Professional qualification

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Professional post-qualification or final-oriented qualification of adults is a collective term for measures that serve to reduce qualification deficits in adults (who generally have to be at least 25 years old in Germany) through which those affected are threatened with unemployment. The term professional qualification can also be applied to conditions outside of Germany.

The lack of certificates is usually assessed as a “deficit” and not the lack of (also informal) competencies that one must have in operational practice. Therefore z. B. the need to make university graduates fit for the job, generally not as a form of “post-qualification”. The same applies to maintaining the qualification level of formally qualified employees through further training in the context of innovations.

Target groups

In principle, anyone who is not considered to be sufficiently formally qualified (for the target occupation) can be re-qualified. “Not formally qualified” are initially ( employable ) persons who have not completed any ( dual or school-based ) vocational training or a university of applied sciences or university studies, i.e. who have not successfully, certified participation in formal (standardized, state-regulated or recognized) training courses can. Even people with semi-apprenticeship training, basic vocational training or with an internship are not formally qualified. BIBB's extended definitions also include semi-skilled and unskilled people who have a professional qualification that is not recognized or no longer usable. This applies in particular to persons qualified abroad or - in the past - to repatriates . The BIBB also counts people in the group of semi-skilled and unskilled workers who have a professional qualification but have not worked for a long time and who have opened up a new field of activity.

The Institute for Employment Research found in 2015 that the likelihood of a long-term unemployed could switch to an unsubsidized employment, per month amounts to 1.5 percent. Since 60 percent of the long-term unemployed have no completed vocational training, it makes sense to significantly increase the above-mentioned quota through additional qualifications.

According to Section 81 (2) SGB ​​III , employees then have a legal right to finance further training because they do not have a professional qualification “if they

  1. have a professional qualification, but will probably no longer be able to carry out a job corresponding to the professional qualification due to more than four years of employment in a semi-skilled or unskilled activity, or
  2. do not have a professional qualification for which a training period of at least two years is stipulated according to federal or state regulations; Employees without such a professional qualification who have not yet worked for three years can only be funded if vocational training or a preparatory training measure is not possible or unreasonable for reasons inherent in themselves. "

The three-year clause means that the majority of adolescents and young adults who left school less than three years ago are given the opportunity to start regular vocational training in the dual system. The "personal reasons" include, in particular, unrecoverable skills deficiencies (especially for people with a " learning disability " within the meaning of Section 19 SGB ​​III ), which make it appear improbable that the person concerned will be able to meet the level of a theoretical final examination as well as significant language deficits among recently immigrants, especially refugees . Regular vocational training can be “unreasonable”. This could be the case, for example, when a young adult had to get by on the income of a trainee for three years in a row, although he had to support children.

Forms of post-qualification in Germany

The Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training distinguishes between three forms of "degree-oriented qualification for adults":

  1. Retraining ,
  2. Preparatory courses for external exams,
  3. modular post-qualification (e.g. by providing training modules or partial qualifications ).

Preparation for the recognition of a foreign professional qualification

In August 2015, Section 17a (“Recognition of foreign educational qualifications”) was added to the German Residence Act . On this basis, non-academic third-country nationals with relevant prior qualifications can apply for a residence permit for a maximum of 18 months in order to complete an educational measure and have their professional qualifications acquired abroad recognized in Germany with a subsequent examination. Those qualified in this way are given the chance to be accepted as migrant workers in Germany.

retraining

Of a subsequent qualification § 81 Abs. 1 SGB III is in accordance with retrainees then the speech if they have been working on the task of their learned profession at least four years as for the target profession is not fully qualified, and only then take the decision, a vocational qualification in this profession want to achieve. After such a long period of time, it can be assumed that they will no longer be able to find a job in the occupation they learned first.

Preparatory courses for external exams

The preparation for the external examination is an option for acquiring a professional qualification for adults, which requires verifiable work experience (in the desired professional field). According to the data report for the 2014 vocational training report, 33,000 people in Germany took part in the final exams via the external regulation. This corresponds to a share of 6.2% of all test participants. 79.8% of the external students passed the exam. Overall, 91.8% of all participants passed.

The external examination procedure in Germany

As an instrument of post-qualification, the main aim is to obtain approval in special cases - also called external examinations - according to Section 45 , Paragraph 2 of the Vocational Training Act (BBiG) or Section 37, Paragraph 2 of the Crafts Code (HwO). To do this, the applicant registers independently with the office responsible for vocational training with the necessary evidence (certificates, employment contracts, etc.), observing the registration deadlines. The competent bodies are the chambers of industry and commerce , the chambers of crafts , the chambers of agriculture for the green and domestic professions, etc.

Specifically, it says in the Vocational Training Act, Section 45, Paragraph 2: “The final exam is also to be granted to anyone who can prove that they have been active in the occupation in which the exam is to be taken for at least one and a half times the time stipulated as the training period . “That means that for a three-year apprenticeship (large number of apprenticeships) 4.5 years of relevant work experience are necessary. The training advisors of the above mentioned Competent bodies or regional contact persons for the professional qualification perspective program.

However, above. Times are not fully proven, according to the Vocational Training Act "Proof of the minimum time according to sentence 1 ... can be waived in full or in part if it is demonstrated by submission of certificates or in another way that the applicant has acquired the professional capacity to act, which justifies admission to the examination. ”For admission to the examination, this means that courses may have to be completed with educational service providers who prepare for the external examination using modularized curricula.

