Purple cartilage layer fungus
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Purple cartilage layer fungus ( Chondrostereum purpureum ) |
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| ( Pers .: Fr. ) Pouzar |
The violet cartilage layer fungus ( Chondrostereum purpureum , syn .: Stereum purpureum ) is a type of fungus from the family of foxgloves (Cyphellaceae). It is only largely related to the layer mushrooms (Stereum) and, according to recent studies, belongs to the order of the mushroom-like (Agaricales), whereas the layered mushroom belongs to the order of the deaf-like (Russulales).
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting body of the violet cartilage layer mushroom resembles the growth form of the layer mushrooms ( stereum ). It usually grows effus-reflex, running far down the substrate, but can also form hat edges 1–3 cm wide, protruding from the wood. The top of the hat is shaggy to felty ( tomentum ) and gray to purple-brown in color. The fruit layer ( hymenium ) is lavender, purple-violet or purple-brownish, somewhat wrinkled or bumpy. Even in the complete absence of violet colors, the fungus can be easily recognized by its characteristic layering in a vertical cut through the dried hat: under the fur felt there is a dark, dense, horn-like hardened upper tramla layer with a glossy cut , underneath a loose, whitish tramal layer and finally a dark line, the hymenium, can be seen. The spore powder is white and inamyloid .
Microscopic features
The basidiospores are cylindrical to elliptical, smooth, hyaline and have a size of 6–8 × 2.0–3.5 µm. The cystids are narrow, pointed and occasionally encrusted at the tip . The genus Chondrostereum has somewhat gelatinized, monomitic hyphae which, in contrast to the species of the layer fungi , swell into rounded, inflated cysts in the trama . The formation of buckles is also characteristic of the purple layer of cartilage. Like all white rot pathogens, the mycelium reacts to the oxidase test with a black or purple color.
The fruiting bodies only form in damp weather, but are quite resistant to drying out and survive a reduction in water content to 22%. The rehydration to a water content of 80% takes less than 10 minutes. However, several hours can pass before the spores are thrown off, as the fruiting bodies only release the basidiospores when there is sufficient moisture.
Ecology and phenology
The cartilaginous layer fungus is a saprobionic or parasitic white rot pathogen that mainly attacks deciduous, and more rarely, coniferous wood. Its main substrate in Central Europe is the common beech , followed at a distance by poplar , willow and ash . In addition, many other hardwood species such as birch and horse chestnut are colonized .
The violet cartilage layer fungus is a ruderal strategist . It has a high reproductive rate and is characterized by rapid growth and a short life cycle and is one of the first to colonize wounds on wood. It is thus a character species of the initial phase, similar to the detaching bark fungus ( Cylindrobasidium laeve ) and the hyphomycete Bispora antennata , with which it is often associated. If this initial company occurs on beech wood, it is called "Bisporetum antennatae".
The cartilaginous layer fungus can occur as mycelium in the dead wood bodies of still living trees. In fruit trees, it causes the silver leaf disease or galena disease, in which the leaf epidermis changes color from silvery to shiny lead, the cause of this being the metabolic products of the fungus, which are transported with the tree's sap. Propagation speeds of 4-11 cm per month have been observed in Prunus species. The infestation by the cartilaginous layer fungus leads to rubber flow and the death of tissue in the cambium of the trees.
The cartilaginous layer fungus is found in deciduous, mixed forests and forest edge communities that are not too dry to the ground and air, in deciduous forests and plantations, clear-cut corridors, orchards, gardens, parks, cemeteries and on the edges of creeks, roads and paths. Its occurrence on piles of wood is particularly typical. The fruiting bodies appear very often on the cut surfaces of felled trees, but also on the bark. There they appear almost all year round, but mostly from autumn to spring.
distribution
The purple cartilage layer fungus occurs worldwide. In Europe it is mainly distributed from submeriodional to subboreal areas. It seems to be absent in the Mediterranean and Southeastern and Eastern Europe; in Scandinavia it is rare northwards and only inhabits coastal areas and protected locations. In Germany it is dense to common in deciduous forest areas.
meaning
The cartilaginous layer mushroom is out of the question as an edible mushroom, it decomposes stored wood. The fungus is being used on a trial basis in the Berlin forests as a bioherbicide to combat the late blooming bird cherry .
literature
- Meindest de Jong, Ottmar Holdenrieder, Thomas N. Sieber: The violet layer mushroom (Chondrostereum purpureum), a means for the biological control of stick rashes . In: Switzerland. Z. forestry . tape 149 , no. 1 , January 1998, pp. 17-32 ( PDF 2.12 MB ).
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
- Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-14737-9 (one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
- Hermann T. Jahn : Mushrooms that grow on wood . Busse, Herford 1979, ISBN 3-87120-853-1 .
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): The large mushrooms of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Chondrostereum purpureum. (Pers.) Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 13 (1): 17 (1959). In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved January 10, 2018 .
- ↑ Henning Knudsen, Jan Vesterholt: Funga Nordica. Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gastroid genera . 2nd Edition. Nordsvamp, Copenhagen 2012, ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0 .
- ↑ Paul Heydeck, Malte Münte: Practical tests: The violet cartilage layer fungus as a "bioherbicide" against bird cherry . In: AFZ-DerWald . tape 4/2008 ( PDF; 525 KB ).
