Curry layer mushroom
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Curry layer mushroom ( Stereum hirsutum ) |
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| Stereum hirsutum | ||||||||||||
| ( Willd. ) Pers. |
The frequent and almost worldwide spread Striegelige layer fungus ( Stereum hirsutum ) is a fungal art from the family of the layer mushroom relatives (Stereaceae) as well as the type species of the genus stereum ( Stereum ). It colonizes relatively fresh dead wood from deciduous trees and covers it with thin, flat-spreading fruit bodies that protrude from shell-shaped to wavy at the edges . Inside the substrate , the fungus causes white rot by breaking down cellulose , hemicellulose and the wood pulp lignin . In addition, as a weak parasite, it also affects living trees and occurs in viticulture on vines as a secondary decomposer of Esca disease . The hirsutic acid isolated from the harrow of the harrow has antineoplastic and antibiotic properties. In addition, the species is able to break down pesticides and pesticides.
features
Macroscopic features
The leathery, tough fruit bodies are 0.5 to 1.5 mm thick, protrude 1 to 3 cm from the wood at the edges and like to form pseudo cones. They grow like roof tiles on top of each other and are often fused laterally to form wavy, curved rows. In the cross-section, a dark line runs under the fur felt on the top of the hat. The more or less zoned upper sides are hairy white to ocher, curly-tomentose and finally bald. Especially in habitats with higher humidity, the surfaces appear greenish due to algae growth. On the other hand, the fresh, sometimes bulging edges and the uneven, smooth undersides shine from ocher to orange-yellow. When dry, the colors pale gray to gray-brown. The mostly annual fruiting bodies can continue to grow after overwintering and then have two-tone undersides: While the previous year's parts have gray tones, the freshly overgrown edge areas show the typical bright colors. The curly layer mushroom is one of the species whose fruit bodies do not redden on the underside when rubbed. From heat-favored areas such as B. the Kaiserstuhl , however, young reddening forms are known. This could be a thermophilic breed with reddening sap hyphae. Dried specimens redden after re-moistening, but quickly lose the ability again.
Microscopic features
The monomitic hyphae system consists of two types of simply septate fungal threads: in the fruit layer there are thin-walled to slightly thick-walled and often branched hyphae, while thick-walled, less branched and usually 4-6 micrometer-wide fungal threads occur in the flesh . In the bark layer on the top of the hat, they are also thick-walled, but yellowish-brown in color. Even the hyphae of the hairy, felted clothing have thick walls, but have numerous adventive septa and are slightly wider at 5–8 µm. Zystiden there are two things: Pseudozystiden and Acutozystiden. The former are abundant, arise from the Trama and form a fairly dense layer near the fruit layer. They are 7–10 µm wide, mostly over 100 µm long and rarely protrude beyond the basidia . In the upper area they are filled with an oily content. The tips of the otherwise thick-walled pseudocystidia have thin walls and sometimes a schizopapilla each. There are also numerous acutocystids. They are 20–30 × 2–4 µm in size, protrude a little beyond the basidia and can thus be easily found. The elongated, club-shaped basidia measure 25–60 × 3–5 µm and each form four sterigms , on which the spores later mature. The thin-walled, smooth and mostly elliptical to cylindrical shaped spores show no iodine color reaction . Their dimensions are 5–8 × 2–3.5 (–4) µm.
Species delimitation
Velvety layer mushroom
The curry layer mushroom ( Stereum hirsutum ) can easily be confused with the velvety layer mushroom ( Stereum subtomentosum ). It forms mainly fan- to semicircular, 3 to 10 cm wide and up to 5 cm protruding from the substrate. They have a fine velvety surface and are often somewhat stalked. In contrast to the Striegeligen layer mushroom, fresh or re-moistened hat undersides stain more or less yellow when rubbed. The species can be distinguished microscopically by the lack of thin, sterile hyphae ends in the fruit layer with short-fingered, prickly outgrowths (acanthohyphidia).
