Leaf-like trembling
| Leaf-like trembling | ||||||||||||
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| Phaeotremella foliacea | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers. ) Wedin, JC Zamora & Millanes |
The leaf-like or red-brown trembling ( Phaeotremella foliacea , syn. Tremella foliacea , Tremella neofoliacea , Cryptococcus skinneri ) is a species of fungus from the Phaeotremellaceae family . It grows exclusively on dead coniferous wood, especially spruce ( Picea ) and parasitizes there on the bleeding coniferous layer fungus ( Stereum sanguinolentum ).
features
Macroscopic features
A tuft of fruiting bodies can reach a diameter of up to 12 cm and a height of 6 cm. It arises from a wrinkled attachment point and consists of wavy, bent, rounded and sometimes rolled up lobes. The consistency of the brownish meat is tough and gelatinous. In damp weather, the swollen, elastic structures are red to flesh brown, less often ocher yellow or paler in color. They become almost black-brown with age. When it is dry, the fruiting bodies shrink to a horn-like, brown mass. The spore-forming fruit layer covers the entire surface in contrast to the glands .
Microscopic features
The basidia are four-celled and accordingly four-pore, septate lengthways to slightly obliquely, egg-shaped to subglobos, slightly thick-walled and measure 12–18 × 10–14 μm. The epibasidia are usually 20 to 30, a maximum of 50 µm long and 2–4 µm thick. At the apex the basidia are not or only weakly enlarged to 5 µm. The hyphae in the subhymenium are cross-linked. The spores are smooth, thin to somewhat thick-walled and initially colorless-hyaline, but become brownish as they mature. They are subglobos to broadly ellipsoid and measure 5.3–9.1 (−10.2) × 4.7–8.5 (−9.5) µm, the ratio of length and width averages 1.16. The spores form germ tubes or, through budding, mostly approximately round secondary spores . In the basal lobes of the fruiting bodies, there are often conspicuous, swollen, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose cells up to 25 µm in diameter that are thin to very thick-walled and form ellipsoidal to subglobose conidia . These asexual spores measure 4–10 × 3–7 µm. The smooth, colorless hyphae measure 2–4 (-6) µm in diameter and can be up to 10 µm thick in the subhymenium. They are usually thick-walled, gelatinous, but can occasionally be thin-walled in the young stages. Haustoria are rare and have buckles .
Ecology and diffusion
The leaf-like tremor grows only on coniferous wood and produces a white rot inside it through the breakdown of cellulose , hemicellulose and the wood pulp lignin . In addition, it parasitizes the bleeding coniferous layer fungus ( Stereum sanguinolentum ). The species can be found all year round, but the number of finds decreases in the hot summer months.
Earlier information on the distribution and ecology of the leaf-like trembling relate to the entire species aggregate around Phaeotremella foliacea and therefore cannot be transferred to this species. All information from deciduous forest communities is questionable or should be checked critically and only credible if it was found on coniferous wood. Hardwood finds are to be revised.
Species delimitation
The genus Phaeotremella contains some species that are macroscopically very similar to the leaf-like trembling and were previously not differentiated from it.
Phaeotremella fuscosuccinea is the only species of the genus that also grows on coniferous wood andparasitizeson the bleeding coniferous layer fungus . Phaeotremella fuscosuccinea is so far only known from Taiwan and the easternmost areas of Russia. This species differs from the leaf-like trembling by brown fruiting bodies, which are lighter, pink-ocher in color at the edges of the lobes, while the fruiting bodies of the leaf-like trembling are uniformly brown and do not become noticeably lighter towards the edge. In addition, the spores of Phaeotremella fuscosuccinea are more clearly ellipsoid, which is expressed in the average length-width ratio. It is around 1.3 on average.
