Layer mushrooms
| Layer mushrooms | ||||||||||||
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Curry layer mushroom ( Stereum hirsutum ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Stereum | ||||||||||||
| Pers. ex Gray |
The layer mushrooms ( stereum ) are a genus of mushrooms whose fruiting bodies grow on wood. They play a role as decomposers of wood , but individual species can also occur parasitically on living trees and devalue timber if stored for long periods.
The type species is the curly layer mushroom ( Stereum hirsutum ).
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting bodies are annual or perennial, sessile or with a short, lateral stalk. In some species the growth habit is pronounced effus-reflex , i. H. the fruiting bodies cover more or less large areas and are partly bent at the edge to small cones. Other species in turn grow pileat , that is, they form cones , some of which are laterally short-stalked. The surfaces of the cones are hairy and zoned. The tough-leathery to corky-woody fruit bodies have a smooth or warty hymenium . The layered fruiting bodies give the genus its name. They arise because a new hymenial layer is created on the underside every year. So z. B. in the reddening wrinkle layer fungus up to 20 layers can be formed, which can be seen in cross section. With some species, red milky sap appears on the spore-forming underside when rubbing vigorously, they "redden". The color of the underside of the fruiting bodies is gray to yellow or brownish.
Microscopic features
The hyphae structure is dimitic , i.e. it consists of generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae. The latter cause the tough nature of the fruit body. The generative hyphae are hyaline , cylindrical, thin to somewhat thick-walled and have no buckles on the septum . Whorl buckles occur in cultures. The skeletal hyphae are hyaline to yellowish, cylindrical and thick-walled. They are not or only slightly branched. Sometimes cystidia and acanthohyphidia occur, which are then hyaline to yellowish, thin to thick-walled, not or only slightly encrusted. The basidia are colorless as are the four spores that are formed on each basidia. The spores are narrow, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, smooth and thin-walled. They are amyloid , so they turn blue with Melzer's reagent .
ecology
The fungi of the genus Stereum are white rot fungi . They can be found on both softwood and hardwood, although some species clearly prefer certain types of wood as a substrate. The shaggy oak layer mushroom , the twig layer mushroom and, although not so clearly, the common curry layer mushroom on oak , while the bleeding coniferous layer mushroom occurs primarily on spruce, but also on other conifers. The latter usually colonizes freshly felled trunks, but can also occur as a wound parasite on living trees.
The bleeding coniferous layer fungus forms a remarkable symbiosis with wood wasps (Siricidae). The female insects have a special organ on their abdomen, a so-called mycetangium , in which they “deposit” units of the fungus (usually arthrospores ) of the white rot pathogen. These are left with the eggs in the wood when the eggs are laid, where they form a mycelium and begin to decompose. They also provide part of their food to the larvae of the wasps. The advantage that the fungus achieves from the symbiosis lies in the targeted transmission of infectious material to suitable host trees. An analogous relationship has been demonstrated between wood wasp species and other corticoid fungi, such as Amylostereum chailletii .
Systematics
Index Fungorum names about 750 taxa with the designation "Stereum". The name was borne by many species that, because of their morphological appearance (steroid fruiting bodies), with other clans in the family of the Corticiaceae s. l. (Bark and layer mushrooms) have been combined. These mushrooms have a more or less similar habit, but belong phylogenetically to different, not closely related groups.
As early as the end of the 20th century, comparative studies on the structure of the hymenium revealed parallels to the pigeon-like species in microscopic features of the spores. This resulted in more recent molecular genetic work to the conclusion that the genus Stereum the relationship among the russulas is (russuloid clade) assigned.
The tough-leathery to woody-hard formation of the layer mushrooms in contrast to the soft and perishable deafblings is interpreted in such a way that the fruiting bodies of these fungi, which colonize wood even without contact with the subsurface, must be adapted to temporary drought. A solid fruit body is also a prerequisite for being able to live for several years - another ecological advantage.
In the specialist literature on plant pathology or structural damage from wood-destroying fungi, several species are sometimes still named "Stereum", although they systematically belong to other clans. Examples are the mosaic layer fungus (Xylobous frustulosus; formerly S. frustulosus), types of amyloid layer fungi ( A. areolatum , A. chailletii and A. laevigatum ; formerly S. chailletii , S. areolatum and S. laevigatum ) or milk sheen in fruit trees, caused by the violet cartilage layer fungus ( Chondrostereum purpureum ; formerly S. purpureum ).
Types and occurrences
So far, nine species of the genus Stereum s. st. detected in the temperate zone of the Holarctic , eight of them in Europe. Almost all European species were also found in Germany; their German names are listed in the list.