Branch mushroom
In addition, the twig layer fungus ( Stereum rameale ) can look similar. But the gregarious, grassy fruiting bodies are much thinner. They measure about 1 cm in width and only protrude 5 mm from the substrate. In the cross-section, however, the dark line under the shaggy, curly top of the hat is missing.
ecology
The Striegelige layer fungus often occurs in colonies on fairly fresh dead wood from deciduous trees, especially oak , followed by beech . After felling, fruit bodies can be observed on the wood all year round for a period of 1 to 3 years. In the Alps, the fungus rises to the subalpine altitude. There it can be found in green alder bushes, for example. In addition to other hardwoods, it also very rarely colonizes softwoods, such as B. spruce and pine . As a substrate , the Striegelige layer mushroom prefers strong branches, trunks or stumps. In the Bavarian natural forest reserves, more than 80% of the finds were made of relatively recently dead trunks, the wood of which was hardly attacked by other fungi. It grew particularly often on horizontal branches 5 to 7 cm thick. Nevertheless, the species was also found repeatedly on trunks with a diameter of up to about 30 cm.
Parasites
Occasionally the Striegelige layer mushroom acts as a host for some Tremellomycetes from the genus of the shivering , including the yellow layer mushroom trembling ( Tremella aurantia ) and the leaf-like trembling ( Tremella foliacea ). The mycoparasites tap into the hyphae of the layer fungus via haustoria and supply themselves with additional nutrients in this way.
distribution
In the right habitat, the Striegelige layer mushroom is almost cosmopolitan . On the African continent it occurs in the south, east and north. It is also native to North America. It also populates large parts of Asia (Altai, Armenia, China, Fiji Islands, India, Iran, Japan, Asia Minor, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Samoa Islands and Siberia). The species was also found in Australia and New Zealand. In Europe, the mushroom can be found from the Iberian Peninsula and Italy across Western and Central Europe to the Hebrides and Fennoscandinavia . The finds are much rarer towards the north. In Germany, the Striegelige layer fungus is one of the most common species in deciduous forests.
Use and economic importance
Wood bearing damage
As the first colonizer of dead deciduous trees, the Striegelige layer fungus can cause significant white rot in the wood after just a few months . The fungus decomposes the outer sapwood lying under the cambium . It also seldom attacks the heartwood . In the trunks stored in the forest or on wood yards, the conspicuous fruiting bodies often appear on the cut surfaces. If the fungus has more time to develop, the fruiting bodies can also grow through the bark. Sometimes the Striegelige layer fungus even colonizes built-up wood when it is exposed to the weather.
Esca disease on the vine
The Striegelige layer mushroom plays a major role in viticulture. Here he follows the Mediterranean fire sponge ( Fomitiporia mediterranea ), the primary causative agent of Esca disease in grapevines , and breaks down the damaged wood of the vines. An expanding white rot is symptomatic. The fungi ultimately destroy the conductive tissue and cause the vines to die off.
Antibiotics and chemotherapy agents
The epoxidized derivative (±) -hirsutumic acid-C is the first triquinan natural product isolated from Stereum hirsutum in 1966 and characterized by X-ray crystallography, which like the sesquiterpenoid (±) -coriolin isolated in 1981 from Coriolus consors has an antineoplastic effect and is anti- gram-positive Bacteria works.
Breakdown of pesticides
Among the various Weißfäulepilzarten Basidienpilzklassen the progress Schmetterlingstramete ( Trametes versicolor ), the Green leafy sulfur head ( Hypholoma fasciculare ) and the Striegelige layer fungus ( Stereum hirsutum ) the best levels of degradation for all monoaromatic pesticide compounds. After 42 days, the maximum breakdown values for diuron , atrazine and terbuthylazine were over 86%, but for metalaxyl they were below 44%.
Taxonomy
The Striegelige layer mushroom is described for the first time in 1787 by Carl Ludwig von Willdenow as Thaelaephora hirsuta . The Latin diagnosis of the Berlin botanist appeared in his regional flora directory Florae Berolinensis prodromus . In 1799 (pub. 1800 in Observationes Mycologicae 2 ) Christian Hendrik Persoon combined the taxon to Stereum hirsutum . Subsequently, Elias Magnus Fries published a description as Thelephora hirsuta in his sanctioning work Systema Mycologicum 1 in 1821 .
swell
literature
- John Eriksson, Kurt Hjortstam, Leif Ryvarden: The Corticiaceae of north Europe. Vol. 7: Schizopora - Suillosporium . Fungiflora, Oslo (Norway) 1984, pp. 1423-1427.
- Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms that grow on wood . Busse-Seewald Verlag, Herford 1979, pp. 98-99. ISBN 3-87120-853-1 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Carl Ludwig von Willdenow : Thaelaephora hirsuta . In: Florae Berolinensis prodromus . Berlin. 1787. p. 397.
- ↑ Walter Jülich: The non-leaf mushrooms. Gelatinous mushrooms and belly mushrooms . Small cryptogam flora, Vol. II b / 1. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 1984. pp. 207-208.
- ^ A b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 , pp. 334-335.
- ↑ a b c d Hermann Jahn : Steroids mushrooms in Europe (Stereaceae Pil. Emend. Parm. Et al., Hymenochaete) with special consideration of their occurrence in the Federal Republic of Germany (PDF; 5.4 MB) . In: Westphalian mushroom letters . Vol. 8, 1971. pp. 69-160. (PDF; 10.9 MB)
- ^ A b John Eriksson, Kurt Hjortstam, Leif Ryvarden: The Corticiaceae of north Europe. Vol. 7: Schizopora - Suillosporium . Fungiflora, Oslo (Norway). 1984.
- ↑ Markus Blaschke, Christoph Hahn, Wolfgang Helfer: The mushroom flora of the Bavarian natural forest reserves ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.4 MB) . In: LWF knowledge. Reports from the Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry. Vol. 43. 2004. (PDF; 1.4 MB)
- ↑ Chee-Jen Chen: 3.1.5 Results: Aurantia group ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 921 kB) . In: Morphological and molecular studies in the genus Tremella ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2003 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Bibliotheca Mycologica. Vol. 174. 1998. ISBN 3-443-59076-4 . (PDF; 875 kB)
- ↑ Stefan Plank, Franz Wolkinger: Scanning electron microscope images of wood-decaying fungi in the city of Graz . Announcements from the Natural Science Association for Styria. Vol. 106, 1976. pp. 161-177. (PDF; 4.4 MB)
- ^ Heinz Butin : Diseases of the forest and park trees. Guide to Determining Tree Diseases . Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart and New York. 1983. ISBN 3-13-639001-6 .
- ↑ Paloma Sánchez-Torres, R. Hinarejos, V. González, Juan José Tuset Barrachina: Identification and characterization of fungi associated with esca in vineyards of the Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) . Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 6 (4). 2008. pp. 650-660. ISSN 1695-971X . (PDF; 155 kB)
- ↑ Nikolay Tzvetkov: Photoreactions of tricyclic cyclopropyl ketones . Construction of polyquinanes and analogous ring systems . Dissertation to obtain the scientific doctoral degree from the Faculty of Chemistry at Bielefeld University. 2004. (PDF; 2.2 MB)
- ^ Gary D. Bending, Maxime Friloux, Allan Walker: Degradation of contrasting pesticides by white rot fungi and its relationship with ligninolytic potential . FEMS Microbiology Letters. 212 (1). 2002. pp. 59-63. doi : 10.1111 / j.1574-6968.2002.tb11245.x .
- ↑ Technical Guide ArtWET LIFE 06 ENV / F / 000133 2006–2010. Reduction of pollution from diffuse pesticide inputs from agriculture and bioremediation in artificial wetlands ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . (PDF; 7.6 MB)
- ^ Christian Hendrik Persoon : Stereum hirsutum . In: Observationes Mycologicae. part 2. 1800. p. 90.
- ↑ Elias Magnus Fries : Thelephora hirsuta . In: Systema Mycologicum 1. 1821. p. 439.
Web links
- Gary Emberger: Profile about Stereum hirsutum with photos . On: Messiah College . (English)
- Karlheinz Weber, Claus Mattheck: When saprophytic fungi become dangerous for living trees: Stereum hirsutum . On: arboristik.de
- Distribution of the Striegeligen layer fungus, picture collection . On: Nahuby.sk (Slovak)