All other species of the genus Phaeotremella occur only on hardwood and parasitize on other hosts. Frequent and widespread is Phaeotremella frondosa , which parasitizes various hardwoods on the reddening wrinkled layer fungus (Stereum rugosum) and the curly layer fungus ( Stereum hirsutum ). Typically, it shows bright kandisbraune fruiting bodies that do not blacken usually while Phaeotremella fimbriata which only alder ( Alnus grows) and but here also parasitized on reddening pucker-layer mushroom, completely blackened with age. However, Phaeotremella frondosa can rarely blacken. Their spore sizes usually differ, but not always, as the features overlap here too. Finds of alder on the reddening wrinkled layer fungus can therefore only be determined without sequencing if the spore dimensions of the collected collection are not in the overlap area of both species. But there are other blackening Phaeotremella species of hardwood.
It can also be confused with the rock candy ( Exidia saccharina ). However, the fungus forms smaller fruiting bodies and the surface is covered with fine glandular nodules. It also grows exclusively on coniferous wood, but does not parasitize on layer fungi. However, since the leaf-like trembling does not necessarily sit on the fruiting bodies of its host, the parasitism is usually not easily recognizable. The rock candy can be easily identified microscopically by the cylindrical, curved spores.
Another species with a similar appearance is the beech shivering mushroom or Trugzitterpilz ( Ascotremella faginea ), which grows on dead trunks and branches of the beech and other deciduous trees and therefore cannot be confused with the leaf-like shivering because of the suibstrate. In contrast to the leaf-like trembling body, the fruiting body is twisted like a curly or brain-like and not lobed. It can be easily determined with the aid of the microscope because its spores mature in tubes instead of on longitudinally divided stands .
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Christian Hendrik Persoon described Tremella foliacea in 1799 (pub. 1800 in Observationes mycologicae 2 ). In 1822 Elias Magnus Fries published a description in his sanctioning work Systema Mycologia 2 .
Chen (1998) recognized that the leaf-like trembling is in the broad sense a collective species and named the species group foliacea clade. This clade includes species with brownish to reddish-brown, conspicuously leaf-like fruit bodies, a tightly structured, strongly cross-linked hymenium and subhymenium, missing hyphidia in the fruit layer and a host bond that is often invisible in nature.
Later genetic studies show that the genus Phaeotremella includes not only species with strong fruiting bodies, but also the rather inconspicuous species around the narrow- pore meal disc tremor ( Phaeotremella mycophaga ), which always sit on the host fruiting bodies and thus clearly show the host bond. The genus Phaeotremella is very basal within the order of the quiver-like in the narrow sense (Tremellales see str.) And together with Gelidatrema spencermartinsiae forms the sister group to the meanwhile 10 other families within this order. It is for this reason that the Phaeotremellaceae family was described.
meaning
Fresh, scalded fruit bodies of the leaf-like quiver can be processed into salads and soups. However, they have little taste of their own.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Viacheslav Spirin, Vera Malysheva, Andrey Yurkov, Otto Miettinen, Karl-Henrik Larsson: Studies in the Phaeotremella foliacea group (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota) . In: Mycological Progress . tape 17 , no. 4 , April 2018, ISSN 1617-416X , p. 451-466 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-017-1371-4 .
- ^ A b c Chee-Jen Chen: Morphological and Molecular Studies in the Genus Tremella . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . tape 174 . J. Cramer, 1999, ISSN 0067-8066 , pp. 1-225 .
- ↑ a b c Key to the Phaeotremella foliacea complex. Retrieved May 8, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms. BLV Verlag, Munich. 2002. p. 484. ISBN 3-405-14737-9 .
- ^ Christian Hendrik Persoon : Tremella foliacea . In: Observationes mycologicae 2 . 1800, p. 98.
- ↑ Elias Magnus Fries : Tremella foliacea . In: Systema Mycologicum II (1) . 1822. pp. 212-213.
- ↑ Jack W. Fell, Teun Boekhout, Alvaro Fonseca, Gloria Scorzetti and Adele Statzell-Tallman: Biodiversity and systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts as determined by large-subunit rDNA D1 / D2 domain sequence analysis . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . Vol. 50. 2000. pp. 1351-1371. (PDF; 2.12 MB)
- ↑ a b c X.-Z. Liu, Q.-M. Wang, M. Göker, M. Groenewald, AV Kachalkin: Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes . In: Studies in Mycology . tape 81 , June 2015, p. 85-147 , doi : 10.1016 / j.simyco.2015.12.001 .