In GBIF the following 24 species occurring worldwide are listed (as of 11/09)
| Layered mushrooms ( stereum ) worldwide |
meaning
The bleeding coniferous layer fungus ( S. sanguinolentum ) is one of the most important wound rot pathogens in spruce . Other conifers such as larch , pine and fir are also part of its host spectrum.
The fungus is of economic importance because, being the first to colonize freshly felled coniferous wood, it damages it if it is stored for a long time. It causes the so-called red streaking , which can lead to a reduction in the value of the wood, especially in spruce and fir.
The Striegelige layer fungus ( Stereum hirsutum ) occurs on oaks as a bark parasite, which is referred to as " Stereum cancer ". The red oak from America is particularly susceptible . The fungus causes local cambium damage and stem deformation. On other deciduous trees such as B. Alder it can also occur as a weakness parasite .
While the bleeding coniferous layer fungus damages coniferous wood, the curly layer mushroom attacks hardwood, especially red beech and oak . There it creates a white streaked discoloration of the wood ( white streak ), later a continuous white color with yellowish tones. It is of little importance as a pest on built-in wood that is not exposed to the weather.
The Striegelige layer fungus can even appear as a pest on the vine . Here it follows the Mediterranean fire sponge ( Fomitiporia mediterranea ) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora as the primary pathogen of Esca disease and breaks down the wood of the vines that they have damaged. An expanding white rot is symptomatic. The fungus ultimately destroys the conductive tissue and thus causes the vines to die off.
swell
literature
- J. Boidin: Hétérobasidiomycètes saprophytes et Homobasidiomycètes résupinés: V. - Essai sur le genre Stereum Pers. ex SF Gray. In: Rev. Mycol. Volume 23, 1958, pp. 318-346.
- J. Boidin, E. Parmasto, GS Dhingra, P. Lanquetin: Stereums with acanthophyses, their position and affinities. In: Persoonia. 10: 311-324 1979.
- H. Butin: Diseases of the forest and park trees. Guide to Determining Tree Diseases. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart / New York 1983, ISBN 3-13-639001-6 .
- LS Eicker-Albert: Stereum species (Stereaceae) of South Africa. In: South African Journal of Botany 64 (1), 1998, pp. 30-37.
- K. Hjortstam, L. Ryvarden: Stereum magellanicum sp. nov. from Tierra del Fuego. In: Transactions Bristish Mycological Society. Vol. 89, 1987, pp. 114-119.
- H. Jahn: Stereoide mushrooms in Europe (Stereaceae Pil. Emend. Parm. U. A., Hymenochaete), with special consideration of their occurrence in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Westphalian mushroom letters. Volume 8, No. 4-7, 1971, pp. 69-176.
- W. Jülich: The non-leaf mushrooms, gelatinous mushrooms and belly mushrooms. In: Small cryptogam flora. Volume IIb / 1 Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1984.
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): The large mushrooms of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 .
- E. Larsson, KH. Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa. In: Mycologia. Volume 95, No. 6, 2003, pp. 1037-1065.
- Miller, SL, E. Larsson, KH. Larsson, A. Verbeken, J. Nuytinck: Perspectives in the new Russulales. In: Mycologia. Volume 98, No. 6, pp. 960-970 2006.
- EA Parkin: Symbiosis in larval Siricidae (Hymenoptera). In: Nature. Volume 147, 1941, p. 329.
- EA Parkin: Symbiosis and siricid woodwasps. In: Annals of Applied Biology. Volume 29, 1942, pp. 268-274.
- L. Ryvarden: The genera Stereum (s. Lato) and Hymenochaete in Norway. In: Norw. J. Bot. Volume 18, 1971, pp. 97-108.
- P. Sánchez-Torres, R. Hinarejos, V. González, JJ Tuset: Identification and characterization of fungi associated with esca in vineyards of the Comunidad Valenciana (Spain). In: Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. Volume 6, No. 4, 2008, pp. 650-660. ISSN 1695-971X
- MA Stillwell: Decay associated with woodwasps in balsamfir weakened by insect attack. In: For. Sci. Volume 6, 1960, pp. 225-231.
- MA Stillwell: Woodwasps (Siricidae) in conifers and the associated fungus, Stereum chailletii, in eastern Canada. In: For. Sci. Volume 12, 1966, pp. 121-128.
Individual evidence
- ^ Christian Hendrik Persoon: Observationes mycologicae . tape 2 , 1799, pp. 1-106 .
- ↑ [Jahn 1971: 87]
- ↑ [Parkin 1941, 1942]
- ^ [Stillwell 1960]
- ^ [Stillwell 1969]
- ↑ [Larsson, E. et al. 2003; Miller, SL et al. 2006]
- ^ [Krieglsteiner 2000]
- ^ [Butyne 1983]
- ↑ [Sánchez-Torres et al. 2008]
