Bernward Josef
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gottlieb, Bernward Franz Josef (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor, medical historian and SS-Sturmbannführer
DATE OF BIRTH October 14, 1910
PLACE OF BIRTH Frankfurt am Main
DATE OF DEATH December 7, 2008
Place of death Darmstadt