First, when registering for the external examination, based on the training ordinance and proven previous work, it is determined which training content can be recognized by the "responsible body" of the respective chamber on the basis of previous activities. At the same time, it is checked whether the time of professional experience (1.5 times the regular initial training period) is sufficient for admission.

Option 1: If this is confirmed, you will be admitted to the external examination.

Variant 2: If content or times are missing, the open modules (content and time planning) must be planned in detail. The individual training plan is confirmed by the responsible body. The missing modules are then completed at an education provider and / or in a company.

Successfully passing the external examination is the last step towards a professional qualification.

Conception of the Federal Government's “Professional Qualification” program

“Professional qualification” is the name of a program that was carried out by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research from 2008 to 2013 and is part of the “Perspective Professional Qualification” program (alongside the “Networks for Training” program, which should help school leavers to get a training position ). The programs were co-financed by the European Social Fund . The program Vocational requalification aims to become a professional degree lead the participants and is modularly organized.

A distinction must be made in the “Perspective Vocational Qualification” program between the costs of the preparatory courses at an educational institution (qualification costs), the expenses of the participants (travel expenses), expenses of the employer (exemption costs) and the examination fees. Depending on the applicant situation , all costs can be covered via the WeGebAU funding program with the involvement of the employer. The employee can have the training and examination costs subsidized through the training bonus. Alternatively, the employment agency's education voucher can be used. Regional programs - such as the individual company funding scheme of Sächsische Aufbaubank - finance the qualification costs with a contribution from the employer. Requirements must be met in order to use the funding.

The Federal Ministry's program met with broad acceptance from employers and employees. Employers' associations assume that due to the demographic situation, the number of school leavers in Germany will remain low in the long term, so that there is an increasing shortage of skilled workers . In this situation, decision-makers consider motivated adults with relevant prior achievements in the desired occupation as an interesting target group for them.

From the point of view of the target group, post-qualification offers an opportunity for those who have previously worked as low-skilled in the desired occupational field to secure a job with the vocational qualification and, presumably, to improve the income situation in the long term.

Collection of certificates for learning modules

In 2016, the " taz " found out that in recent years, in the context of a growing shortage of skilled workers as a result of small school leavers and the increase in the proportion of students among school leavers, employers have focused on new groups of motivated or easily motivated workers: Mothers (after a longer career break or with limited employment opportunities), the elderly (who are particularly hard hit by long-term unemployment) and refugees (mostly with considerable language deficits).

What all the groups mentioned have in common is that there are many people in them who will probably not be able to obtain all the certificates required for an external examination. In the opinion of the Hans Böckler Foundation , "added value", both for the partially qualified and for the employer, would also result if, in the end, no full qualification in the form of completed vocational training could be achieved.

A special case is the group of those who, recognized as people with significant disabilities within the meaning of SGB ​​IX , are currently considered to be limited or unable to work and who work in workshops for disabled people . They, too, have recently been able to take part in partial qualification measures, after which they may be able to work on the primary labor market . People with a so-called "learning disability" also belong to those who are to be sponsored according to Section 19 (1) SGB III.

Training to become a specialist

Those from the last-named group of people who opt for a "light teaching" with reduced requirements in the theoretical final examination can begin training courses for a specialist practitioner qualification . This applies as post-qualification if the persons concerned are at least 25 years old at the start of their training.

literature

  • Krings, Ursula: Flexible paths to a professional qualification - modular post-qualification in the company, Bertelsmann, 2001
  • Matthes, Jens: Approaches to curriculum development for adult-friendly retraining to gardeners, specializing in gardening and landscaping, Hamburg, 2010

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training: Recommendation of the main committee of the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training from March 15, 2018 on "Final-oriented qualification for adults: conditions for success and success factors" . Federal Gazette , April 4, 2018
  2. ↑ cf. but the formulation: “In-company post-qualification” in: Initiative equivalence and attractiveness of vocational training . Friedrich Ebert Foundation . March 2016, p. 6
  3. ↑ Martin Baethge / Eckart Severing: Securing the skilled labor potential through post-qualification . In: Eckart Severing / Martin Baethge (eds.): Securing the potential of skilled workers through post-qualification. Findings - concepts - need for research . Bielefeld. 2015, p. 9
  4. ↑ Institute for Employment Research: IAB short report 20/2015 . P. 1
  5. ↑ Marcus Engler: Safe Access - The humanitarian admission programs for Syrian refugees in Germany . Friedrich Ebert Foundation / SVR GmbH. 2015, p. 27
  6. ↑ Federal Ministry of Education and Research / Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training: Facts and figures on external examinations . prueferportal.de
  7. ↑ Federal Ministry of Education and Research: Perspective professional qualification . September 30, 2015
  8. ↑ Labor shortage in Germany: female, mother, preferably older . taz . December 29, 2016
  9. ^ Till Daldrup / Julia Löffelholz: Top economist on integration: "We have to stop trying to gloss over the refugees' educational level" . Manager magazine . 23rd January 2017
  10. ↑ Gernot Mühge: Qualification and partial qualification in transfer companies . Hans Böckler Foundation . 2017. p. 35
  11. ↑ Bernd Heggenberger: Shaping educational paths. Experience of a workshop in the further development of professional qualifications. In: Werkstatt: Dialog (Ed .: Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Werkstätten für Behinderten Menschen). Edition 1/2018. P. 35